Equatoria
Equatoria ( Arabic الاستوائية al-Istiwa'iyya , English Equatoria ) was a province of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan until 1956 , then a province until 1976 and a federal state of the Republic of Sudan from 1991 to 1994 . Today the area forms part of the state of South Sudan , which was created in 2011 .
history
19th century
The province emerged in an attempt by British-dominated Egypt to establish a model state in central Africa. The administration of Equatoria was essentially little more than a handful of adventurers in isolated outposts. At no time were there more than 600 soldiers stationed in the province. In addition to today's southern Sudanese areas, it also included parts of today's Uganda at that time .
Equatoria was created in 1870 by Samuel White Baker , who was commissioned by the Egyptian government to set up trading posts on the Upper White Nile . He left the post Gondokoro secure and named it in honor of the ruling Khedive Ismail Pasha in Ismailia to. Numerous ethnic groups, some of them related, lived in this area with their own chiefs , including the Acholi , Azande , Bari , Lotuko , Madi , Moru , Mundari , Pojulu and Toposa . Furthermore, the area was crossed by Arab slave traders .
In 1874 Charles George Gordon became governor, who subsequently became governor-general of the entire Turkish-Egyptian Sudan . In 1878 he was followed by Eduard Schnitzer , called Emin Pascha . The Mahdi uprising of Muhammad Ahmad in the 1880s separated Equatoria from Egypt and several European expeditions were organized to save Emin Pasha. The Mahdists then gained control of the area by 1898. Important settlements in Equatoria were Lado in the Ladoenklave , Gondokoro and Wadelai .
About the naming in the 19th century
The naming was intended to underpin the Anglo-Egyptian claim to considerably larger areas, Charles Gordon and Emin Pascha also traveled to neighboring areas and examined the possibility of expanding the area to the south. Due to the Mahdi uprising , however, these plans could not be pursued further and Wadelai (today in northern Uganda ) remained at 2 ° 50 'N, the southernmost point of the province, which did not touch the equator anywhere.
Administrative unit in the 20th century
In Anglo-Egyptian Sudan , Equatoria became one of the eight original provinces. In 1948, the Bahr al-Ghazal region in the northwest was separated from Equatoria as an independent province. In 1976 the province was again divided into east and west equatoria . A federal state of Equatoria was created from 1991 to 1994, which resembled the province of Equatoria from 1948 to 1976. On February 14, 1994, Equatoria was split up again, this time into the states of al-Istiwa'iyya al-wusta (Central Equatoria), Gharb al-Istiwa'iyya (West Equatoria) and Sharq al-Istiwa'iyya (East Equatoria ).
Part of South Sudan
The region was the scene of the two civil wars over the secession of South Sudan in the 20th and early 21st centuries and was the retreat for Ugandan anti-government militias such as the Lord's Resistance Army and the West Nile Bank Front . After the end of the second civil war and the independence referendum in South Sudan in 2011 , the three Equatoria provinces together with the regions of Bahr al-Ghazal and Great Upper Nile formed the new state of South Sudan .
Governors of the Equatoria Province
Turkish-Egyptian rule
| Governor a | from | to | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Samuel White Baker | 1869 | 1873 |
|
| Muhammad Rauf Bey ( executive ) | 1873 | 1874 | |
| Charles George Gordon | 1874 | 1876 |
|
| Alexander McComb Mason (executive) | 1876 | 1876 | |
| Henry Gosslee Prout | 1876 | 1878 | |
| Ibrahim Fawzi Bey | 1878 | 1878 | |
| Muhammad Emin Pasha | 1878 | 1889 |
|
Mahdist rule
| Governor a | from | to | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Umar Sālih | 1888 | 1892 | |
| Muhammad 'Uthmān abu Qarja | 1892 | 1893 | |
| Arabī Dafa'allāh | 1893 | 1898 |
Anglo-Egyptian rule
| Governor a | from | to | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Leonard Fielding Nalder | January 1st | August 29, 1936 | |
| Martin Willoughby Parr | August 29, 1936 | December 11, 1942 | |
| CHL Skeet | December 11, 1942 | October 6, 1945 | |
| BV Marwood | October 6, 1945 | 4th August 1948 | |
| HA Nicholson | 4th August 1948 | July 28, 1949 | |
| JF Tiernay | July 28, 1949 | March 31, 1952 | |
| EH Nightingale | March 31, 1952 | 1954 | |
| JCN Donald | 1954 | 1955 |
literature
- Richard Gray: A History of the Southern Sudan, 1839-1889. Oxford University Press, London 1961
- Alice Moore-Harell: Samuel Baker, Charles Gordon and the Creation of Equatoria . Sussex Academic Press, 2010, ISBN 978-1845193874 .
- Robert O. Collins: The Southern Sudan, 1883-1898. A struggle for control . New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1962.
- Robert O. Collins: Land Beyond the Rivers: The Southern Sudan, 1898-1918 . New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1971.
- Robert O. Collins: Shadows in the Grass: Britain in the Southern Sudan, 1918-1956 . Yale University Press, Aug. 1, 1983, ISBN 978-0300029222 .
- Øystein H. Rolandsen and MW Daly: A History of South Sudan: From Slavery to Independence . Cambridge University Press, 2016, ISBN 978-0521133258 .
