Arab striving for unity

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Arab striving for unity , the striving for unity ( wahda ) of the Arab fatherland ( watan ), is one of the main concerns of Arab nationalism or pan-Arabism , especially of its Nassist and Baathist representatives. The Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi to go , numerous attempts to merge with other Arab states back. The variants range from the unification of the political leadership of two or three states to confederations and federations to a unitary state. Despite some dynastic aspects (until 1958), the striving for unity has above all an anti-colonialist character. In fact all projects failed due to the rivalries of their political leaders, in fact none was realized. Most projects barely got beyond the announcement of a proposal.

The high phase of this striving for unity lies between 1920 (first Pan-Syrian Congress ) and 1990 (unification of Yemen, but failure of the Libyan-Sudanese Union and the Iraqi annexation of Kuwait).

Temporary successful efforts

  • 1958–1961 United Arab Republic (UAR): merger of Egypt and Syria in one union; the confederation of the Kingdom of North Yemen turns it into the United Arab States . Negotiations on the accession of revolutionary Iraq to the Union or the confederation fail in 1959.
  • 1958 Arab Federation : on the other hand, the union of the Hashemite kingdoms of Iraq and Jordan as a counterweight to the UAR. Great Britain announces the handover of Kuwait to the Federation. It collapsed after barely six months in the revolution in Iraq.

