Coprosma

Coprosma
	Coprosma repens
Systematics
	Euasterids I
Order :	Enzianartige (Gentianales)
Family :	Red family (Rubiaceae)
Subfamily :	Rubioideae
Tribe :	Anthospermeae
Genre :	Coprosma
Scientific name
	Coprosma
	JR Forest. & G.Forst.

Coprosma is a plant genus in the family of the redness plants (Rubiaceae). The 90 to 110 species occur in Southeast Asia , Australia and some Pacific islands.

description

Illustration of Coprosma foetidissima

Vegetative characteristics

The Coprosma species grow as creeping or upright, multi-branched shrubs , more rarely as trees . The shrub forms can develop roots at the nodes . Many species give off an unpleasant odor when injured.

The opposite or seldom alternate leaves arranged on the branches are divided into petiole and leaf blade in most species. In some species, however, the petiole is missing. The leaf blades are simple and have entire margins. The interpetiolaren stipules resemble the foliage leaves and can be grown together. They have entire or toothed leaf margins with tooth-like appendages.

Generative characteristics

The Coprosma species can be dioecious ( dioecious ), rarely monoecious ( monoecious ), separate sexes or polygamomonoeconomic . The flowers stand individually in the leaf axils or stand together in lateral, zymous inflorescences .

The mostly unisexual flowers are radial symmetry with a double flower envelope . The calyx ends in four or five, occasionally up to ten calyx teeth and is usually reduced or absent in male flowers. The petals are funnel-shaped or bell-shaped fused together and the crown ends in four or five, occasionally up to ten corolla lobes. The mostly four or five, more rarely up to ten stamens are inserted at the base of the corolla tube. The long stamens are erect or drooping. Two to four carpels are an ovary fused, each of the carpels an ovule having. The two- to four-fold lobed stylus is divided almost to its base. The elongated scar is finely haired.

The juicy stone fruits are egg-shaped to spherical. They have two to four stone cores each of which houses a single seed.

distribution

The distribution area of the Coprosma species extends from Indonesia and Borneo to Australia, New Guinea , New Zealand , Lord Howe Island , the Kermadec Islands and the Norfolk Island over French Polynesia , the Pitcairn Islands to Hawaii and the Juan Fernández Islands . New Zealand, New Guinea, Australia and Hawaii represent the main distribution areas of the genus Coprosma , as there is a great diversity of species.

Systematics

Coprosma acerosa

Ripe fruits of Coprosma ernodeoides

Coprosma fatuhivaensis

Coprosma foetidissima

Coprosma foliosa

Coprosma lucida

Ripe fruits of Coprosma montana

Coprosma repens

Coprosma rhynchocarpa

Coprosma sundana

Coprosma temetiuensis

Coprosma waima

The genus Coprosma was established in 1775 by Johann Reinhold Forster and Georg Forster in Characteres Generum Plantarum , Volume 1, page 69. The type species is Coprosma foetidissima J.R. Forst. & G.Forst. Synonyms for Coprosma J.R. Forst. & G.Forst are: Caprosma G.Don , Eurynome DC. , Marquisia A.Rich. ex DC. and Pelaphia Banks & Sol. ex A. Cunn. In 2011, Wagner et al. a revision of the genus Coprosma .

The genus Coprosma belongs to the tribe Anthospermeae in the subfamily Rubioideae within the family Rubiaceae .

There are 90 to 110 or 111 species of Coprosma . Here with details of the home areas:

Coprosma acerosa A. Cunn. : New Zealand and Chatham Islands .
Coprosma acutifolia Hook. f. : Kermadec Islands
Coprosma arborea Kirk : North Island of New Zealand.
Coprosma archboldiana Merr. & LMPerry : Western and Central New Guinea.
Coprosma × arcuata Colenso (= Coprosma propinqua × Coprosma robusta ): North Island of New Zealand.
Coprosma areolata Cheeseman : New Zealand (including Stewart Island ).
Coprosma atropurpurea (Cockayne & Allan) LBMoore : South Island of New Zealand.
Coprosma barbata Utteridge : New Guinea.
Coprosma baueri Endl. : Norfolk Island (including Phillip Island ).
Coprosma benefica W.RBOliv. : Pitcairn Islands .
Coprosma bougainvilleensis Gideon : Solomon Islands .
Coprosma brassii Merr. & LMPerry : New Guinea.
Coprosma × buchananii Kirk (= Coprosma crassifolia × Coprosma robusta ): Southern part of the North Island of New Zealand.
Coprosma chathamica Cockayne : Chatham islands .

Coprosma cheesemanii W.RBOliv. : New Zealand.

