Castruccio Castracani

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Castruccio Castracani degli Antelminelli (also Interminelli , Interminegli ; * March 29, 1281 in Lucca ; † September 3, 1328 ) was a late medieval condottiere who was able to establish himself as Duke of Lucca through political and military skill and his city temporarily held the priority position among the Cities of Tuscany , also had a significant share in the Italian campaign and the imperial coronation of Ludwig IV of Bavaria .

Castruccio interminelli , Lucca State Library, Ms. 1661, f.82r

Live and act

Origin and Exile

Presumed representation of Castruccio, Campo Santo di Pisa

Castruccio was born in Lucca in 1281 as the son of the merchant Gerio di Castracane degli Antelminelli and Puccia degli Streghi and belonged to the long-established, influential Ghibelline family of the Antelminelli. At a young age he took part in the inner-city party struggles and, together with his father, supported the faction of whites loyal to the emperor. When they were expelled from the city in the spring of 1301, he retired with his father to Ancona and then, after his death, went to a relative in England, where he successfully ran money and trade and was favored by his knightly abilities Edward II is said to have attained. Because of violence - he is his enemy killed in the presence of the king by a punch because of an insult - but he had to leave England fled again and went to the services of Alberto Scotto , the Lord of Piacenza , who on behalf of Philip the Fair with campaigned against the English by a group of mercenaries in northern France and Flanders. Castruccio took part in various undertakings Scotto, not without at the same time continuing his business activities, and took part, among other things, in the battle of Saint-Omer (1303). In 1304 he returned to Italy for business reasons and continued to work there as a mercenary leader for Alberto Scotto and various other gentlemen.

Return to Lucca

When Henry VII moved into Italy in October 1310, Castruccio also joined him and soon afterwards entered the service of Uguccione della Faggiola , Lord of Arezzo and Pisa (from 1313) and leader of the Tuscan Ghibellines. Due to an armistice forced by Uguccione, the Antelminelli were able to return to Lucca in 1314, and on June 14, 1314 they helped Uguccione to conquer the city in a coup d'etat through betrayal. It is assumed that Castruccio was also significantly involved in this, who at least subsequently took on a leading role in Lucca, but soon came into conflict with Uguccione and his son Neri della Faggiuola, who Uguccione had appointed as Podestà and city governor of Lucca .

Lucca in the Chronicle of Giovanni Sercambi, Lucca State Library, Ms. 107, f. 69r

In April 1316 he was imprisoned by Neri in Lucca to bring him to trial for various undertakings that were contrary to orders. When Uguccione set out from Pisa to Lucca for this purpose, the Pisans rose against him in his absence, and the Lucchesians also used the opportunity to rebel to free themselves from the Faggiola and thus also from the rule of Pisas. Castruccio was released from prison and proclaimed lord of the city for a year by his fellow citizens, while the Faggiola had to withdraw from Tuscany to the court of Cangrande I della Scala in Verona during the course of the conflict , and also with occasional attempts like one Zug Ugucciones in August 1317 against Pisa against Castruccio could no longer do anything.

When Castruccio was appointed Lord of Lucca, it had been agreed that he would hand over control of the surrounding area to Pagano dei Quartigiani, who was allied with him, and would alternate with him every year. However, he soon got rid of this teammate and opponent by driving him out of town and country. Castruccio purposefully expanded his position internally and externally, was elected city governor, patron (defensor) of the city and signor for life, and took action against Florence at the head of the Tuscan Ghibellines. In addition, by supporting the Ghibellines who had been driven out of Genoa during the siege of their city, he also succeeded in bringing some areas on the Genoese Riviera under his control. In order to be better protected against uprisings within Lucca too, in June 1322 he took a measure, unheard of for his contemporaries, of forcibly relocating the inhabitants from a larger part of the urban area and building a walled fortress with 29 towers for himself and his followers .

In conflict with John XXII.

