Begteginids

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The citadel of Erbil

The Begteginiden (also Begtiginiden ) or Atabegs of Erbil were a Muslim, Turkish local dynasty that ruled from about 1145 to 1233 over a north Mesopotamian principality ( Atabeylik ) with the center Erbil. The name of the ruling house, which has existed for almost a hundred years and never completely ruled independently, is derived from Beg-Tegin (also Beg-Tigin), the father of the dynasty founder Zain ad-Din Ali Kütschük (Zain ad-Dīn ʿAlī Küčük) .

Beg-Tegin was a commander in the army of the Great Seljuks . His son Ali Kütschük entered the service of the Zengids and was appointed governor of Mosul by their ruler Imad ad-Din Zengi in 1145 . After Zengi's death in 1146, Ali Kütschük ruled together with Mosul the areas of Shahrazor , Hakkâri , Sinjar , el-Hamidiye, Tikrit and Harran . So he founded the principality of Erbil and became its first Atabeg. Zain ad-Din Ali Kütschük left Mosul in 1167 to Imad ad-Din Zengi's son Qutb ad-Din Maudud and retired to Erbil. In return, he received the guarantee that his own son Gökböri (also Kökböri) would be his successor in Erbil. Zain ad-Din died in 1168.

Muzaffar ad-Dīn Gökbörī

Gökböri fell apart with his tutor Mujahid ad-Din Qaimaz az-Zaini (Muǧāhid ad-Dīn Qaimaz az-Zainī) , a Mamluken of his father, and was expelled from Erbil, where his brother Nur ad-Din Yusuf (Nūr ad- Dīn Yūsuf) Atabeg became. But Gökböri received Harran from Qutb ad-Din and also entered the service of Saladin , in whose campaigns against the Crusaders he participated. Saladin married Gökböri to one of his sisters.

After Yusuf's death in 1190, Gökböri then returned to Erbil and became the new ruler. After Saladin's death, Muzaffar ad-Din Abu Said Gökböri (Muẓaffar ad-Dīn Abū Saʿīd Gökböri) entered the service of the Abbasid caliphs and initially supported the Ayyubids against the Zengids and then the weakened Zengids against the sons of al-Adil I , where he also took a stand against Badr ad-Din Lulu . Gökböri had no children and fearing that his principality would be lost to rivals after his death, the Atabeg bequeathed it to the caliph al-Mustansir . With Gökböri's death in 1233 (he was 81 years old) Erbil fell to Baghdad .

Gökböri left behind many social institutions in Erbil, including hospitals and orphanages, madrasas and resting places for pilgrims. Under his rule, next to the old, more Christian-influenced Erbil, a new Muslim city center was built on the river plain. He was an educated man, at whose court scholars and scribes from foreign countries came. The historian Ibn Challikan was one of his protégés . Gökböri was one of the first Sunni rulers to have the Prophet's birthday celebrated in public. According to Ibn Challikān, this festival drew large numbers of people from Mosul , Nusaybin and Baghdad to Erbil every year . The evening before the festival, Sufi samāʿ concerts were held.

literature

supporting documents

  1. ↑ See NJG Kaptein: Muḥammad's Birthday Festival. Early History in the Central Muslim Lands and Development in the Muslim West until the 10th / 16th Century. Suffering u. a .: Brill 1993. pp. 40f.