Cornelis de Graeff

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Portrait of Cornelis de Graeff (Nicolaes Eliaszoon Pickenoy)
Portrait of Cornelis de Graeff
Nicolaes Eliaszoon Pickenoy , 1636
Oil on canvas
Gemäldegalerie Berlin

Cornelis de Graeff , often dubbed Polsbroek or de heer van Polsbroek during his lifetime , (* October 15, 1599 in Amsterdam ; † May 4, 1664 ibid), was an influential regent and mayor of Amsterdam , statesman and diplomat of the Golden Age Holland and the Republic of the United Netherlands .

He came from the De Graeff family , which together with the Bicker family held political power in Amsterdam, Holland and finally in the Dutch Republic during the Golden Age . Between 1643 and 1663, Cornelis de Graeff was ten times ruling mayor, State Councilor of the Netherlands ( States General ), and President of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). During his reign he was in close cooperation with his protégé and nephew Johan de Witt , the council pensioner of the republic. Until his death in 1664, De Graeff was Amsterdam's regent, the republican center of the republic. De Graeff not only had the interests of the latter in mind, but also those of Holland and the political balance with the other provinces.

Cornelis de Graeff was a prudent and skilful statesman and diplomat who was concerned about the balance between the religious and political factions and who had been in high esteem among the population. His political stance was characteristic of that of his family: on the one hand libertine and state-minded, on the other hand, if only to a limited extent, loyal to the House of Orange . After De Graeff's death, his younger brother Andries de Graeff continued the De Graeff faction and its politics. The brothers were one of the great art patrons of their time.

Cornelis de Graeff also held the title of Vrijheeren of the High Glory of Zuid-Polsbroek , Lords of the Castle of Ilpenstein , Lords of the future Paleis Soestdijk and, as fiefdoms of the city of Amsterdam, that of Ambachtsherren of Sloten , Osdorp , Nieuwer-Amstel and Amstelveen .

origin

Overview of the main family relationships of the Amsterdam oligarchy around the families Boelens Loen , De Graeff , Bicker (van Swieten) , Witsen and Johan de Witt in the Golden Age .

Cornelis was the first-born son of the Amsterdam regent Jakob Dircksz de Graeff and Aeltje Boelens Loen , a great-great-granddaughter of the important regent and mayor Andries Boelens (1455-1519). He grew up in the town house 'De Keyzershoedt' in the Niezel . Because of an accident in his youth, his left arm is not fully grown. Jakob Dircksz de Graeff was known for his free-thinking , republican disposition, but also for his addiction to fame . He was one of the leading remonstrants and state-minded regents, but was still not an anti-orangist in principle (House of Orange). He cherished the legacy of his father Dirck Jansz Graeff , who linked him on friendly terms with Wilhelm the Silent of Orange . The young De Graeffs were influenced by their father's antagonistic stance on political issues. As the firstborn, Cornelis de Graeff was the main heir of his late father, from whom he received, in addition to the High Glory Zuid-Polsbroek, grounds and townhouses in Amsterdam, the Ambachtsherrschaft of Sloten, Nieuwer-Amstel, Osdorp and Amstelveen as an Amsterdam fief.

coat of arms

Cornelis de Graeff's family coat of arms is broken down as follows: in coat of arms fields 1 and 4 a silver shovel (spade) on a red background from the Lords of Graben and in coat of arms fields 2 and 3 silver swans on a blue background. These stand for the wonderful rights of the Vredenhof estate near Voorschoten . There the sex held, among other things, the manorial privilege of breeding swans. The heart shield shows three red diamonds on gold and stands for the high glory of Zuid-Polsbroek. De Graeff's personal coat of arms shows in fields 2 and 3 instead of the swans the silver goose on a blue background of the high glory of Ilpendam and Purmerland .

  • Family coat of arms of Cornelis de Graeff

  • Personal coat of arms of Cornelis de Graeff

Youth and family

1626 undertook Cornelis de Graeff and his brother Dirk de Graeff and Willem Nooms, Mr. van Aarlanderveen (he was the father of an illegitimate daughter named Margaret, which he and Cornelis Sister de Wendela Graeff had) an extended Grand Tour , which this after Paris , Orléans , Blois , Nantes , La Rochelle , Poitiers and in 1628 again brought to the capital. There he was warmly received by the then Swedish ambassador Hugo de Groot ( Latinized Hugo Grotius); Corneli's father had been a religious and political supporter of Grotius and Oldenbarnevelt during his reign in Amsterdam . In the same year the young De Graeffs and their travel companion returned to their hometown via Flanders .