When there was a dispute between Ludwig IV of Bavaria and Frederick the Fair of Habsburg after the death of Henry VII , Castruccio initially sided with the Habsburg, who appointed him Vicar General of Lucca, Val di Nievole and Lunigiana in 1320 . After Friedrich von Ludwig was defeated by Mühldorf in 1322 and taken into custody, Castruccio changed sides and was confirmed as vicar general by Ludwig in 1324. Pope John XXII. Ludwig refused recognition and on July 13, 1324, imposed the ban on him, whereupon Ludwig in turn declared the Pope to be deposed in October 1324. In July 1325, the Pope also excommunicated Castruccio, who, however, continued his operations against the Genoese Guelphs and Florence undiminished and was finally able to capture Pistoia after inflicting a devastating defeat on the Florentines at Altopascio on September 23, 1325 .

The Florentines then called in December 1325, Duke Charles of Calabria , the son of King Roberts , to help against Castruccio and gave him rulership of Florence for ten years. Karl first sent a deputy in May 1326 and arrived personally from Naples at the end of July 1326 . A swift and powerful approach, to whose support a papal legate had also arrived in June, could, however, be thwarted by clever tactics by Castruccio and a threatened merger of the Lombard and Tuscan Ghibellines. The legate then opened the trial against Castruccio and against Guido Tarlati , the bishop of Arezzo on August 30, 1326 in Florence , who had already been removed from office on April 17, 1326 by the Pope and the consistory in Avignon, but himself to the Pope opposed and continued to support the imperial cause. The verdict, which excommunicated the two defendants and removed them from all their offices, was pronounced in Florence in the presence of Charles in the square of Santa Croce . It could not stop the course of events, however, and belated operations by Charles and his allies in the following October and January as well as an attempt to get Lucca into their hands by bribery were unsuccessful for the time being.

Italy march of Ludwig IV.

The containment of the power of Florence achieved by the victory of Altopascio had at the same time improved the conditions for an Italian move by Ludwig of Bavaria. He had come to an agreement with Frederick the Fair in the Ulm Treaty of 1326 and arrived in Italy in the spring of 1327, where he was crowned King of Italy on May 31, 1327 in Milan in the presence of Castruccio. Since the Pope had refused and was declared deposed, but an antipope was not yet available and the Archbishop of Milan also withdrew due to his absence, Louis had the coronation in Milan by Guido Tarlati and the Bishop of Brescia, who had also been excommunicated by the Pope perform.

Together with Ludwig, Castruccio besieged Pisa in September of that year and after some resistance was finally able to move into it in October. In Pisa there was a falling out with Guido Tarlati, who accused Castruccio of treason because he had not taken action against Florence during the Battle of Altopascio, which otherwise could easily have been captured. Since Ludwig Tarlati did not defend himself against this, he turned away from Ludwig and returned to Arezzo, but succumbed to an illness on the way in the Maremma on October 21, 1327 and is said to have repented and renounced his disobedience to the church on his deathbed. Castruccio, on the other hand, at the height of his power, was given a new coat of arms and the title of Duke of Lucca by Ludwig during a solemn visit to Lucca on St. Martin's Day (November 11), with additional rights over Pistoia and various cities in Tuscany. This duchy, which was confirmed in Rome, was the first in Italy to convert a city rule into a principality.

Castruccio followed Ludwig to Rome in January 1328, where he took part in the coronation of the emperor on January 17th, during the course of which he, as Ludwig's most important military supporter, was showered with honors. Ludwig gave him the post of Lateranensian Count Palatine , which was orphaned at the time but was necessary for the proper execution of the coronation ceremony, and raised him to the knighthood by girding him with his sword and hugging him. He also confirmed his duchy and appointed him Roman senator and imperial governor the morning after the coronation, which was again performed by two bishops. According to Giovanni Villani , Castruccio was treated with more obedience and fear than the emperor himself, and its importance is said to have gone so much to his head that he had a crimson velvet robe made for him with the words “This is the one God wills ”and was embroidered on the back with“ And he will be the one God wills ”.

