391 (magazine)

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391 was a magazine of Dadaism and the beginning surrealism published by the French artist Francis Picabia . It was published with a total of 19 issues of four to 14 pages and a circulation of between 400 and 1000 copies in the years January 1917 to October 1924. The irregularly published magazine contained works by other artists in each issue, poems, writings and drawings by Picabia ; all envelopes each showed one of his works. Contributors included Louis Aragon , Robert Desnos , Marcel Duchamp , Paul Éluard , Max Jacob , Man Ray , Philippe Soupault and Tristan Tzara . 391 appeared in Barcelona , New York , Zurich and Paris - in the places where Picabia stayed.

history

The beginning

The first issue of Dada magazine 391 appeared in January 1917 in Barcelona , followed by three more issues by March of that year. Title and equipment were the in-house magazine 291 by Alfred Stieglitz ' Gallery 291 borrowed, had participated in the Picabia as editor. For example, he published his machine pictures and proclaimed “anti-art” and “anti-literature”. Gabrielle Buffet-Picabia described that the magazine was initially intended as a mere joke, but in later editions it became highly aggressive and exhibited a militant attitude that became characteristic of the 391 .

The rival New York daddy magazine The Blind Man was discontinued after the second issue in 1917. The reason for this was a bet between Henri-Pierre Roché , one of the editors of The Blind Man alongside Marcel Duchamp , and Francis Picabia. Winning a chess match between the two should determine which publication should be discontinued: The Blind Man or Picabia's magazine 391 . Picabia won the match, and hence The Blind Man's release ended in favor of the 391 .

Further editions

New York, Zurich

After the first four editions that appeared in Barcelona, ​​three more followed that same year in New York between March and July. Numbers six and seven almost exclusively contained Picabia's drawings and texts. In 1918 he returned to Europe and began working with the Dadaist Tristan Tzara . In 1919, number 8 appeared in Zurich in a larger format, which, in addition to articles by Picabia and Tzara, had the names of Guillaume Apollinaire and Georges Ribemont-Dessaignes as well as American artists and art magazines such as Camera Work and The Blind Man on the checkerboard cover .

Paris

Issue 9 appeared in Paris in November 1919, it contained a polemical contribution against the Salon d'Automne by Ribemont-Dessaignes. With the number 10 in the following month, the format became even larger, text and illustrations more aggressive. Articles by Walter Serner and André Breton appeared in No. 11 in February 1920. One month later, among other things, in No. 12 the readymade L.HOOQ , a parody of the Mona Lisa , was recorded by Marcel Duchamp, accompanied by Picabia's Dada manifesto and his La Sainte Vierge . In the reproduction, however, the goatee on the Mona Lisa's chin was omitted and only the mustache remained. Duchamp later explained that Picabia Duchamp's original was not available and that he drew the mustache on a Mona Lisa reproduction, but forgot the goatee.

No. 13 appeared in July 1920; in November of that year, No. 14 was published, the last issue that dealt with the subject of "Dada". No. 15 from 1921 dealt with issues against Dada. The last four editions appeared in 1924, they contained ridicule against surrealism in that Picabia "invented" superrealism and instantaneism . In the last issue he signed “Metteur en scène du surréalisme d'André Breton” (German for example: director for André Breton's surrealism). The closure was an ad for Picabia's ballet production Relâche , in the interlude of Dadaist short film Entr'acte on 27 November 1924 in Paris des Champs-Elysees Theater premiered in collaboration with Picabia as an actor. Visitors were asked to bring sunglasses and earplugs.

literature

  • Peter Brooker / Sascha Bru / Andrew Thacker: The Oxford Critical and Cultural History of Modernist Magazines , Volume 3: Europe 1880–1940, Oxford University Press 2013, ISBN 978-0-19965-958-6 , pp. 181–188
  • Michel Sanouillet: Vol. I: Francis Picabia 391 . Vol. II: Francis Picabia et "391" . Pierre Belfond / Eric Losfeld and Eric Losfeld, Paris 1960 (new edition 1979) and 1966.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Quoted from Peter Brooker / Sascha Bru / Andrew Thacker: The Oxford Critical and Cultural History of Modernist Magazines , pp. 181–188
  2. ^ Documents of Dada and Surrealism - Dada and Surrealist Journals in the Mary Reynolds Collection ( Memento February 12, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), The Art Institute of Chicago. , December 20, 2013
  3. ↑ Allan Savage: All artists are not chess players - all chess players are artists: Marcel Duchamp , tate.org.uk, January 1, 2008, accessed on December 19, 2013
  4. ↑ LHOOQ, 1920 , francisnaumann.com, accessed December 21, 2013
  5. ↑ Quoted after the web link dada-companion.com
  6. ↑ Quoted after the digitized version