Alliance Israélite Universelle

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Symbol on the entrance door of the Mikveh Israel Synagogue for the motto of the AIU Kol Yisrael arevim se ba-se ("All Israel vouches for one another")

The Alliance Israélite Universelle ( Hebrew כל ישראל חברים; AIU for short ) is an international cultural Jewish organization established in several countries.

founding

Adolphe Crémieux

The AIU was founded in France in 1860 . The reason for this was the anti-Semitic riots of 1840, known as the Damascus affair, and the forced baptism of a Jewish child in 1858 ( Edgardo Mortara , 1851–1940, became a Catholic theologian). As a result, in France public figures and Jewish intellectuals decided to create an organization to support Jews around the world and to combat anti-Jewish hatred. They set up an aid fund, created numerous jobs and fought for Jewish emancipation . The first President of the Confederation was Adolphe Crémieux , who held this position until his death in 1887.

history

At the beginning, the AIU wrote an ambivalent report on the Zionist project and praised the spread of the French language and culture in the Jewish diaspora communities . On the initiative of Charles Netter , member of the Central Council of the World Federation, the agricultural school Mikveh Israel was finally founded in Palestine in 1870 . Later he founded numerous elementary schools, both in oriental countries and in Israel . The activity of the World Federation reached a climax at the end of the First World War , when the AIU supported Polish Jews (1919) and Russian Jews (1922) as victims of famine .

schools

The AIU made a name for itself with the establishment of schools in numerous countries, especially in the Muslim world. The aim of the schools was to educate the local Jewish youth in the modern, occidental sense; but the schools were also open to non-Jews. The German Maurice de Hirsch contributed significantly to the financing of this project . In Palestine, the AIU founded elementary schools in Jerusalem , Haifa , Tiberias and Tel Aviv . In 1950 the Israeli Ministry of Education expropriated the schools and mikveh from Israel. The AIU continues to finance these educational institutions.

Germany and the AIU

A German name could not establish itself permanently. From 1912 the journal Ost und West carried the designation “Organ der AIU” and occasionally as an additional name for this publisher: “German Conference Association”.

In the Bern trial for the “ Protocols of the Elders of Zion ”, the German anti-Semitic expert Ulrich Fleischhauer used the term “Israelite World Federation” for the AIU. Catherine Nicault viewed the documents relating to this Bern trial in the AIU archive in Paris.

The National Socialists accordingly used the existence of the AIU as evidence of the “ Jewish world conspiracy ” and that, at least from the perspective of the occupiers in Paris, this city is the European center of the conspiracy and therefore the toughest persecution measures must take place here. At the Nuremberg Trial in 1946, the Prosecutor quoted Theodor Dannecker and Herbert Hagen as follows:

The evaluation of the material seized in Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia and Poland led to the conclusion that the headquarters of Jewry for Europe and thus the main connection to the overseas countries should be sought in France. On the basis of this knowledge, the already known large Jewish organizations, such as the "World Jewish Congress" ... were searched and sealed.

At the Salomon Ludwig Steinheim Institute at the University of Duisburg-Essen there is a research focus on the activities of the AIU in German-speaking countries. The results are published in the journal Kalonymos . Carsten Wilke from the Central European University coordinates the research area . The AIU archive has been in Paris again since 2001 after being abducted during the war (transported to Berlin in 1940 and to the Soviet Security Service's Moscow special archive ).

literature

  • Wolfgang Treue : Jewish cosmopolitanism or national Judaism? The AIU and Zionism in Germany. in Kalonymos, H. 3, 2010, 13th vol., pp. 9-12 online
  • Rafael Arnold : Connection to the modern world. 150 years of AIU. in Documents-Documents. Zs. For the German-French dialogue. No. 1, Bonn, March 2010 ISSN  0012-5172 pp. 100-102 (lit.)
  • Carsten L. Wilke : hatred of nations and brotherly hand. A German-French correspondence from 1871. (Between Moritz Landsberg and Isidore Loeb) in Kalonymos, H. 4, 2008, 11th year, pp. 1-5 online
  • Carsten L. Wilke: Alliance israélite universelle. In: Dan Diner (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Jewish History and Culture (EJGK). Volume 1: A-Cl. Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 2011, ISBN 978-3-476-02501-2 , pp. 42-50.
  • East and West. Illustrated monthly for modern Judaism. Silberfiche edition. Ed. D. Trietsch (at times) & L. Winz. 8 years. Charlottenburg 1901–1908. Continued as east and west. Illustrated monthly for all of Judaism. Ed. L. Winz. 15 years. Charlottenburg 1909–1923. - From 1912 with the addition: “Organ of the Alliance israélite universelle.” Olms, Hildesheim 1999
  • East and West. Volume 1. Nabu Press (that is: Bibliobazaar), Charleston, South Carolina SC 29403, 2010 ISBN 1-146-87939-3
  • Dominique Trimbur: Alliance Israélite Universelle (France) . In: Wolfgang Benz (Ed.): Handbuch des Antisemitismus, Volume 5, De Gruyter-Saur 2012, ISBN 978-3598240782 , pp. 14-16
  • Björn Siegel: Austrian Judaism between East and West. The Israelite Alliance in Vienna 1873 - 1938. Campus, Frankfurt 2010
    • Edited again published as: Die Israelitische Allianz zu Wien 1873–1938. In: European Traditions. Encyclopedia of Jewish Cultures. Project of the Simon Dubnow Institute . Metzler'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart 2012
  • Björn Siegel: The 'Let there be light is spoken ...'. The educational missions of the Israelitische Allianz zu Wien, the Baron Hirsch Foundation and the Alliance Israélite Universelle in comparison 1860 - 1914, In: Transversal Jg. 12, 2011, H. 1-2, S. 83-112
  • Björn Siegel: Between Paris and Gondar . The missions of the Alliance Israélite Universelle 1867 and 1907-1908 to Ethiopia, In: Orient als Grenzbereich? Rabbinic and extra-rabbinic Judaism. Ed. Annelies Kuyt, Gerold Necker. Series: Treatises for the customer of the Orient, 60. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2007, pp. 249–264
  • Alliance Israélite universal . In: Meyers Konversations-Lexikon . 4th edition. Volume 1, Verlag des Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig / Vienna 1885–1892, p. 379.

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ Catherine NICAULT: Le procès the protocoles des sages de sion, une tentative de riposte Juive à l'antisémitisme dans les années 1930. In: Vingtième Siècle. Revue d'histoire, # 53, Janvier-mars 1997, pp.68-84. Cf. Article Nicault, online
  2. ↑ Online ČSR was written to ČSR due to computer error. A Nazi document with the title "Actions of the Sipo and the SD, (SS-Einsatzkommando Paris) against these organizations and leading Jewish persons". In place of the omissions, there were other Jewish organizations that are not listed here. The facsimile is also not accessible at this point
  3. ^ Annette Sommer: Cosmopolitan Utopia. The AIU in Germany 1860 - 1914. Kalonymos, Heft 1, Essen 2015, p. 10 (with 2 illustrations) Also online
  4. ↑ Research Associate at the Institute for the History of German Jews University of Hamburg ; since 2014 DAAD lecturer for German-Jewish history at the Center for German Jewish Studies at the University of Sussex .