Bijela gora
| Bijela gora | |
|---|---|
 View over the Bijela gora |
|
| Highest peak | Jastrebica ( 1862 m ) |
| location | Montenegro |
| part of | Orjen Mountains, Dinarides |
| Coordinates | 42 ° 35 ' N , 18 ° 34' E |
| rock | lime |
| Age of the rock | law |
| surface | 90 km² |
Bijela gora (German: White Mountains ) is a 90 km² high plateau in the Orjen Mountains on the border between Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina . It is at an altitude of 1200 to 1500 m above sea level. The Bijela gora is bordered continuously to the south by the up to 350 m high and very steep 17 km long alpine ridges of the Pazua (1656 m), Reovačka greda (1789 m) and Jastrebica (1862 m). To the north and east, the Bijela gora ends at the leveling of the Poljen of Grahovo and Dragalj .
Significant glacial deposits and extensive high forests with steep karst walls of the Orjens make the Bijela gora a popular hunting and hiking area.
geomorphology
The Bijela gora is an extensive, glacial high karst plateau and type locality of the landscape form of the Glaziokarstes . During the Ice Age , a continuous plateau glacier with an area of approx. 50 km² developed on the Bijela gora . In addition to two glacial praises , four other glacier tongues were developed on the north and east sides, reaching as far as the poljes of Grahovo and Dragalj. A glacier originating in the Pazua even reached into the Polje of Dragalj. Jovan Cvijić was the first to describe the huge moraine deposits of this former glacier:
“A glacier from the huge glacial nutrient area of the Pazua reached down to the bottom of the Dragalj Poljes. The terminal moraine runs like a staircase from the Polje and can be followed for several kilometers. It is 140 m high and consists of limestone rocks and coarse pieces of limestone, many of which are angular and sharp. A huge fluvio-glacial debris cone attaches to the moraine ; Gravel and sand cover almost the entire ground from the village of Dragalj in the NE to the village of Paljkovca in the SW. Here they mix with the fluvioglacial alluvial fan of another glacier , the highest mountain of the Orjens came down to Dvrsno and stopped above the Poljenrandes. "
As a result of the multiple glaciations during the Pleistocene, several series of staggered terminal moraines were deposited from the main ridges of the Bijela gora to the edge of the high plateau. The largest and lowest lying correlate with the glaciation period in the middle Pleistocene ( MIS 12 , 480–430 ka). During this phase the ice thickness reached 400 m, which corresponds to an absolute height of the ice surface of approx. 1900 m. This ice cap covered with 1900 m even the highest ridges of the Bijela gora and the Orjens and only a few peaks, now formed as horns, protruded from the Arctic Ocean as nunatak . In this icing phase, transfluences formed between the valleys in which the ice moved over the individual valley ends. This effect can be observed today as clearly visible transfluence passes over the incision between the Vučji zub and the Velika Jastrebica and in the Orjensko sedlo south of the Zubački kabao . Since the nutrient areas during the plateau glaciation no longer only consisted of individual karen, today's large tub-shaped depressions of the Bijela gora functioned as the main nutrient areas for the large ice lobes, which moved as Piedmont glaciers down into the poljes of Grahovo and Dvrsno. Today, as glacial depressions, they are striking manifestations in large parts of the Bijela gora, especially below the Reovačka greda ridge in Borovi do (1425 m).
In the relief evolution of the Bijela gora, the connection between glacial and fluvioglacial erosion in the Pleistocene and the resulting sediment accumulations in the surrounding poljen of Grahovo and Dragalj are striking. Here, mighty accumulation layers, which are among the most important Quaternary sediments in the Mediterranean region and which are also the best preserved Quaternary sediments of the Middle Pleistocene , were deposited.
Livestock
The only brown bears of the Orjen Mountains have survived in the forests of Bijela gora. Chamois can be seen on the inaccessible ridges of Reovacka greda and Jastrebica. Golden eagles appear in winter .
tourism
An EU-funded project is intended to develop the area across borders for gentle adventure tourism.
literature
- Pavle Cikovac 2003: Sociology and local distribution of fir forests in the Orjen Mountains (Montenegro) . Diploma thesis at the LMU, Department of Geosciences. (researchgate: PDF)
- Radekno Lazarević: Grahovsko polje . In: Glasnik Srpskog Geografskog Društva 29, 1949, 2, ISSN 0350-3593 , pp. 143-146.
- Miroslav Marković: Geomorphological evolution and neotectonics of the Orijen Mountains . Belgrade 1973, (University of Belgrade, dissertation), (Serbo-Croatian).
- Josip Ridjanović: New Observations on the Ice Age Effects in the Orjen Mountains (Yugoslavia) . Geographical Institute of the University, Würzburg 1967, ( Würzburg Geographical Works 20, ISSN 0510-9833 ).
- Lubomir von Sawicki: The Ice Age glaciation of the Orjen in southern Dalmatia . In: Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde 5, 1911, ZDB -ID 243658-9 , pp. 339–355.
Individual evidence
- ^ Phil D. Hughes, Jamie C. Woodward, PC van Calsteren, LE Thomas, Kathryn R. Adamson 2010: Pleistocene ice caps on the coastal mountains of the Adriatic Sea. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2010; 29 (27-28): 3690-3708
- ↑ Manja Žebre, Uroš Stepišnik 2016: Glaciokarst landforms and processes of the southern Dinaric Alps . EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, 40/11, 1493-1505. Here p. 1599 (PDF)
- ↑ Manja Žebre, Uroš Stepišnik 2016: p. 1597
- ↑ Kathryn R. Adamson, Jamie Woodward, Phil D. Hughes 2015: Middle Pleistocene glacial outwash in poljes of the Dinaric karst . In: Feinberg, J., Gao, Y. & Alexander, EC (Eds.) Caves and Karst Across Time. Geological Society of America, Special Papers, 516, 247-262. Abstract ( Memento of the original from January 5, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Obrazac za projektnu ideju za IPA Program prekogranične saradnje BiH-MNE. ( Memento of the original from March 13, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Program prekogranične saradnje BiH i Crne Gore, cbc.bih-mne.org, accessed March 10, 2016