Coprosma ciliata Hook. f. : New Zealand and Antipode Islands .

Coprosma colensoi Hook. f. : New Zealand.

Coprosma × conferta A. Cunn. (= Coprosma propinqua × Coprosma robusta ): New Zealand.

Coprosma cookei Fosberg : Rapa Iti .

Coprosma cordicarpa J. Cantley, Sporck-Koehler & Chau : Hawaii.

Coprosma crassifolia Colenso : New Zealand.

Coprosma crenulata W.RBOliv. : South Island of New Zealand including Stewart Island .

Coprosma cuneata Hook. f. : South Island of New Zealand including Stewart Island , Antipode Islands

Coprosma cymosa Hillebr. : Hawaii.

Coprosma decurva Heads : New Zealand.

Coprosma depressa Colenso ex Hook.f. : New Zealand.

Coprosma divergens W.RBOliv. : Eastern New Guinea.

Coprosma dodonaeifolia W.RBOliv. : North Island of New Zealand.

Coprosma dumosa (Cheeseman) GT Jane ; New Zealand.

Coprosma elatirioides de Lange & ASMarkey : South Island of New Zealand.

Coprosma elegans Utteridge : New Guinea.

Coprosma elliptica W.RBOliv. : Hawaii (Kauai).

Coprosma ernodeoides A.Gray : Hawaii.

Coprosma esulcata (F.Br.) Fosberg : Marquesas Islands.

Coprosma fatuhivaensis W.L.Wagner & Lorence : Marquesas Islands.

Coprosma foetidissima J.R. Forst. & G.Forst. : New Zealand and Antipode Islands.

Coprosma foliosa A.Gray : Hawaii.

Coprosma fowerakeri D.A.Norton & de Lange : South Island of New Zealand.

Coprosma glabrata J.W. Moore : Raiatea .

Coprosma × gracilicaulis Carse (= Coprosma rotundifolia × Coprosma tenuicaulis ): North Island of New Zealand.

Coprosma x gracilis A. Cunn. (= Coprosma lucida × Coprosma rhamnoides ): North Island of New Zealand.

Coprosma grandifolia Hook.f. : New Zealand.

Coprosma hirtella Labill. : Southeast Australia.

Coprosma hookeri Stapf : Borneo.

Coprosma huttoniana P.S. Green : Lord Howe Island .

Coprosma inopinata I. Hutton & PSGreen : Lord Howe Island .

Coprosma intertexta G.Simpson : South Island of New Zealand.

Coprosma kauensis (A.Gray) A.Heller : Hawaii (Kauai).

Coprosma × kirkii Cheeseman (= Coprosma acerosa × Coprosma repens ): North Island of New Zealand.

Coprosma laevigata Cheeseman : Rarotonga .

Coprosma lanceolaris F. Muell. : Lord Howe Island .

Coprosma linariifolia (Hook.f.) Hook. f. : New Zealand.

Coprosma longifolia A. Gray : Hawaii (Oahu).

Coprosma lucida J.R. Forst. & G.Forst. : New Zealand. With two varieties.

Coprosma macrocarpa Cheeseman : North Island of New Zealand.

Coprosma menziesii A. Gray : Hawaii.

Coprosma meyeri W.L.Wagner & Lorence : Marquesas Islands.

Coprosma microcarpa hook. f. : New Zealand.

Coprosma × molokaiensis H.St.John (= Coprosma ochracea × Coprosma ternata ): Hawaii (eastern Molokai).

Coprosma montana Hillebr. : Hawaii.

Coprosma moorei F. Muell. ex Rodway : Victoria (Australia) and Tasmania .

Coprosma × neglecta Cheeseman (= Coprosma repens × Coprosma rhamnoides ): North Island of New Zealand.

Coprosma nephelephila J. Florence : Marquesas Islands.

Coprosma niphophila Orchard : Southeastern New South Wales and South Island of New Zealand.

Coprosma nitida Hook. f. : New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania.

Coprosma nivalis W.RBOliv. : Southeast New South Wales to central Tasmania.

Coprosma novaehebridae W.RBOliv. : Vanuatu .

Coprosma obconica Kirk : It occurs in New Zealand in two subspecies.

Coprosma ochracea W.RBOliv. : Hawaii.

Coprosma oliveri Fosberg : Juan Fernández Islands .

Coprosma papuensis W.RBOliv. : It occurs in three subspecies in eastern New Guinea.

Coprosma parviflora Hook.f. : New Zealand.

Coprosma pedicellata Molly, PJLange & BDClarkson : New Zealand.

