Arsuf
| Arsuf | ||
|---|---|---|
 Remains of the crusader fortress, 2007 |
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| Alternative name (s): | Arsur | |
| Creation time : | 1101 | |
| Castle type : | Niederungsburg | |
| Conservation status: | ruin | |
| Standing position : | Barons | |
| Geographical location | 32 ° 11 '42.9 " N , 34 ° 48' 23.8" E | |
| Height: | 1 m | |
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Arsuf ( Hebrew אפולוניה, also known as Arsur ; in ancient Apollonia , later , so to speak ) was an ancient city and later Crusader city and Crusader fortress in what is now Israel , about 15 kilometers north of Tel Aviv . The archaeological site ( Tel Arshaf ; תֵּל אַרְשָׁף, also Apollonia – Arsuf אַפּוֹלוֹנְיָה-אַרְסוּף) today belongs to the municipality of Herzlia and is a national park.
history
The city belonged to the Hasmonean Empire at least since Alexander Jannäus , later under the name Apollonia to the Empire of Herod and the Roman province of Judaea . In late antiquity it was given the name Sozusa , which can be translated as City of the Redeemer . The titular Sozusa in Palestine of the Roman Catholic Church goes back to a submerged diocese of the city . Around 640 the place came under Muslim rule.
Crusader fortress
In 1101 the city was occupied by an army of crusaders under Baldwin I of Jerusalem . The Crusaders, who mostly called the city Arsur in their sources , rebuilt the city walls and created the rule of Arsuf within the Kingdom of Jerusalem . The rule initially belonged to the crown domain of the king of Jerusalem until he enfeoffed John of Arsur with the rule in 1163. When Johann died childless, Melisende, his brother Guido's daughter, took over the rule. By Melisende's second marriage to Johann von Ibelin , lord of Beirut (1177-1236), Arsuf came in 1207 to the Ibelin family . Both son Johann von Arsuf († 1258) inherited the rule, which he passed on to his eldest son Balian († 1277). In 1260 or 1261 Balian sold the rule to the Order of St. John .
In 1187 the city was conquered by the Muslim Ayyubids under Sultan Saladin , but fell back to the Christians after the Battle of Arsuf on September 7, 1191 between Richard the Lionheart and Saladin. In 1265 Arsuf was conquered by the Muslim Mamluk sultan Baibars I. The walls and fortress were razed, the population dispersed.
After joint archaeological investigations by the universities of Tübingen and Tel Aviv , the existing early Islamic city structures were continued to be used by the crusaders. The urban area was densely built up within the walling. The city was connected to an agriculturally used hinterland, the approximately 300 km² large county of Arsur, and had extensive long-distance trade contacts.
literature
- Immanuel Benzinger : Appolonia 25 . In: Paulys Realencyclopadie der classischen Antiquity Science (RE). Volume II, 1, Stuttgart 1895, Col. 117.
- Avraham Negev : Apollonia, later Sozusa, Israel . In: Richard Stillwell et al. a. (Ed.): The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ 1976, ISBN 0-691-03542-3 .
- Israel Roll, Oren Tal: Apollonia-Arsuf I. The Persian and Hellenistic Periods (with Appendices on the Chalcolithic and Iron Age II Remains) (= Tel Aviv Monograph Series 16). Tel Aviv 1999. ISBN 965-266-012-4
- Israel Roll: Apollonia-Arsuf. In: Ephraim Stern u. a. (Ed.): The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land. Volume 5: Supplementary Volume. Israel Exploration Society et al. a., Jerusalem et al. a. 2008, ISBN 978-965-221-068-5 , pp. 1568-1571.
- Katharina Galor, Israel Roll, Oren Tal: Apollonia-Arsuf between Past and Future. In: Near Eastern Archeology 72, 2009, ISSN 1094-2076 , pp. 4-27.
- Hans Wolfram Kessler, Konrad Kessler: Knights in the Holy Land: Crusader sites in Israel . Philipp von Zabern, Darmstadt 2013, ISBN 978-3-8053-4552-1
- Hauke Kenzler: Medieval Town Structures of Arsur in on the Basis of Non-Invasive Methods. Results of a German-Israeli Project Collaboration . Journal of the German Palestine Association 132 (2), 2016, pp. 151–174.
Web links
- maxime.goepp.free.fr (French)
Individual evidence
- ^ Official website of the Israeli Tourist Information. Retrieved November 29, 2018 .
- ↑ Oren Tal (ed.): The Last Supper at Apollonia: the Final Days of the Crusader Castle in Herzliya . Eretz Israel Museum, Tel Aviv 2011.
- ↑ Hauke Kenzler and Annette Zeischka-Kenzler: The crusader city of Arsur in Israel. University of Tübingen, accessed on November 29, 2018 .
- ^ Hauke Kenzler: Medieval Town Structures . 2016.