The end of Castruccio

Since the Florentines recaptured Pistoia on January 28th and the news reached Rome by sea within three days, Castruccio had to rush back to Tuscany, which at the same time deprived Ludwig's other Italian enterprises of their most powerful military support. After nine days of violence, he arrived in Pisa with a small vanguard of his troops on February 9, 1328 and immediately began taking measures from Pisa and Lucca to recapture Pistoia.

On March 30th, John XXII, against whom Ludwig had meanwhile positioned Nicholas V as an antipope in Rome, pronounced a new curse against Ludwig and Castruccio. More serious than this now at least the third excommunication of Castruccio, however, had another process that led to a serious disruption of his relations with the imperial family. Some of his allies in Pisa became apostate and sent negotiators to Ludwig to get rid of Castruccios. Ludwig, in dire financial straits for the continuation of his Italian undertakings, was convinced by the arguments of the Pisans and transferred the rule of Pisa to the Empress Margarethe , who then sent the Count of Oettingen to Pisa as her vicar. Castruccio initially received him in a friendly manner, but after two days he took control of the city and all imperial representatives and was proclaimed Lord of Pisa for two years on April 29, 1328. He allowed Oettingen to return to Ludwig unmolested, according to Villani with a large sum of money to appease the minds, which, however, did not prevent Ludwig from harboring grudges against Castruccio and pining for punishment.

In the further course of the summer, Castruccio worked hard to retake Pistoia against the armed forces sent by Florence and its allies and also succeeded in surrendering the city on August 3rd, but then fell ill with a fever due to the strains of the siege, the he died on September 3 at the age of 47 in Lucca. According to Villani, his last words were: "Io mi veggo morire, e morto me, vedrete disasseroncato", which should mean something like: "I am dying, and when I have died you will see an upheaval, the end of the world". His death was kept secret by the sons for a week. On September 14th, Castruccio was finally buried by them with a solemn accompaniment with the Franciscans of Lucca

Castruccio left several daughters and three sons, of whom the first-born Enrico (1304-1356) was destined to succeed him. They were deposed by Ludwig, who personally came to Pisa in August and several times to Lucca in the following months, and, together with their mother, made a makeshift compensation, and in the years that followed they were no longer able to obtain their rights by force. The Antelminelli family, from which a brother or cousin Castruccio, Francesco Castracani († 1355), was appointed vicar in Lucca by Ludwig to the detriment of Enricos in March 1329, retained at least an influential position in Lucca.

reception

Humanism and renaissance

The humanistic interest in the ancient genre of exemplary biographies of famous men also benefited the afterlife of Castruccio, who under adverse conditions as a climber was able to build a new "empire" on his own in a very short time and thus a special example of the contrast between virtus and fortuna offered. The first biography of Castruccio ( Vita Castrucii Antelminelli lucensis ducis , recorded by LA Muratori in volume XI of the Rerum Italicarum Scriptores ) was written by the Lucche humanist and historiographer Niccolò Tegrini or Tegrimi (1448–1527). Using their information freely, Niccolò Machiavelli wrote his Vita di Castruccio Castracani da Lucca in early 1520 , which offers the idealizing portrait of a power-conscious and rational prince. A third biography ( Le attioni di Castruccio Castracani , first printed in Rome in 1590) was finally written by the Venetian Aldo Manuzio the Younger (1547–1597), grandson of the famous humanist of the same name and heir to the printing company he founded. In his case, interest was aroused in 1587 or 1588 on the occasion of a stay in Lucca through the acquaintance of one of Castruccio's descendants, Bernardino Antelminelli, who helped with the collection of materials and apparently made a point of acquiring his famous, but several times, of the Church condemned ancestors to be represented as a good Christian anyway. The typical interest in Castruccio as a forerunner of modern Renaissance princes is finally expressed in a portrait painted in oil from 1552, the Cosimo I de 'Medici in Cristofano dell'Altissimo, in connection with a series of portraits of famous men based on the model of the Paolo collection Giovio , and which is now in the Uffizi Gallery .