De Graeff first married Geertruid Overlander, a daughter of Volkert Overlander and a sister-in-law of Frans Banning Cocq . When she died after a year, he married Catharina Hooft , who was only seventeen , who was his own cousin, and the cousin of his first wife Geertruid and the national poet Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft . The couple had two sons, Pieter de Graeff and Jacob de Graeff . The rulers of the time were so closely related that Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft was both the uncle and the cousin by marriage of Cornelis de Graeff. He was also connected to the noble family of Van Hogendorps by marriage.

Political career

Steps into politics

De Graeff as Captain of the Amsterdam Civic Guard (1642), painted by Jacob Adriaensz. Backer , Rijksmuseum Amsterdam

In 1636 De Graeff began his career as one of the directors ( Bewindhebber ) and later as President of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). In 1638 he took over the seat of his deceased father in the Amsterdam Vroedschap and the high glory of Zuid-Polsbroek. The following year he became Schepen and captain of the Amsterdam Civil Guard . Within the city government, Cornelis de Graeff was in clandestine opposition to the Bickers, especially to his cousin Andries Bicker .

In 1643 Cornelis de Graeff had become the ruling mayor ( regeerend Burgemeester ) for the first time . In the same year De Graeff was the silent force behind the decision to get Andries Bicker, who had become overpowering in the Vroedschap, out of the city by appointing him to the Council of States of Holland . Between 1645 and 1647 he was Amsterdam's Gecommitteerde Raad of the States General in The Hague . De Graeff enjoyed the intimate trust of governor Friedrich Heinrich von Oranien , who asked him to lead the peace negotiations with Spain at his side.

Domestic political struggles after the Treaty of Munster

The laying of the foundation stone of the Amsterdam city house Op de Dam. 19th century history painting, painted by Barend Wijnveld .
The silver shovel by the blacksmith Johannes Lutma , with which Corneli's son Jacob de Graeff broke the ground for the laying of the foundation stone of the new Amsterdam City Hall .

In 1648 De Graeff initiated the construction of the new town hall, today's Paleis op de Dam . In the Golden Age, rule over the state was in the hands of regents and merchants. Material wealth was considered God's grace and established the power of the estates. The model was the aristocratic republic of Venice , which is why they created their building based on the Venetian Doge's Palace , which was considered the republican center of the republic and the seat of the regent. De Graeff's son Jacob de Graeff laid the first stone here. His silver shovel, decorated with his coat of arms, is still in the collections of the Amsterdam Rijksmuseum . To mark the occasion, Joost van den Vondel wrote his poem Bouwzang . Van den Vondel also dedicated a poem of praise to his mentor and initiator of the building, Cornelis de Graeff, to this event. The history and the year of this first stone laying was recorded by Cornelis de Graeff on a black marble slab in one of the courtrooms in Latin script:

“ On October 29, 1648, the year in which the war was ended, the united Low German peoples with the three powerful Philipps, the kings of Spain, on land and sea in almost all parts of the world for more than 80 years after patriotic freedom and freedom of belief had been assured, during the government of the excellent mayor Gerb. Pancras, Jac. de Graef, Sib. Valchenier Pet. Schaep, sons and blood relatives of the mayor laid the foundation for this town hall by laying the foundation stone ”.

In between, Cornelis de Graeff bought the burial place in the Amsterdam Oude Kerk for himself and his descendants. The coats of arms of Cornelis and his wife Catharina Hooft are placed in the center of the stained glass windows of the De Graeff baptistery .

In the same year, due to political pressure from Cornelis de Graeff and Andries Bicker , the Netherlands joined the negotiations at the Peace of Munster . After the Peace of Munster and the reduction of the army demanded by Andries Bicker, the political situation of the governor Wilhelm II of Orange became more and more difficult. The governor wanted to make the (republican) center of Holland and the republic - the city of Amsterdam with the Bicker family - compliant with a coup. The undertaking failed when, in foggy conditions and bad weather, the Orange's army stopped walking in the swamps south of Amsterdam, and was discovered on the heath near Hilversum by a courier from Hamburg who reported it to the rulers of Amsterdam. This gave the powerful mayor Bicker time to prepare the defense. However, because of the decimation of the Orange forces, there was never an attack. After these internal political struggles, the pragmatic-minded Cornelis de Graeff brought about a balance between the two power blocs in order to secure the still young republic. At his instigation, the Andries brothers, Cornelis Bicker and Johan Bicker had to resign from their offices and resign from the Vroedschap in order not to generate even more aggression in the Orange Party.