Failed projects or suggestions

Countries of the arab world
Striving for unity from Libya from 1969 to 1994: several attempts were made to reach agreement with some states (three times with Egypt and Sudan; twice with Syria; once each with Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Malta, Chad and Palestine)
The presidents of Algeria (Ben Bella, left), Egypt (Nasser, center) and Tunisia (Bourguiba, right) at the 1963 Arab League summit: Bourguiba opposed Nasser's Middle East policy, his socialism and pan-Arabism, as well as Nasser's successor Sadat
Ideological, economic, political and military expansion efforts of Baathist Iraq 1963–2003
Ideological, economic, political and military expansion efforts of Baathist Syria 1958–2005
Period Project Involved target
1946-1948 Greater Syria Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria The unification plans of the Transjordan King Abdallah fail in the parliaments of Lebanon and Syria, but Jordan occupies parts of Palestine
1943-1951 Arab Union Iraq, Syria (Greater Syria) Plans by the Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri as-Said (1943) and Syrian putschists (1949) to annex Syria (and Jordan) to Iraq fail because of Syrian counter-coups
1952-1956 Unity of the Nile Valley Egypt, Sudan Egypt's claim to Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
1960–1962 Greater Morocco Morocco, Mauritania, Algeria 1960–1961 the Arab League supported the claim of the sultan or king in Rabat to the annexation of Mauritania to Morocco, which France refused. Morocco's claims to Algeria, however, were rejected by the Arab League from 1961 to 1962, but supported by France.
1961 United Iraq Iraq, Kuwait Great Britain and an inter-Arab security force prevent Kuwait from being annexed to Iraq, Kuwait becomes independent.
1963 United Arab Republic Egypt, Iraq, Syria Politico-military-economic federation between Egypt, Syria and Iraq, fails after a Nassist coup attempt in Syria
1964-1966 United Arab Republic Egypt, Iraq United political leadership for gradual economic, political and military integration, fails after Nassist coup attempts in Iraq
1964-1967 United Arab Republic Egypt, North Yemen United political leadership for gradual economic, political and military integration, Nasser rejects rapid union, but in fact North Yemen is under Egyptian control
1964-1965 Common Arab Market Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Syria In 1965, Nasser warns that the Arabs would unite too quickly without prior economic integration, and Kuwait refrains from its planned accession
1964-1970 Union of the Arab Maghreb Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia economic integration, common market
1965 United Arab Republic Egypt, Sharjah Search of the Emir of Sharjah and Nasser for an alliance against Great Britain and Saudi Arabia
1967-1968 Unified state of the socialist Arabs Egypt, Algeria, Iraq, Syria The left-Baathist President Atassi's request to socialist-oriented regimes to unite with Syria fails with the right-Baathist coup in Iraq
1968 Federation of Arab Emirates the later UAE, Qatar and Bahrain economic, political and military alliance of the Gulf emirates against Saudi Arabia and Iran after the end of the British protectorate
1969 United Arab Republic Egypt, Iraq, Syria Syrian union plans with Egypt and other revolutionary states, Iraqi union plans with Syria and other Arab states, ultimately only Syrian-Iraqi military alliance
1969-1970 Revolutionary Arab Front Egypt, Libya, Sudan economic, political and military alliance as a preliminary stage of a later federation
1971-1973 Federation of Arab Republics Egypt, Libya, Syria economic, political, military and cultural alliance, as a precursor of a state within the same Egyptian-Libyan unit state planned
1972 Libyan-Maltese Federal Republic Libya, Malta economic, political and military alliance
1972-1977 Yemeni People's Republic Yemeni Arab Republic (JAR), People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (VDRJ) First attempt at "reunification" of North Yemen (JAR) and South Yemen (VDRJ)
1972-1974 United Arab Kingdom Jordan, Palestine Personal union as part of a peace with Israel, the proposal of the Jordanian king is rejected by the Palestinians, Israel and the Arab League
1972 United Arab Republic Egypt, Iraq, Syria, PLO The Iraqi union proposal collides with the FAR, hence the invitation to Iraq to join the federation
1972-1974 Arab Islamic Republic Libya, Tunisia 1972 Tunisia is invited to join the FAR, 1973 Tunisia's proposal for unification with Algeria and Libya, 1974 Libyan-Tunisian unitary state fails because of the Neo-Destur party
1975-1976 Supreme Political Command Council Jordan, Syria economic, political and military integration fails because Syrians turn back to Egypt
1976-1977 Federation of Arab Republics Egypt, Sudan, Syria United political leadership in preparation for a unified Egyptian-Syrian state within an Egyptian-Syrian-Sudanese federation fails because of Sadat's visit to Jerusalem
1978-1979 Charter of Joint National Action Iraq, Syria economic, political, military and ideological union of the two Ba'athist states fails due to Iraqi demands for the reunification of the Ba'ath party
1979-1982 Yemeni People's Republic Yemeni Arab Republic (JAR), People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (VDRJ) Second attempt at "reunification" of North Yemen (JAR) and South Yemen (VDRJ), common constitution
1980 Organic Union Libya, Syria Socialist unitary state fails due to Syrian military bureaucracy
1981, 1983-84 Jamahiriah Libya, Chad initially a plan for a union (1981), later a confederation (1983–1984) , fails due to French intervention, but until 1987 the northern half of Chad is de facto under Libyan control
1982-1985 Integral Union Egypt, Sudan economic, military and political ties fail because of the upheaval in Sudan
1982-83, 1985-86 Confederation of Arab States Jordan, Palestine The planned alliance fails because of the dispute over the form of government (federation or personal union) and the blockade of Israel
1983 Union of the Arab Maghreb Algeria, Mauritania, Tunisia economic and military alliance against Morocco
1984-1986 Arab-African Federation Libya, Morocco economic and political alliance against the Algerian-Mauritanian-Tunisian alliance fails because of Moroccan contacts with Israel
1986-1987 Arab Union Libya, Sudan economic and political ties fail because of Sudan's inner turmoil
1987 Arab Union Algeria, Libya economic and political ties fail due to Algerian concerns
1988 Confederation of Arab States Libya, Palestine economic and political alliance
1988-1989 United Arab Front Iraq, Syria Military alliance against Israel fails due to the Syrian-Iraqi conflict in the Lebanon conflict
1989-1990 Arab Cooperation Council Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, North Yemen economic and political alliance against the Gulf Cooperation Council, Syria does not join because of the Lebanon conflict, fails because of the Egyptian-Iraqi conflict in the Kuwait war
1990-1991 United Iraq Iraq, Kuwait Iraq occupies and annexes the " People's Republic of Kuwait ", the connection is not recognized internationally or under international law
1990-1994 Integral Union Libya, Sudan political, economic, military and ideological integration, invitation to Egypt (1990) and Iraq (1994)
1991-1993 Confederation of Arab States Jordan, Palestine joint delegation to the Madrid conference as a first step towards political and economic integration

Only completed projects

  • 1971 United Arab Emirates (UAE), excluding Qatar and Bahrain
  • 1990 Yemen : North and South Yemen (1967, 1972/73, 1977 and 1980/81 unsuccessful attempts, 1994 attempt at secession)

Loose economic alliances

swell

  • Günter Kettemann: Atlas for the history of Islam , pages 163–166 (Pan-Arabism: Pacts and mergers). Darmstadt 2001. ISBN 3534141180
  • Lothar Rathmann (ed.): History of the Arabs - From the beginnings to the present , volumes 6 and 7th Akademie-Verlag Berlin 1983
  • Günther Barthel (ed.): The Arab countries - an economic geographic representation . Haack Gotha 1987
  • Johannes Berger, Friedemann Büttner and Bertold Spuler: Middle East PLOETZ - history of the Arab-Islamic world to look up . Freiburg / Würzburg 1987

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Lothar Rathmann : History of the Arabs, Volume 7, page 525. Berlin 1983
  2. ↑ Günther Barthel (Ed.): The Arab countries - An economic geographic representation, p. 11. Haack Gotha 1987
  3. ^ Lothar Rathmann : History of the Arabs, Volume 6, Page 185. Berlin 1983