Costanza Moscheni

At the age of 18, the early gifted poet Costanza Moscheni (1786–1831) , who came from a family of professors in Lucca, wrote her “epic poem” Il Castruccio . The work received first prize in a competition organized by the Luccheser Accademia Napoleone in 1811 and was printed in Lucca that same year with a dedication to a lady-in-waiting of the Grand Duchess of Tuscany and an anonymous foreword to Castruccio's vitae by the author's father, Domenico Luigi Moscheni , had contributed. The poem, composed in rhyming stanzas and divided into six chants, celebrates Castruccio in the classicist style of antiquing epic epic as a hero endowed with all moral and sovereign virtues, who subjugates Etruria in the fight against the perfidious inhabitants of Flora. A driving motive of the plot is the love between the beautiful Emilia, daughter of the opposing ruler of Pisa, and Castruccio's firstborn son Enrico, who are finally happily united after the victorious subjugation of the city.

Mary Shelley

The life story of Castruccio is also the template of the historical novel Valperga by Mary Shelley , which puts Castruccio's wife in the center and, according to his own information, Villani, Tegrini and Machiavelli as well as the Histoire des Republiques Italiennes (first published 1807-1815) by the Swiss Historian Sismonde de Sismondi had consulted . The first and until 1996 only edition appeared in London in 1823, without the author's name, but with the indication "by the author of Frankenstein ", whose success this novel could not build on.

Letitia Elizabeth Landon

Letitia Elizabeth Landon, after a painting by Daniel Maclise (British Library)

About fourteen years later Letitia Elizabeth Landon (1802-1838) wrote her tragedy Castruccio Castrucani , possibly under the influence of Shelley's novel and at least with knowledge of Macchiavelli's writing. Landon came from Chelsea as the daughter of a wealthy officer and was known for literary work in London from the 1820s. In June 1838, shortly after completing her tragedy, she married the governor of the British colonial possessions in what is now Ghana and moved to live with him in Cape Coast , where she revised her play again for the stage and died of hydrogen cyanide poisoning in October of the same year .

Her Castruccio Castrucani , a drama in five acts written in blank verse , which was no longer performed and was only printed posthumously in 1841 with other writings from the estate, describes Castruccio as a “patriot” and an early fighter against the “feudal system”, which after After returning from exile, he dedicates his life to the glory of his hometown Lucca, but his advocacy for the rights of the people comes into conflict with the representatives of the nobility, who are concerned about their privileges and incited by Florence. Taken into dungeon by a conspiracy, he is freed from the people and saved from another treacherous attack in which Lucca threatens to fall into the hands of the Florentines, through the sacrifice of Claricha, the secret daughter of his opponent Arezzi, who is devoted to him. With the corpse of his beloved in his arms, he speaks his final monologue, in which he announces the end of his "natural emotions, young and cheerful thoughts" who died with her and thus, one can deduce, through personal suffering, transforms himself into that less tender ruler, as known to history.

The "Sword of Castruccio": Elizabeth Barrett Browning

Vittorio Emanuele II with the sword of Castrucios (detail, Pietro Ulivi, Museo Civico di Pisa)

In the possession of Niccolò Puccini (1799-1852), a patriotic and philanthropic nobleman from Pistoia, there was a sword in the 19th century that was considered to be the sword of Castruccio. Puccini kept it in his collections in the Villa di Scornio and bequeathed it to the Pistoia orphanage with these collections after his death. When, eight years later in April 1860, after the annexation of Tuscany, King Victor Emanuel II from Livorno visited various cities and was received in Pistoia and Lucca on April 30th, a delegation of the pupils of the orphanage welcomed him in the municipal palace of Pistoia the "Sword of Castruccio" presented, while reading an inscription written by Puccini in 1843, which expressed the hope that the sword, shamefully stained by the blood of the fratricidal wars ("Questa spada del Castruccio / Vergognosa del sangue fraterno") will one day come from a capable man to salvation all of Italy may be led, whereupon the king is said to have taken the sword in deep motion and exclaimed: "Questa è per me!" ("This is for me!")

