Automeris

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Automeris
Automeris io, female above, male below

Automeris io , female above, male below

Systematics
Class : Insects (Insecta)
Order : Butterflies (Lepidoptera)
Family : Peacock moth (Saturniidae)
Subfamily : Hemileucinae
Genre : Automeris
Scientific name
Automeris
Huebner , 1819
Automeris caterpillar from Costa Rica.
Automeris illustris caterpillars
Egg clutches from Automeris io .

Automeris is a species-rich genus of butterflies from the family of the peacock moth (Saturniidae). The caterpillars have numerous stinging hairs sitting on a common shaft.

features

All automeris species that occur in the United States of America and Canada have dull-colored fore wing tops, which give the butterflies good camouflage when resting on bark or the like. The upper sides of the hind wings have a conspicuous, multicolored, round eye-spot . The males have double-pinnate antennae , the females are pinnate.

The eggs of the moths are colored white and have a large micropyle , which in fertilized eggs turns black some time after being laid.

The caterpillars are stockier than those of the genus Hemileuca . They are provided with numerous stinging hairs that sit on a common shaft. North of Mexico, the caterpillars of most species are green and have conspicuous longitudinal lines at or below the spiracles . These lines run from the thorax to the end of the abdomen, but in some species can end at the penultimate segment. The caterpillars of Automeris zephyria and Automeris cecrops have a pattern consisting of diagonal and lateral lines which does not fit into the feature scheme described above.

Occurrence

The genus is neotropical and subtropical. Seven species of the genus occur north of Mexico: Automeris io , Automeris zephyria , Automeris louisiana , Automeris cecrops , Automeris iris , Automeris patagoniensis and Automeris randa .

Way of life

The adults are nocturnal. When at rest, their hind wings are completely covered by the forewings. When disturbed, the wings are suddenly unfolded so that the eye spots can be seen. The females lay their eggs in clutches. In the beginning the caterpillars eat socially and often change to new feeding or resting places in processions one after the other. Pupation takes place in a cocoon , usually in the litter.

species

The following list of species is based on the Global Lepidoptera Names Index of the Natural History Museum and has been supplemented by further species from the literature.

supporting documents

  1. ↑ a b c d e f P. M. Tuskes, JP Tuttle, MM Collins: The Wild Silkmoths of North America. A Natural History of the Saturniidae of the United States and Canada . Ed .: George C. Eickwort. 1st edition. Cornell University Press, Ithaca / London 1996, ISBN 0-8014-3130-1 , pp. 149 f . (English).
  2. ↑ The Global Lepidoptera Names Index - Automeris  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.nhm.ac.uk  
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs R. Brechlin, F. Meister (2011): New taxa of the genus Automeris Hübner, [1819] (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Entomo-Satsphingia 4 (1): 5-89
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n R. Brechlin, H. Käch, F. Meister (2013): Fifteen new species in the genus Automeris Hübner, [1819] from Ecuador (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Entomo-Satsphingia 6 (3): 9-28
  5. ^ C. Lemaire, KL Wolfe (1993): Two new Automeris from Western Mexico (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae: Hemileucinae). Tropical Lepidoptera, Gainesville, 4 (1): 39-44
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n R. Brechlin, F. Meister (2014): Fourteen new species in the genus Automeris Hübner, 1819 ("1816) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Entomo-Satsphingia 7 (1): 12-28
  7. ^ C. Lemaire (1975): Description de six Attacidae nouveaux de l'Equateur (Lep.). Lambillionea, Revue bimestrielle, Brussels, 75bis anniversary issue (1901–1975): 52–68.
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k R. Brechlin, F. Meister & E. van Schayck (2011): Nine new taxa of the genus Automeris Hübner, [1819] (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Entomo-Satsphingia 4 (2): 16-29
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h C. Lemaire (2002): The Saturniidae of America. Les Saturniidae Americains Attacidae. 4. Hemileucinae. Keltern (Goecke & Evers), part A: [1] -688, part B: [689] -1388, part C: color plate. 1-126, ESI-ES14, 143 p. Without pagination.
  10. ^ C. Lemaire (1982): Vingt-huit Saturniidae néotropicaux inédits. Annales de la Société entomo1ogique de France, Paris, (NS) 18 (1): 55-88.
  11. ↑ C. Lemaire (1986): Description d'un nouvel Automeris mexicain [Lepidoptera, Saturniidae, Hemileucinae]. Revue francaise d'Entomologie (Nouv. Sér.), Paris, 8 (2): 85–87.
  12. ^ C. Lemaire (1976): List synonymique des Attacidae americains [Lep.]. Deuxieme partie: Arsenurinae JORDAN, 1922. Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, Paris, 80: 219-223.
  13. ↑ a b R. Brechlin, H. Käch, F. Meister (2011): Two new species of the genus Automeris (Hübner, [1819] from Ecuador (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Entomo-Satsphingia 4 (2): 5-8
  14. ↑ a b c C. Lemaire (1982): Trois Saturniidae inédits du Costa Rica et du Pérou [Lepidoptera]. Revue francaise d'Entomologie (Nouv. Sér.), Paris, 4 (2): 79–85.
  15. Jump up ↑ C. Lemaire, AR Amarillo-Suarez (1992): Une nouvelle espèce du genre Automeris de Colombie orientale (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Tropical Lepidoptera, Gainesville 3 (2): 153-154.
  16. ↑ a b c R. Brechlin, F. Meister (2011): Three new species of the genus Automeris Hübner, 1819 (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Entomo-Satsphingia 4 (4): 20-25
  17. ^ MA Balcázar-Lara (2000): A new Automeris from the Manantlan Reserve in Mexico (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae: Hemileucinae). . Florida Entomologist 83 (3): 343-348. PDF
  18. ^ C. Lemaire, MJ Smith, KL Wolfe (1992): A new Automeris from Arizona, including its life history and notes on the Automeris colenon complex (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae: Hemileucinae). Tropical Lepidoptera, Gainesville, 3 (2): 123-129.

Web links

Commons : Automeris  - collection of images, videos and audio files