Baban
 
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Some cities of the Bābān in what is now Northern Iraq (the Autonomous Region of Kurdistan is marked in yellow) . |
Bābān was the name of a Kurdish principality with the center Sulaimaniyya , which was nominally under the Ottoman Empire and existed from 1649 to 1850.
Surname
In western travel reports, the Baban are also referred to as Bebah, Bebbeh or Bebe. Kurdish and Persian sources call them Bābān or Āl-e Bābān, while in Turkish they are called Babanlar or Babanzadeler.
expansion
The Baban family comes from Qala Chualan and initially influenced this area. Through military and political expansion, the principality soon reached Kirkuk in the southwest and later, with the establishment of the city of Sulaimaniyya , they were able to expand their sphere of influence to Ardalan on the border with the Safavid Empire in the east. The territory of the Baban extended in its greatest extent from the Kleiner Zab to the Diyala .
history
Feqî Ehmed, who came from the Pijder area, was the founder of the dynasty. His successor Baba Sulaiman extended the sphere of influence to Kirkuk . The later ruler Sulaiman Pascha brought the cities of Koi Sandschaq , Chanaqin , Hewler , Harir , Altin Köprü , Badra and some areas in western Iran under the control of the principality. The capital of the Baban was Kirkuk in Shahrazor until 1781 , when Mahmud Pascha Baban moved it to the newly founded Sulaimaniyya . The idea of the Kurdish capital Kirkuk, which is shared by many Kurds today, also came from this time.
The family was able to maintain its quasi-independent status through delicate diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire for centuries. The geographical proximity to the Safavid Empire and the associated function as guardian of the Ottoman borders made them indispensable for the Ottoman Empire. The hereditary monarchy in Baban was enshrined in a treaty between Sulaiman Baba and representatives of the Ottoman Empire in 1678 and recognized by the Ottomans. In the 18th century, the Baban troops supported the Ottomans against the Safavids.
For a long time, the Baban rivaled the rulers of Ardalan , a semi-autonomous principality within the Safavid Empire. The rulers of Ardalan repeatedly demanded the loyalty and fealty of the Kurdish clans in the area and wanted to strengthen their own sphere of influence. In 1694 Suleiman Beg Baban led a troop into the war against Ardalan and defeated them in their capital Sanandaj . Safavid troops arrived in Ardalan too late to prevent the Baban from winning. However, they were able to defeat Suleiman Beg Baban's troops in another battle and reinstate the house of the Ardalan as rulers of the principality.
The striving for more autonomy and independence from the Ottoman Empire and the independent decisions of the principality angered the Ottomans over the years, so that in the middle of the 19th century there were several battles between the Baban and the Ottomans. The conflict ended in 1847 when the Ottoman governor of Mosul defeated the Baban prince Ahmad Pasha Baban at Koya. The principality was annexed by the Ottomans to the Vilayet Mosul .
Building the Principality
The records of Claudius James Rich , who stayed in Sulaimaniyya for a long time, provide an insight into the structure of the principality in the early 19th century . His listing of court officials shows a strong resemblance to the Sublime Porte in Istanbul or to the court in Baghdad . Loyalty to the Baban was assured by various Kurdish clans and tribal confederations. For example from the tribal confederation of the Jaff (Caf), which were located in the border area to the Safavid Empire. They paid taxes to the Baban rulers in Sulaimaniyya and were able to move and operate freely in the principality. This went so far that the Jaff could also build their own palaces and castles, such as the Sherwana Castle in Kalar. In times of crisis, as in the neighboring principalities, taxes could reach very high sums.
Ruler
The Pascha or Beg at the end of the name stand for the title of the respective ruler. Both are synonymous with prince or lord.
- Feqî Ehmed, 1649-1670
- Sulaiman Beg, 1670-1703
- Khana Mohammad Pasha, 1721-1731
- Khalid Pasha, 1732-1742
- Salim Pasha, 1742-1754
- Sulaiman Pasha, 1754-1765
- Muhammad Pasha, 1765-1775
- Abdolla Pascha, 1775-1777
- Ahmad Pasha, 1777-1780
- Mahmoud Pasha, 1780–1782
- Ibrahim Pasha, 1782-1803
- Abdorrahman Pasha, 1803-1813
- Mahmoud Pasha, 1813-1834
- Sulaiman Pasha, 1834-1838
- Ahmad Pasha, 1838–1847
- Abdollah Pasha, 1847-1850
See also
literature
- Metin Atmaca: Politics of Alliance and Rivalry on the Ottoman-Iranian Frontier: The Babans (1500-1851). Self-published, Freiburg im Breisgau 2013.
Web links
- Baban . In: Ehsan Yarshater (Ed.): Encyclopædia Iranica (English, including references)
- Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
Individual evidence
- ↑ http://psi424.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/Agoston%20and%20Masters,%20Enc%20of%20Ott%20Empire.PDF
- ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Claudius James Rich (1836), Narrative of a residence in Koordistan, p. 81, J. Duncan
- ^ HJ Kissling, N. Barbour, Bertold Spuler, JS Trimingham, FRC Bagley, H. Braun, H. Hartel (1997), The Last Great Muslim Empires, p. 82, BRILL
- ↑ http://bot.gov.krd/garmian-administration/kalar
- ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