The process, which was also recorded in a painting by Pietro Ulivi (1806–1880) shown today in the Museo Civico in Pistoia , provided the poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning, then living in Florence, with the material for her eight-stanza poem The Sword of Castruccio Castracani , which the Exclamation of the King is preceded as the motto, and which was published on August 20, 1860 in the Independent and reprinted on September 1, 1860 by the New York Saturday Press . The poet relocates the process to Lucca and cryptically describes the bearers as "the 'Orphans' renowned / as the heirs of Puccini" ("the orphans", known / as the heirs of Puccini "), but effectively brings the scene to its climax when she lets the king utter his quick prayer with “his heart overboiled till it spilt / a hot prayer”: “God! the rest as you wilt! / But grant me this! - This is for me ”(“ God! Everything else be done as you want it! / But grant me this: This is for me ! ”).

Joachim Fest

Joachim Fest (1926–2006) reports in his memoirs that he wrote a youth drama about Castracani under the title The Hour of Castruccio during his war deployment from 1943–45 . When he was released from the Heilbronn prisoner-of-war camp in the summer of 1945, the manuscript was taken from him by an American sergeant and thrown away and has been missing ever since.

literature

  • Niccoló Machiavelli: La vita di Castruccio Castracani / The life of Castruccio Castracanis from Lucca . Italian German. Translated and with an essay “On the Aesthetics of Power” edited by Dirk Hoeges , CH Beck, Munich 1997, ISBN 3-406-43357-X .
  • Clara Baracchini (ed.): Il secolo di Castruccio: fonti e documenti di storia lucchese . Pacini Fazzi, Lucca 1983
  • Castruccio Castracani e il suo tempo: convegno internazionale, Lucca, 5–10 October 1981 . Istituto storico lucchese, Lucca 1985
  • Franco Bonatti (ed.): Castruccio Castracani degli Antelminelli in Lunigiana [catalog of an exhibition in Sarzano from 1981, with a foreword by Michele Luzzati]. Pacini, Pisa 1981
  • Louis Green: Castruccio Castracani: a study on the origins and character of a fourteenth-century Italian despotism . Clarendon Press, Oxford 1986.
  • Eugenio Lenzi: Uguccione della Faggiuola e Castruccio nel Trecento toscano . Pacini Fazzi, Lucca 2001 (= Collana di cultura e storia lucchese, 28), ISBN 88-7246-489-7
  • Giuliano Lucarelli: Castruccio Castracani degli Antelminelli . Pacini Fazzi, Lucca 1981
  • Michele Luzzati:  Castracani degli Antelminelli, Castruccio. In: Alberto M. Ghisalberti (Ed.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI). Volume 22:  Castelvetro – Cavallotti. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 1979.
  • Raoul Manselli : Castracani, Castruccio . In: Lexicon of the Middle Ages . Vol. II, Metzler Verlag, Stuttgart 1981-1983; Reprint DTV, Munich 2003, Sp. 1564f.
  • Charles Ribeyre: Castruccio Castracane degli Antelminelli: duc de Lucques, 1281-1328 . Imprimerie Hemmerlé, Petit, 1984
  • Giovanni Sforza: Castruccio Castracani degli Antelminelli in Lunigiana: ricerche storiche . Tipografia di GT Vincenzi e nipoti, Modena 1891 (= Estratto from: Atti e Memorie delle Deputazioni di storia patria per le province modenesi e parmensi , series III, vol. VI, parte II)
  • Friedrich Winkler: Castruccio Castracani, Duke of Lucca . Ebering, Berlin 1897 (= historical studies, booklet 9); Reprinted by Kraus, Vaduz 1965