Coprosma perpusilla Colenso : It occurs in two subspecies in southeastern Australia, in New Zealand and on Macquarie Island .

Coprosma persicifolia A.Gray : Fiji .

Coprosma petiolata Hook. f. : Kermadec Islands .

Coprosma petriei Cheeseman : New Zealand.

Coprosma pilosa Endl. : Norfolk Island .

Coprosma polymorpha W.RBOliv. : South Island of New Zealand.

Coprosma prisca W.RBOliv. : Lord Howe Island .

Coprosma propinqua A. Cunn. : It occurs in three varieties in New Zealand.

Coprosma pseudociliata G.T. Jane : New Zealand.

Coprosma pseudocuneata W.RBOliv. ex Garn.-Jones & Elder : New Zealand.

Coprosma pubens A.Gray : Hawaii.

Coprosma pumila Hook.f. : Australia (eastern Victoria, central Tasmania).

Coprosma putida C. Moore & F. Muell. : Lord Howe Island .

Coprosma pyrifolia (Hook. & Arn.) Skottsb. : Juan Fernández Islands .

Coprosma quadrifida (Labill.) BLRob. : Southeast Australia.

Coprosma raiateensis J.W. Moore : Raiatea .

Coprosma rapensis F.Br. : Rapa Iti .

Coprosma repens A.Rich. : New Zealand.

Coprosma reticulata J.Florence : Marquesas Islands.

Coprosma rhamnoides A. Cunn. : New Zealand.

Coprosma rhynchocarpa A.Gray : Hawaii.

Coprosma rigida Cheeseman : New Zealand.

Coprosma robusta Raoul : New Zealand and Chatham Islands .

Coprosma rotundifolia A. Cunn. : New Zealand.

Coprosma rubra Petrie : New Zealand.

Coprosma rugosa Cheeseman : New Zealand and Antipode Islands .

Coprosma savaiiensis Rech . : Samoa

Coprosma serrulata Hook. f. : South Island of New Zealand.

Coprosma setosa J.W. Moore : Raiatea .

Coprosma spathulata A. Cunn. : It occurs in two subspecies on the North Island of New Zealand.

Coprosma stephanocarpa Hillebr. : Hawaii (Maui).

Coprosma strigulosa Lauterb. : Samoa.

Coprosma sundana Miq. : Java.

Coprosma × tadgellii W.RBOliv. (= Coprosma nitida × Coprosma nivalis ): Victoria .

Coprosma tahitensis A.Gray : Tahiti and Austral Islands .

Coprosma talbrockiei L.B.Moore & R.Mason : Victoria and South Island of New Zealand.

Coprosma temetiuensis W.L.Wagner & Lorence : Marquesas Islands.

Coprosma tenuicaulis Hook. f. : New Zealand.

Coprosma tenuifolia Cheeseman : North Island of New Zealand.

Coprosma ternata W.RBOliv. : Hawaii (eastern Molokai).

Coprosma velutina Fosberg : Austral Islands .

Coprosma virescens Petrie : New Zealand.

Coprosma waima A.P.Druce : North Island of New Zealand.

Coprosma waimeae Wawra : Hawaii (Kauai).

Coprosma wallii Petrie : South Island of New Zealand.

Coprosma wollastonii Wernham : Of the three varieties, two are local endemic in New Guinea and one occurs in New Guinea and Sulawesi.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Coprosma. In: Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. www.botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaiianflora, accessed on November 5, 2016 (English).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Warren L. Wagner, David H. Lorence: Revision of Coprosma (Rubiaceae, tribe Anthospermeae) in the Marquesas Islands . In: PhytoKeys . No. 4 , 2011, ISSN 1314-2003 , p. 109-124 , doi : 10.3897 / phytokeys.4.1600 .
^ Coprosma at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed November 5, 2016.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk ^dl ^dm ^dn ^do ^dp ^dq Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Coprosma. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved November 3, 2018.

Web links

Commons : Coprosma - collection of images, videos and audio files

Search for "Coprosma" in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .

[FotHI-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Coprosma. In: Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. www.botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaiianflora, accessed on November 5, 2016 (English).

[Wagner2011-2] Warren L. Wagner, David H. Lorence: Revision of Coprosma (Rubiaceae, tribe Anthospermeae) in the Marquesas Islands . In: PhytoKeys . No. 4 , 2011, ISSN 1314-2003 , p. 109-124 , doi : 10.3897 / phytokeys.4.1600 .

[Tropicos-3] Coprosma at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed November 5, 2016.

[WCSP-4] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk ^dl ^dm ^dn ^do ^dp ^dq Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Coprosma. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved November 3, 2018.