Wilhelm II died after a few months, the cause of death was not exactly clarified. No other governor was named because his son Wilhelm III. of Orange was only a few weeks old. After the death of the Oranier and the death of Andries Bicker two years later, Cornelis de Graeff was able to realize his political motivation and goals. He became the man who could bring about a compromise between both parties, the state-minded and the organization-minded. Even after the Orangeier's death, De Graeff was invited by his mother, Amalie zu Solms-Braunfels , to take part in Wilhelm's estate administration as a consultant. In 1651, De Graeff obtained an amnesty for the deceased Orange man and his intimate partner Cornelis van Aerssen van Sommelsdijk , the scheming mastermind in the domestic political battles between Amsterdam and Wilhelm. In the following year, De Graeff was sent by the states of Holland to the provinces of Gelderland and Overijssel to regulate the affairs and succession of the House of Orange.

De Graeff with Johan de Witt and as regent of Amsterdam

De Graeff's nephew Johan de Witt

In 1653 political cooperation between De Graeff and Johan de Witt began . The young politician was appointed council pensioner of the states of Holland and West Friesland on the basis of De Graeff's express consent . This cooperation was politically important and personally beneficial for all involved. In 1655 Johan de Witt married De Graeff's niece Wendela Bicker . The eminent statesman needed his political advice, the support of the Amsterdam government under De Graeff, but he also enjoyed his clear mind and humane openness. The relationships between these two distinctive characters were a combination of close family ties and mutual respect. De Graeff was politically equal to De Witt like no other. From then on De Graeff was at his side as an experienced and trusted councilor. De Witt's letters to De Graeff testify to the great trust that the nephew had in his uncle in political and family matters. (A brief exchange of letters from 1660 testifies to this) This cooperation between the two politicians was also the key to success in the First Anglo-Dutch Sea War .

In the same year there was the Peace of Westminster and the secret clause, the act of seclusion , which provided for the exclusion of the Orange from high state offices. The Dutch leadership around De Graeff, De Witt, Admiral Jacob van Wassenaer Obdam and Army Commander-in-Chief Johann Wolfart van Brederode urged the States General to support this decree as a whole. This decision was worked out by Cornelis de Graeff in collaboration with De Witt and Hieronymus van Beverningh , one of the most ambitious young statesmen in Holland. Despite the act of seclusion, De Graeff continued to enjoy the trust of the Orange people. The English princess Maria Henrietta Stuart offered him guardianship over her son Wilhelm III. on. In the same year - 1655 - the town house Op de Dam , begun in 1648, was completed and officially opened by De Graeff.

Amsterdam was at the height of its power when it formed an alliance with the Great Elector Margrave Friedrich Wilhelm on the basis of De Graeff in 1655 . To seal this contract, the mayor of Amsterdam Johan Huydecoper van Maarsseveen , accompanied by his son Joan Huydecoper (II) van Maarsseveen and Pieter de Graeff , was sent to Berlin, where the city was the official godfather of his son. This sponsorship, organized by De Graeff, later led to the intervention of the Elector as an ally in the Dutch War . De Graeff did not want to undertake diplomatic trips abroad. He preferred to stay in his home country and delegate and maintain his direct influence on state and city politics. That is why he had turned down an embassy to Sweden, an important ally, several times.

In 1656 De Graeff sent an expedition under Admiral Michiel de Ruyter to the Mediterranean Sea and a small force under Jacob van Wassenaer Obdam in the Baltic Sea. The fleet entered the war on the side of Poland in the Swedish-Polish war . She succeeded in breaking the supremacy of Danzig and thus strengthening Dutch trade. Previously, De Graeff had sent Huydecoper van Maarsseveen to Berlin and Coenraad van Beuningen to Copenhagen to win the old ally for a fight against Sweden. Contrary to the assumptions of the allies, the Swedish King Karl X. Gustav marched towards Denmark despite his war with Poland. De Graeff and Amsterdam dispatched the fleet under Admiral Witte Corneliszoon de With to help. In 1659 another fleet under De Ruyter was sent to the Baltic States to operate there against the Swedish naval forces. As its chief officer, De Graeff's relative Albert Claesz de Graeff acted as commander of the Marseveen ship . But when the king died in 1660, peace was made. Cornelis de Graeff and Amsterdam felt powerful enough that in 1660 he again sent De Ruyter to war against the English. However, this attack was stopped following intervention by the States General. De Witt recorded a statement about De Graeff's position in this regard by Amsterdam Mayor Cornelis de Vlaming van Oudshoorn : dat zonder den heer van Zuidpolsbroek in niets iets te doen was ( that nothing could be done anywhere without Mr von Zuid-Polsbroek ).