Web links

Remarks

  1. ^ Villani, Cronica IX, 46
  2. ↑ a b c d e Raoul Manselli, Art. Castracani, Castruccio , in: Lexikon des Mittelalters , Vol. II (Metzler Verlag, Stuttgart 1981–1983; reprint DTV, Munich 2003), Sp. 1564–1565
  3. ^ Villani, Cronica X, 58
  4. ^ Villani, Cronica X, 60
  5. ↑ a b The following after Villani, Cronica X, 78
  6. ^ Villani, Cronica X, 86
  7. ^ Villani, Cronica X, 111
  8. ^ Villani, Cronica X, 94
  9. ^ Giovanni Villani, Cronica X, 264
  10. ^ Villani, Cronica X, 274
  11. ^ According to Villani ( Cronica X, 311) the ban was published on August 1, 1325 in Florence.
  12. ^ Villani, Cronica X, 294-306
  13. ^ Villani, Cronica X, 333
  14. ^ Villani, Chronica X, 351
  15. ^ Villani, Cronica XI, 1
  16. ^ Villani, Cronica X, 353
  17. ↑ Villani ( Cronica XI, 1) refers to his personal testimony that Castruccio skilfully misled Duke Karl
  18. ^ A b Villani, Cronica XI, 3
  19. ^ Villani, Cronica X, 346
  20. ^ Villani, Cronica XI, 6
  21. ^ Villani, Cronica XI, 13
  22. ^ Villani, Cronica XI, 26
  23. ^ Villani, Cronica XI, 19
  24. ^ Villani, Cronica XI, 35
  25. ^ Villani, Cronica XI, 36
  26. ^ Villani, Cronica XI, 38
  27. ↑ Cf. Raoul Manselli, Art. Castracani, Castruccio , in: Lexikon des Mittelalters , Vol. II (Metzler Verlag, Stuttgart 1981–1983; reprint DTV, Munich 2003), Sp. 1564f .; heredity, which Villani does not mention, was apparently not established until the following year in Rome.
  28. ^ A b Villani, Cronica XI, 56
  29. ^ Villani, Cronica XI, 60
  30. ↑ According to Villani ( Cronica XI, 60), the news reached Rome within three days and Castruccio left for Pisa on February 1st. According to Aldo Manuzio d. J., Le attioni di Castruccio Castracani , 3rd edition (after the first printing from 1590), ed. by Luigi Guidotti, Lucca 1843, p. 128, another celebration took place on February 15th in Sankt Peter in the presence of Castruccio, at which he considered the duchy to be hereditary ("a lui ea tutti gli successori legitimi per linea masculina in perpetuo" ) and the title of imperial standard-bearer was also awarded.
  31. ^ Villani, Cronica XI, 73
  32. ^ Villani, Cronica XI, 79
  33. ^ A b Villani, Cronica XI, 83
  34. ↑ Villani, Cronicon XI, 85-86
  35. ^ A b c Villani, Cronicon XI, 87
  36. ↑ Another son, Guarniero degli Antelminelli, died while his father was still alive; his grave with a later tomb by the Pisan sculptor Giovanni di Balduccio is in the church of San Francesco in Sarzana , cf. Emanuele Repeti: Dizionario Geografico Fisico della Toscana ( Memento from July 22, 2012 in the web archive archive.today )
  37. ^ Villani, Cronica XI, 105, cf. 101 and 123
  38. ^ Villani, Cronica XI, 123
  39. ↑ On the author, see the bio-bibliographical self-portrait of March 16, 1830, Costanza Moscheni: Moscheni Costanza , in: Diamillo Müller (Ed.), Biography autografe ed inedite di illustri italiani di questo secolo , Pomba, Torino 1853, p. 263– 265; not yet evaluated for the present article: Antonella Cerretini, Costanza Moscheni , in: Quaderni di storia e cultura viareggina 1 (2000).
  40. ↑ Published as Volume I of the four-volume Opere poetiche di Costanza Moscheni lucchese fra gli Arcadi Dorilla Peneja , Tipografia Francesco Bertini, 1811; electronic version available in the text database ( page no longer available , search in web archives: Italian Women Writers ) of the University Library of Chicago.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / colet.uchicago.edu
