Artic
|
Artik Արթիկ |
|||
| State : |
 Armenia
|
||
| Province : | Shirak | ||
| Coordinates : | 40 ° 37 ′ N , 43 ° 59 ′ E | ||
| Height : | 1760 m | ||
| Residents : | 17,384 (2012) | ||
| Time zone : | UTC + 4 | ||
| Telephone code : | (+374) 244 | ||
| Postal code : | 3001-3007 | ||
| Community type: | city | ||
| Mayor : | Mchitar Waragjan (independent) | ||
| Website : | |||
|
|||
Artik ( Armenian Արթիկ ) is a city in the northwestern Armenian province of Shirak with around 17,000 inhabitants. In the 20th century, the second largest city in the province was expanded into an industrial location. The mining of tuff , which came to a standstill with the end of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1991 , continues today on a smaller scale. Artik is of art historical importance due to two church ruins in the center from the 5th and 7th centuries and especially the church of Lmbatavank located outside , which is dated around 600.
location
Artik is located on a hilly, grassy highland on the northwestern foothills of Mount Aragaz . In the surrounding villages there is mainly cattle breeding. Fruit and vegetables are only grown in house gardens, otherwise the landscape is tree-free and bushy.
The distance to the northwestern provincial capital Gyumri is 20 kilometers on the direct route via Horom. Both cities are connected for goods traffic by a branch line of the railway leading from Yerevan to Georgia , which branches off in Gyumri and ends southwest of Artik in Maralik. The next place Pemzaschen in this direction is five kilometers away. From there a road branches off into the mountains to the traditional village of Lernakert . To the east, a road leads from Artik on the plateau via Tsaghkahovit to the confluence in the hamlet of Alagyaz, 30 kilometers away, with the north-south expressway between Ashtarak and Spitak . Two kilometers as the crow flies southeast of the center is the Haritschavank monastery on the edge of a ravine that extends to the city. There are regular minibus connections to Gyumri and the surrounding villages.
The area around Artik has been inhabited since pre-Christian times. Several Bronze Age settlements from the 2nd millennium BC were found in the Tsaghkahovit plain . BC, cave graves of the 14th – 9th centuries Century and Urartean settlements of the 9th century BC Excavated. In the 1970s Telemak Khachatryan found a necropolis with 640 Late Bronze Age graves near Artik.
Cityscape
In the 2001 census, the population was 17,561, according to official statistics from January 2012, there are 17,384 inhabitants. Coming from the south via Pemzaschen, the main street crosses an extensive area with apartment blocks and decayed industrial plants from the socialist era. The city center is across a long bridge that spans the railroad tracks. Straight ahead to the east the street opens into the central Freiheitsplatz, on which there is a memorial to the memory of the Second World War. Ankakhutyan Street is the main commercial street running north and south from here. To the southeast up the mountain, Tonakanyan Street leads after a little over 100 meters to the two church ruins that can be seen on the left side of the street between single-family houses.
The city, which grew as a residential area for industrial workers after 1945 in the Soviet period, experienced a population decline with the economic collapse after the country's independence in 1991. Most of the houses consist of uniform blocks of flats, which are bricked with the pink volcanic tuff that is quarried in the area. Only a few smaller houses in between date from the 18th or 19th century. Unemployment, which has risen drastically with the political change, has declined due to the fact that rock quarrying is now being carried out to a lesser extent.
Mother of God Church
The smaller of the two church ruins is the Mother of God Church ( Surb Astvatsatsin ). It represents a connection between a cross-domed church and a three-aisled basilica with shortened side aisles Century. Plontke-Lüning believes that it was unlikely to emerge before the 7th century.
The dimensions are 13.2 × 16.5 meters outside and 11.5 × 14 meters inside. In the middle, in front of the semicircular apse, is the square main room, the defunct dome of which is likely to have rested on the four inner wall corners. It is flanked in the north and south by narrow aisles with also semicircular apses, the western end of which is in line with the central room. In the east, the central apse protrudes over the side aisles, wrapped in a rectangular shape. The central nave in the west was covered by a barrel vault in the longitudinal direction, of which one of the original two belt arches that has been preserved testifies. It can no longer be determined whether the aisles were vaulted by longitudinal or transverse barrels. The south aisle has completely disappeared, otherwise the outer walls are mostly upright up to the edge of the eaves.
Semicircular apses in the outer west walls of the two side aisles suggest that the west building was once surrounded by porticos . A wall protrusion halfway up its north and south walls is interpreted in this sense as a support for the vault of the porticos. One entrance was in the west gable wall and another in the long wall of the north aisle. The existing architectural decoration is limited to an incised cross in a circle on the lintel of the narrow east window and an equally simple bas-relief above the west window, which consists of parallel lines in a circle.
Sergius Church
The also undated Sergius Church ( Surb Sargis ), also Georgskirche ( Surb Geworg ), which is a few meters to the west, is assumed to have originated in the second half of the 7th century. This is supported by similarities in the architectural sculpture with the cathedral of Talin , which was built in the 660s or later. The basic shape of the Sergius Church is a square from which conches protrude in the middle of the sides . In the course of the 7th century this type of central building was expanded by increasing the diameter of the dome. The dome, which is missing today, rested on the eight inner wall corners that form the transition between the square structure and the conches.
