Old Turkish language

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Old Turkish
Period 7th to 13th century

Formerly spoken in

eastern central Asia , China and Siberia
Linguistic
classification
Language codes
ISO 639 -1

-

ISO 639 -2

-

ISO 639-3

otk

The Old Turkish language (also Orkhon or Runic Turkish ) is the earliest written Turkic language . It came up under the Kok-Turks and was used from about the 7th to 17th centuries AD. The language of manuscripts from the 9th century is also known as Altuigur .

The name Old Turkish must not be interpreted in the sense of a direct predecessor of today's Turkish . Old Turkish is an early form of the Siberian or northeastern Turkic languages, while Turkish belongs to the Oghuz or southwestern group of Turkic languages.

The name Altuigurisch must not be interpreted in the sense of a direct predecessor of today's Uighur either. Old Uighur is most closely related to, or even an early form of, West Yugur , which belongs to the Siberian branch, while so-called modern Uyghur is derived from Chagata and belongs to the Karluk or southeast group of Turkic languages. For classification see the article Turkic languages .

swell

The sources of Old Turkish are divided into two corpora :

  • 7th to 10th centuries: Orkhon inscriptions in Mongolia and the Yenisei basin (Orkhon Turkish or actually Old Turkish ).
  • 9th to 17th centuries: Uighur manuscripts from Xinjiang ( Old Uighur ) in various scripts, including the Orkhon script and Brahmi script , the Manichaean , Syrian and Uyghur alphabets, the religious ( Buddhist and Manichean ), legal, literary, folkloric and Include astrological material and personal correspondence. A late work in Old Turkish is dated to the year 1688.

Phonology

Old Turkish has nine different vowels : a, e, ė, i, ï, o, ö, u, ü , which differ only in the first syllable of a word; elsewhere there are only four classes: a, e, ï , i .

The consonant system differentiates between voiceless , voiced (with fricative variants) and nasal :

literature

  • Bibliography of Old Turkish Studies. Selected and arranged chronologically by Volker Adam, Jens Peter Laut and Andreas Weiss. In addition to an appendix: Alphabetical index of symbols for Klaus Röhrborn: Uyghur dictionary , delivery 1–6 (1977–1998). Wiesbaden 2000.
  • Sir Gerard Clauson: An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish. Oxford 1972
  • Marcel Erdal: A Grammar of Old Turkic. Handbook of Oriental Studies , Section 8 Uralic & Central Asia, Brill, Leiden 2004.
  • Marcel Erdal: Old Turkic. In: Lars Johanson and Eva A. Csato (Eds.): The Turkic Languages. Routledge, London - New York 1998.
  • Marcel Erdal: Old Turkic Word Formation: A Functional Approach to the Lexicon. Turcologica, Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1991.
  • Annemarie von Gabain : Old Turkish grammar . 3rd edition Wiesbaden 1974.
  • Wolfgang-E. Scharlipp: The old Turkish literature - introduction to the pre-Islamic literature. Engelschoff: Verlag auf dem Ruffel 2005.
  • Wolfgang-E. Scharlipp: An Introduction to the Old Turkish Runic Inscriptions / Eski Türk Run Yazıtlarına Giriş. Engelschoff: Verlag auf dem Ruffel 2000.
  • Talat Tekin: A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic. Uralic and Altaic Series Vol. 69, Indiana University Publications, Mouton and Co. 1968.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Wolfgang-Ekkehard Scharlipp The early Turks in Central Asia , pp. 68f. - this name goes back to Talat Tekin and Vilhelm Thomsen, the decipherer of the Orkhon inscriptions
  2. ↑ Wolfgang-Ekkehard Scharlipp The early Turks in Central Asia , p. 69 - another suggestion by Thomsen
  3. ↑ a b Gerhard Doerfer: Comments on the chronological classification of the older Turkish. In: Ancient Near Eastern Research. 18, No. 1 1991, pp. 170-186, p. 170
  4. ↑ Scharlipp, Wolfgang (2005). The old Turkish literature, p. 11ff. Verlag auf dem Ruffel, Engelschoff. ISBN 3-933847-14-1 .
  5. ↑ Scharlipp, Wolfgang (2005). The old Turkish literature, p. 51ff. Verlag auf dem Ruffel, Engelschoff. ISBN 3-933847-14-1 .