  41. ↑ See Joseph W. Lew: God's Sister: History and Ideology in Valperga. In: Audrey A. Fisch / Anne K. Mellor / Esther H. Schor (eds.): The Other Mary Shelley: Beyond Frankenstein , Oxford University Press, Oxford 1993 ( ISBN 0-19-507740-7 ), p. 159– 81; Diane Long Hoeveler: Mary Shelley and Gothic Feminism: The Case of the "Mortal Immortal" . In: Sindy M. Conger / Frederick S. Frank / Gregory O'Dea (Eds.): Mary Shelley after 'Frankenstein': Essays in Honor of the Bicentenary , Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, Madison; Associated University Presses, London; 1997 ( ISBN 0-8386-3684-5 ), pp. 150-163; Daniel E. White: "The god undeified": Mary Shelley's Valperga , Italy, and the Aesthetic of Desire , in: Romanticism On the Net 6 (May 1997)
  42. ^ Valperga: or, The life and adventures of Castruccio, prince of Lucca. By the author of "Frankenstein" , Richard Taylor, London 1823; subsequently re-edited for the first time by Nora Crook (ed.): The novels and selected works of Mary Shelley , Vol. III: Valperga or, The life and adventures of Castruccio, prince of Lucca , W. Pickering, London 1996, ISBN 1-85196 -079-1
  43. ↑ See Serena Baiesi: L'eroina nel dramma storico romantico: Castruccio Catrucani, or the Triumphy of Lucca di Letitia Elizabeth Landon , in: Schede umanistiche 2003, No. 3 Suppl., Pp. 143-155; Lilla Maria Crisafulli: Castruccio Castrucni di Letitia Elizabeth Landon: una Storia di genere , ibid pp. 157-171
  44. ↑ Laman Blanchard (Ed.): Life and Literary Remains of LEL , Vol. II, Henry Colburn, London 1841, pp. 1-78
  45. ↑ In the introduction, Landon explains her concern “to represent the first rising against the feudal system, which has since led to such important results. Castruccio is the (attempted) ideal of the hero and the patriot. He has himself been exiled and oppressed; out of this early experience grows his sympathy with the wrongs of the city to whose cause he devotes himself, while the glory of Lucca is the poetry and passion of his life. "(Ed. 1841, p. 3)
  46. ↑ Ed. 1841, p. 78
  47. ↑ Ermolao Rubieri: Storia intima della Toscana dal 1 gennaio 1859 al 30 April 1860 , tip. F. Alberghetti, Prato 1860, pp. 349-351; Quinto Sàntoli: La spada di Castruccio . In: Bullettino Storico Pistoiese, at. XLIV, num. XX, 1942, 1, pp. 21-29.
  48. ↑ Theodore Tilton (ed.): Last Poems by Elizabeth Barrett Browning , James Miller, New York 1863, pp. 151-153; Digital edition of the reprint in The Saturday Press , vol. III, no.35 (Aug. 1, 1860), p. 4, available in: The Vault at Pfaff's: An Archive of Art and Literature by New York City's Nineteenth-Century Bohemians
  49. ↑ See Joachim Fest : I do not. Memories of a childhood and youth . Rowohlt, Reinbek 2006, p. 280.
  50. ↑ See Joachim Fest : I do not. Memories of a childhood and youth . Rowohlt, Reinbek 2006, p. 295 f.
personal data
SURNAME Castracani, Castruccio
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Castracani degli Antelminelli, Castruccio; Antelminelli, Castruccio; Interminelli, Castruccio; Interminegli
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Duke of Lucca
DATE OF BIRTH March 29, 1281
PLACE OF BIRTH Lucca
DATE OF DEATH September 3, 1328