When civil war-like events were taking place in the province of Overijssel at the beginning of 1657 , a commission of the States General under De Witt and De Graeff was sent under pressure from Holland. The positive cooperation between these two politicians was able to restore peaceful conditions in the republic. In the same year De Graeff was involved in the conflict over the city of Münster . The Prince-Bishop of Münster, Christoph Bernhard von Galen , tried to bring the Free Imperial City under his power. The Dutch Republic then sent a mediation commission at the request of the city of Munster. The Dutch rural provinces and the majority of the Dutch Estates Assembly, which supported the project to help Münster against Von Galen, were attacked sharply by Cornelis de Graeff and Amsterdam. The reason was that De Graeff and his mighty city did not want to be overruled. Thereupon Johan de Witt, also as spokesman for the knighthood, declared in a sharp letter to De Graeff that it was in the interests of the state that the freedom of the great and powerful cities in the empire should be preserved and not suppressed . Despite the city in opposition, it was decided on the Dutch side to stand by Münster's side. But this came too late due to De Graeff's refusal and in 1661 Prince-Bishop Von Galen had already subjugated the city.

Cornelis de Graeff drove through the formation of a commission of the States General , which the training of the young Prince of Orange , Wilhelm III. , had to the content, the reconciliation between the state minded and the Orange. Like De Witt, he was chairman of this commission. In the summers the young prince played with Corneli's sons Pieter and Jacob in the park of De Graeff's country house in Soestdijk . In 1674, the governor of the Netherlands, named since 1672, bought the palace - today's Paleis Soestdijk - from Cornelis' son Jacob.

In the years 1660/1661, Cornelis de Graeff and Amsterdam pursued a pro-English strategy that secured her military support against Spain and free trade (vrij schip, vrij goed) . Ultimately, you needed a strong ally to secure the republican system in the Netherlands. For this reason, a commission was founded under the leadership of De Graeff, which presented the English King Charles II with the Dutch Gift , consisting of numerous valuable paintings and objets d'art.

On May 4, 1664, the royal mayor Cornelis de Graeff died after a long illness. He was buried in the family grave in the Oude Kerk . This was richly decorated by Artus Quellinus I with marble and copper. After his death, a power struggle broke out in Amsterdam between his younger brother Andries de Graeff and the Orange faction of Gillis Valckenier , which the latter was finally able to win in Rampjaar in 1672.

Lifestyle and education

Cornelis de Graeff with his family on arrival in Soestdijk . Painted by Jacob van Ruisdael and Thomas de Keyser , (1656/1660, National Gallery of Ireland )

Cornelis de Graeff liked to show himself as a Renaissance prince , surrounded by art objects and beauty. Nicolaes Eliaszoon Pickenoy painted him as a gentleman of princely demeanor, charisma and power. He was a patron of poets, such as Joost van den Vondel , who wrote numerous verses and praises of De Graeff (including one shortly before De Graeff's death) and Jan Vos , and painters such as Rembrandt van Rijn , Jacob Izaaksoon van Ruisdael , Jacob Jordaens , Govaert Flinck and the sculptor Artus Quellinus I , to whom he also awarded public contracts. In 1662, however, contrary to his temperament, De Graeff, together with Henrick Hooft , Cornelis Jan Witsen and Cornelis van Outshoorn, opposed the purchase of Rembrandt's painting The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis , which was intended for the interior of the Amsterdam town house op de Dam.

Cornelis de Graeff was a humanistic man - fluent in Arabic , Greek , Hebrew , Syriac or the Chaldic language - whose high level of education and spiritual orientation towards neostoicism led to greater tolerance towards people of different faiths. He and his brother Andries also dealt intensively with their ancestry and the genealogy of their house. Van den Vondel dedicated a genealogical - poetic treatise to Andries de Graeff with the title Afbeeldingen der stamheeren en zommige telgen van de Graven, Boelensen, Bickeren en Witsens, toegewyt die noble en strict Heere Andries de Graeff on family history, as far as they can be understood by the protagonists was.

Varia

  • Cornelis de Graeff was a man who, in a time of religious domination of society, never attended a service except ex officio. All his life he was considered a man with no religious convictions.
  • The fact that the Amsterdam Nieuwe Kerk was built without a church tower was due to his influence.
  • De Graeffstraat, named after him, is located in Rotterdam .

