Świdwin

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Świdwin
Świdwin Coat of Arms
Świdwin (Poland)
Świdwin
Świdwin
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : West Pomerania
Powiat : Świdwiński
Area : 22.51  km²
Geographic location : 53 ° 46 '  N , 15 ° 47'  E Coordinates: 53 ° 46 '28 "  N , 15 ° 46' 36"  E
Residents : 15,533
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Postal code : 78-300 to 78-301
Telephone code : (+48) 94
License plate : ZSD
Economy and Transport
Street : Ext. 151 : Świdwin– Gorzów Wielkopolski ext.
152 : Płoty - Buślary ext.
162 : Drawsko Pomorskie - Kołobrzeg
Rail route : PKP - Railway Line 202 : Stargard - Gdansk
Next international airport : Szczecin-Goleniów
Gmina
Gminatype: Borough
Residents: 15,533
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Community number  ( GUS ): 3216011
Administration (as of 2015)
Mayor : Jan Owsiak
Address: Plac Konstytucji 3 Maja 1
78-300 Świdwin
Website : www.swidwin.pl



Świdwin (German Schivelbein ) is a district town in the Polish West Pomeranian Voivodeship . It has around 15,000 inhabitants and is the administrative seat of an independent rural community (gmina wiejska) with over 6,000 inhabitants.

Geographical location

The place is located on the left bank of the Rega River in the center of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship ( Hinterpommern ) and on the northwestern foothills of Pomeranian Switzerland. In the north there is a large forest area with the 176 m high Kłorowka (Klorberg) . Szczecin is about 100 km away, the Baltic Sea near Kołobrzeg (Kolberg) to reach 44 km away. Świdwin is on the Stargard - Koszalin - Gdansk railway line ( PKP- Kursbuch: line 202). From here there was formerly a connection to the one to Połczyn Zdrój (PKP course book: line 421), which has been closed since 2006 and is being dismantled.

history

Schivelbein north of the city of Dramburg and west of the city of Bad Polzin on a map from 1905

middle Ages

Schivelbein (still spelled “Schifelbein” in the 17th century) has changed lordship several times in its more than seven hundred year history. At the beginning of the 13th century, the area around Schivelbein belonged to the sphere of influence of the Pomeranian Duke Barnim I. In 1248 the duke transferred part of his land, to which the Schivelbein area also belonged, to Bishop Hermann von Cammin . At the same time, the Brandenburg margraves tried to expand the Neumark they ruled to the north. So it came about that the Camminer bishop sold the Schivelbein area to the Brandenburgers just twenty years later.

A seal bearing the year 1296 shows that Schivelbein already existed as a town at that time. Its fortunes were directed by a council elected by the citizens. The city must have done well economically, because in the first half of the 14th century massive city fortifications and St. Mary's Church were built. In 1319 Wedego von Wedel acquired the town and rule of Schivelbein. His grandson Hans von Schivelbein had to cede the rest of his property to the Teutonic Order in 1384, after he had spent most of it in fulfilling his office as governor of Neumark . Around 1447 Walther Kersekorf was Ordensvogt in Schivelbein, who had been Commander of Danzig from 1424 to 1434 . The Teutonic Order was not able to protect the city from the constant raids of the robber barons, so the citizens turned to the Brandenburg elector for help. So it came about that Schivelbein came under Brandenburg rule again after a new sale in 1455.

Modern times

The unfavorable location - the Schivelbeiner Land was bordered on three sides by Pomerania - continued to affect trade, but there was peace for at least 150 years. The population increased significantly, and with the 74 breweries that eventually emerged, Schivelbein developed into one of the most important brewing towns in the region. City fires, however, repeatedly prevented further growth, so in 1619 a fire destroyed the entire city center including the church. The city was hit even harder in the Thirty Years' War . She got between the fronts of the Swedish and imperial troops, and the city went up in flames in the battle for Schivelbein Castle. Many citizens fled to Poland with Commander Georg von Winterfeld, and at the end of the war there were no more than 30 of the former 250 houses left. After the war damage had been repaired, a fire ravaged the city in 1689. The reconstruction with the help of the Brandenburg elector and later by King Friedrich Wilhelm I was not completed until around 1720. At that time around 500 people lived in the city. In contrast, the population had doubled by the middle of the 18th century.

Schivelbein (around 1860) with the railway in the foreground

With the structural recovery of Schivelbein, trade and industry also developed positively. The cloth makers became the leading guild, followed by the shoemakers. The first Jewish family settled here shortly after 1700, and by 1790 there were five families. New setbacks came with the Seven Years' War due to Russian occupation and the Napoleonic wars with French troops in the city. Thanks to the clever financial management of the Schivelbeiner Magistrate, which among other things sold large parts of the city's land, the city could continue to develop after 1815.

former synagogue, at the beginning of the 20th century
lock
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With the Prussian administrative reform of 1816 Schivelbein was assigned to the province of Pomerania - after more than 360 years of belonging to Brandenburg . There it was then the district town of the Schivelbein district . The fortifications that had previously stood in the way of the city's expansion were removed and new settlement areas emerged. A first synagogue was built in 1821 for the then around 100 Jews. Within fifty years the population quintupled to over 5,000 inhabitants (1875: 5,638). If Schivelbein had previously been mainly an arable town, the focus has now shifted to a vibrant trading center. The construction of the new highway to Stargard , which was completed in 1848, and the railway connection, which took place in 1859, also contributed to this. An enrichment for the city was the founding of the agricultural school, which took place in 1877. In 1880 a new, representative synagogue was built. In the following year - as in nearby Neustettin - there were anti-Jewish riots in which Jewish owners' shops were demolished and looted, but also houses were attacked and Jewish citizens were beaten up. The local warrior club put an end to the riots with attached bayonets. Around 1895, the city's Jewish community peaked with 400 members (6% of the total population).