The oldest church of this monumental and formally coherent construction is the Johanneskirche ( Surb Hovanes ) in Mastara (province of Aragazotn ) from the second half of the 6th century. Your model ( "Mastara-type") followed in the 7th century except Sergiuskirche the Mother of God Church in Woskepar (province of Tavush ) and Gregory church of the monastery Harichavank Monastery. The "Awan-Hripsime type" represents a further development, which was probably mainly due to static reasons. The floor plan of the Awan Cathedral (in a district of Yerevan ) and the St. Hripsime Church (from Etschmiadzin ) is based on side rooms expanded in all four corners to form a square structure on the outside, which is better able to absorb the horizontal shear forces of the dome.
The Sergius Church measures 27.3 meters in the east-west direction including the 5.4 meters above the core building and 23.7 meters in the north-south direction including the two conches. The dome diameter was 14 meters. The building only has ancillary rooms on the east side. They are rectangular and have a semicircular apse with a window. The position of the middle altar apse remains visible on the outer wall divided by triangular niches. They finish at the top with semicircles. Inside, all four conches are rounded in a semicircle, as are the conches on the north side on the outside. The conches in the south and west, on the other hand, are pentagons on the outside. These two conches are illuminated through a semicircular narrow window, the importance of the east apse is emphasized by three adjacent windows. The dome, which collapsed with the drum , was one of the largest in Armenia. The eight corners of the wall that supported them protruded into the room as pilasters with columns in front of them. The transition to the domed circle was made by two successive trumpets .
The church was accessible from the west and south. The tympanum arch over the west portal has disappeared. The varied decoration of the outer walls consists of semicircular friezes above the windows of doubled half-columns on the edges of the west and south conches, which are connected by blind arcades and the cornice. The blind arcade in the west is decorated with a diagonal braided pattern, the one in the south is adorned with a stylized tree running through the center with branches. Both design elements appear in the same place on the cathedral of Talin. The cornices over the east windows are shaped by circular horseshoe arches. The round north cone has no decorations. It was probably made during an early restoration. Jesus Christ with apostles could be seen on traces of paint in the apse.
The earliest inscriptions are dated 1218 and 1288. The Sergius Church has been restored and rebuilt several times in history, as can be seen from the differently processed stones, especially on the upper wall areas. Around 1900 it was still flat covered with wooden beams and in use. The most recent conservation measures ended abruptly after 1991. There is still a construction crane from the Soviet era. The Sergius Church is locked and not accessible inside.
Lmbatavank
The small cross- domed church Lmbatavank is located on a hill 1.5 kilometers southwest of the city center. She owns the most important painting remains of the 7th century in Armenia.
Mars crater
A Martian crater is named after Artik .
See also
literature
- Paolo Cuneo: Architettura Armena dal quarto al diciannovesimo secolo. Volume 1. De Luca Editore, Rome 1988, pp. 244-246
- Patrick Donabédian: Documentation of the art places. In: Jean-Michel Thierry: Armenian Art . Herder, Freiburg 1988, pp. 511f
- Annegret Plontke-Lüning: Early Christian architecture in the Caucasus. The development of Christian sacred buildings in Lazika, Iberia, Armenia, Albania and the border regions from the 4th to the 7th century (Austrian Academy of Sciences, Philosophical-Historical Class, Volume 359. Publications on Byzantium Research, Volume XIII) Verlag der Österreichische Academy of Sciences, Vienna 2007, enclosed CD-ROM: Catalog of preserved church buildings, pp. 45–47, ISBN 978-3700136828
Web links
- Artik Town. Armeniapedia
- Artik: St. Geworg Cathedral St. Sarkis. Armenian Studies Program
Individual evidence
- ↑ http://www.artik.am/Pages/DocFlow/Default.aspx?a=v&g=6686cdc6-16ef-4322-990f-81b138315619 (accessed January 4, 2020)
- ^ Ian Lindsay and Adam T. Smith: A History of Archeology in the Republic of Armenia. In: Journal of Field Archeology, Vol. 31, No. 2, summer 2006, pp. 165-184, here p. 175
- ^ RA Marz of Shirak. (PDF; 110 kB) armstat.am
- ^ RA Shirak Marz. (PDF; 150 kB) armstat.am
- ^ Patrick Donabédian: Documentation of the art places. In: Jean-Michel Thierry, pp. 511f
- ↑ Stepan Mnazakanjan: Architecture . In: Burchard Brentjes , Stepan Mnazakanjan, Nona Stepanjan: Art of the Middle Ages in Armenia. Union Verlag (VOB), Berlin 1981, p. 64f
- ^ Patrick Donabédian: Documentation of the art places. In: Jean-Michel Thierry, p. 512
- ^ Josef Strzygowski : The architecture of the Armenians and Europe. Volume 1. Kunstverlag Anton Schroll, Vienna 1918, pp. 76–78 ( online at Internet Archive )