Literature (selection)

  • Israel, Jonathan I. (1995) The Dutch Republic - Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall - 1477-1806 , Clarendon Press, Oxford, ISBN 978-0-19-820734-4
  • Rowen, Herbert H. (1986) John de Witt - Statesman of the "True Freedom ", Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-52708-2
  • Kernkamp, ​​GW (1977) Prins Willem II 1626-1650 , p. 107-110.
  • Dudok van Heel, SAC (1995) Op zoek naar Romulus & Remus. Een zeventiende-eeuws onderzoek naar de oudste magistraten van Amsterdam , Jaarboek Amstelodamum, pages 43-70.
  • Zandvliet, Kees De 250 rijksten van de Gouden Eeuw - Kapitaal, power, familie en levensstijl (2006 Amsterdam; Nieuw Amsterdam Uitgevers)
  • Burke, P. (1994) Venice and Amsterdam. A study of seventeenth-century élites.
  • Moelker, HP De heerlijkheid Purmerland en Ilpendam (1978 Purmerend)
  • Graeff, P. de (P. Gerritsz de Graeff and Dirk de Graeff van Polsbroek ) Genealogy van de familie De Graeff van Polsbroek , Amsterdam 1882.
  • Bruijn, JH de Genealogie van het geslacht De Graeff van Polsbroek 1529/1827 , met bijlagen. De Bilt 1962-63.