20th century

The First World War did no damage to Schivelbein. In 1925 there were 8,447 inhabitants in Schivelbein, including 86 Catholics and 166 Jews, who were distributed over 2,298 households. Around 1930 the district of Schivelbein had an area of ​​30.7 km², and there were 775 houses in a total of nine residential areas in the urban area:

  1. Botenhagen
  2. Emilienhof
  3. New Schivelbein
  4. Paper mill
  5. Schivelbein manor
  6. Schivelbein
  7. City courtyard
  8. Wachholzhausen
  9. Fulling Mill

With another territorial reform in 1932, Schivelbein lost its status as a district town and was incorporated into the Belgard district. Until the outbreak of the Second World War there was another increase in the number of inhabitants to 9,726 (1939). During the pogrom on November 9, 1938 , the Schivelbein synagogue was set on fire and completely destroyed, and the Jewish cemetery was desecrated.

At the beginning of 1945, the majority of Schivelbein's residents fled from the approaching Soviet troops . As a result of the fighting, almost the entire city center was destroyed, only the castle, the town church and the stone gate were spared. After the end of the war, the city occupied by Soviet troops was placed under Polish administration. Subsequently, Polish and Ukrainian immigrants moved into the undamaged houses in the outskirts, some of whom came from the areas east of the Curzon Line that had fallen to the Soviet Union as part of the “ West displacement of Poland ” . In 1946 Schivelbein was renamed Świdwin .

Development of the population

  • 1719, 522
  • 1750: 1,129
  • 1801: 1.607
  • 1816: 1,806, including 78 Jews and no Catholics
  • 1831: 2,668, including ten Catholics and 122 Jews
  • 1843: 3,422, including 14 Catholics and 142 Jews
  • 1852: 4,250, including 39 Catholics and 160 Jews
  • 1861: 5,043, including 41 Catholics and 253 Jews
  • 1925: 8,447, including 86 Catholics and 166 Jews
  • 1939: 9,726

Buildings

Marienkirche
The Bismarck Tower

After the destruction of the Second World War, the former old town was largely rebuilt with prefabricated buildings - only a few town houses remained. On the other hand, the main sights of the city have been restored.

  • The Marienkirche is a three-aisled brick basilica from the 14th century, which was rebuilt in 1947–1950 with a simple pyramid tower helmet.
  • The castle with its main building made of boulders and the stone gate are further examples of brick Gothic (the side wings of the castle, however, date from the Baroque period).
  • The Bismarck Tower in the city park at the end of the village in the direction of Drawsko, on Voivodship Street 162

Personalities

sons and daughters of the town

mayor

  • Lionel Pracht (1875–1945), German civil servant and politician (DDP), Mayor of Schivelbein from 1906 to 1918

Świdwin rural municipality

The town of Świdwin is the administrative seat of the rural municipality (gmina wiejska) Świdwin, but it does not belong to it as an independent municipality. The Gmina Świdwin covers an area of ​​247.34 km² around the city of Świdwin with 6,128 inhabitants.

literature

  • Gustav Kratz : The cities of the province of Pomerania - outline of their history, mostly according to documents . Berlin 1865, pp. 341-345 ( full text ).
  • Werner Reinhold : Chronicle of the cities of Belgard, Polzin and Schivelbein and the villages belonging to the two districts . Schivelbein 1862, 224 pages.
  • City and state of Schievelbein since regained to the Mark Brandenburg . In: General Archive for the History of the Prussian State , Volume 15, Berlin Posen Bromberg 1834, pp. 289-317 ( full text ).

Web links

Commons : Świdwin  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Schifelbein in the Topographia Electoratus Brandenburgici et Ducatus Pomeraniae (Matthäus Merian)  - sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division. As of June 30, 2019. Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS) (PDF files; 0.99 MiB), accessed December 24, 2019 .
  2. ^ Website of the city, Burmistrz , accessed on February 24, 2015
  3. ↑ cf. z. B .: Older history of the city and de Landes Schivelbein until it was awarded the Teutonic Order . In: General Archive of the History of the Prussian State , Volume 5, Berlin Posen Bromberg 1832, pp. 348-360 .
  4. ↑ Walther Kersekorf, German Ordensvogt of Neumark and Comthur of Danzig . In: General Archive for the History of the Prussian State , Volume 8, Berlin Posen Bromberg 1832, pp. 351-360 .
  5. ↑ a b c d Schivelbein (Western Pomerania) . In: Klaus-Dieter Alicke: From the history of the Jewish communities in the German-speaking area. Retrieved August 4, 2018.
  6. ↑ a b c Gunthard Stübs and Pomeranian Research Association: The town of Schivelbein in the former Belgard district in Pomerania (2011)
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h Gustav Kratz : The cities of the province of Pomerania - outline of their history, mostly according to documents . Berlin 1865, p. 344.
  8. ↑ Główny Urząd Statystyczny, "LUDNOŚĆ - STAN I STRUKTURA W PRZEKROJU TERYTORIALNYM" ( Memento from May 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) as of June 30, 2010