Web links

Commons : Cornelis de Graeff  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Biography about Andries Bicker in the DBNL (nl)
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Biography (I) about Cornelis de Graeff in the Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek. Deel 2 (nl)
  3. ^ Brugmans, H. (1973) Geschiedenis van Amsterdam. Deel III Bloeitijd, 1621-1697, pp. 159-167.
  4. ↑ a b c Pieter C. Vies: Andries de Graeff (1611-1678) 't Gezagh is heerelyk: but vol get. Page 6 ( Memento of the original from March 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 2.7 MB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.triomfdervrede.nl
  5. ↑ Pieter C. Vies: Andries de Graeff (1611-1678) 't Gezagh is heerelyk: but vol get. P. 29/30 ( Memento of the original from March 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 2.7 MB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.triomfdervrede.nl
  6. ↑ Pieter C. Vies: Andries de Graeff (1611-1678) 't Gezagh is heerelyk: but vol get. Page 24 ( Memento of the original from March 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 2.7 MB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.triomfdervrede.nl
  7. ↑ Dudok van Heel, SAC (2002) Kopstukken, Amsterdammers geportretteerd 1600-1800, p. 50.
  8. ↑ Google Book Search: Geschiedenis van Holland , Part 2, Volume 2, by Eelco Beukers
  9. ↑ In older sources it is mentioned that Pieter Graeff a son of located in Holland 1483 (1484 *) Wolfgang von Graben († 1521), was born into the the Meinhardi formers sprung Carniolian Uradelsgeschlecht the From digging stone was. Article about the De Graeff family in the Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek (DBNL), Deel 2 The current sources according to today's genealogy exclude this origin. [SAC Dudok van Heel: Van Amsterdamse burgers dead Europese aristocrats . Volume 2, 2008, p. 974] The De Graeff family still has the Graben coat of arms in theirs today.
  10. ↑ Google Book Search: De werken van Vondel associated with zijn leven, en voorzien van ... By Joost van den Vondel. Pp. 245 and 246
  11. ^ Dudok van Heel, SAC (1995) Op zoek naar Romulus & Remus. A zeventiende-eeuws onderzoek naar de oudste magistraten van Amsterdam. Jaarboek Amstelodamum, pp. 43-70.
  12. ↑ a b c Cornelis de Graeff's biography (II) in the Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek. Deel 7 (nl)
  13. ↑ Medaillon portrettes Cornelis de Graeff ( Memento of the original from October 7, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rijksmuseum.nl
  14. ↑ Dedalo Carasso, Heroes van het vaderland in the DBNL (left to right)
  15. ↑ His shovel decorated with his coat of arms is still in the collection of the Amsterdam Rijksmuseum .
  16. ↑ Joost van den Vondels (1587–1679) poem Bouwzang
  17. ↑ Joost van den Vondel's praise poem Inwydinge van 't Stadthuis t'Amsterdam to Cornelis de Graeff (left to right)
  18. ↑ 1648: War and Peace in Europe - The Amsterdam City Hall
  19. ↑ De Oude Kerk - Family Earl De Graeff | graf-van-de-maand ( Memento of the original from October 27, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.oudekerk.nl
  20. ^ Amsterdam: a brief life of the city. Van Geert Mak, Harvill Press (1999), p 123
  21. ↑ Kernkamp, ​​GW (1977) Prins Willem II 1626-1650, p. 107-110.
  22. ^ Rowen, Herbert H. (1986) John de Witt - Statesman of the "True Freedom "
  23. ^ Israel, Jonathan I. (1995) The dutch Republic - It's Rise, Greatness, and Fall - 1477-1806
  24. ↑ Google Book Search: Geschiedkundige bijdragen ...: aflevering. Willem Frederik, prins van Nassau ... Edited by Jan Will van Sypesteyn. P. 240 and following
  25. ↑ Google Books: Künker Auction 232 - Medieval Coin Art ... p. 89
  26. ^ Google: Geschiedenis van Amsterdam
  27. ↑ Inauguration of the new Town Hall (en) ( Memento of the original from September 10, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.paleisamsterdam.nl
  28. ↑ Google Book Search: De vroedschap van Amsterdam 1578-1795, Volume 1. By Johan Engelbert Elias
  29. ↑ Google Book Search: Orange-Nassau, the Netherlands and the Empire: Contributions to the History of a ... By Horst Lademacher. P. 141
  30. ↑ Catharina Hooft in Vrouwen van Soestdijk ( Memento of the original from July 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.historisch-toerisme-bureau.nl
  31. ↑ Google Book Search: Israel, JI (1995) The Dutch Republic , p. 750
  32. ↑ Google book search: Opkomst en bloei van Amsterdam. s. 174. By Hajo Brugmans
  33. ↑ The burial place of the De Graeff family in the Oude Kerk in Amsterdam: Doopkapel - familiegraf Cornelis de Graeff ( Memento of the original from October 27, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.oudekerk.nl
  34. ↑ Pieter C. Vies: Andries de Graeff (1611-1678) 't Gezagh is heerelyk: but vol get. Page 5 ( Memento of the original from March 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 2.7 MB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.triomfdervrede.nl
  35. ↑ Cornelis de Graeff, his wife Catharina Hooft, their two sons Pieter and Jacob; the standing figures represent, from left to right, Willem Schrijver, Pieter Trip Cornelis brother Andries.
  36. ↑ Google Book Search: Joanna Woodall Portraiture: facing the subject
  37. ^ De werken van Vondel. Deel 7. Vertalingen uit het Latijn van Vergilius, Horatius en Ovidius. P. 851
  38. ↑ Joost van den Vondel's Op d'Afbeeldinge van den edelen strict Heere Cornelis de Graeff, Vryheere van Zuidpolsbroeck Burgermeester en Raet van Amsterdam, & c.
  39. ↑ January Vos Vergrooting van Amsterdam - Aan de Wel-Eed. Eed. Groot-Achtbaare Heeren Kornelis de Graaf, Vryheer van Zuidt-Polsbroek, & c. Dr. Kornelis Witsen, Kornelis de Vlaming van Outshooren, Ridder, Heer van Outshooren, Gnephoek, & c. Mr. Hendrik Hooft; Regeerende Burgermeesteren Van Amsterdam. En de Wel-Eed. Eed. Army Dr. Geeraard Schaap Heer van Kortenhoef, & c. Joan vande Pol, Oudt-Burgemeesteren en Accruing the zelfde Stadt, Wordt de Vergrooting Van Amsterdam toegeëigent, door Haar Wel-Eed. Eed. Size Eighth most committed dienaar Jan Vos (left).
  40. ↑ Weber, Gregor JM (1991) The praise of the 'living' picture: Jan Vos and his "Zeege der Schilderkunst" from 1654, p. 20. ISBN 3-487-09604-8 .
  41. ↑ Joost van den Vondels Afbeeldingen der stamheeren en zommige telgen van de Graven, Boelensen, Bickeren en Witsens, toegewyt den noble en strict Heere Andries de Graeff , enz. with hunne portrettes (nl)
predecessor Office successor
Jakob de Graeff Dircksz Lord of Zuid-Polsbroek
1638–1664 		Pieter de Graeff
Andries Bicker Regent and Mayor of Amsterdam
1643–1664 		Andries de Graeff
personal data
SURNAME Graeff, Cornelis de
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Mayor of Amsterdam
DATE OF BIRTH October 15, 1599
PLACE OF BIRTH Amsterdam
DATE OF DEATH May 4, 1664
Place of death Amsterdam