Danilo culture

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Zoomorphic rhython , Zadar Archaeological Museum

The Danilo culture is a Middle Neolithic culture in Dalmatia , Istria and the Trieste Karst . According to radiocarbon dates , it existed between 5600 and 4900 BC. It is named after the settlement Danilo Bitinj in the Šibenik-Knin district.

distribution

The earliest finds can be found in the north of the Adriatic coast, where there are no finds of the Impresso ceramic. In the southern range, Impresso and Danilo seem to have coexisted for about 100 years. The two ceramic styles are never found together.

Regional styles

The 'Danilo-Vlaška' style is typical for Istria and the Karst, in northern Dalmatia there is multi-colored, thin-walled Figulina ceramics (polychrome Danilo), while in southern Dalmatia painting occurs together with incised decoration (South Dalmatian polychrome Danilo, Gudjna culture, Vela Luka culture).

Settlement

Finds come mainly from caves. Open settlements close to the coast may have fallen victim to rising sea levels, as is the case with cardial culture . Danilo itself is a flat settlement.

Locations

  • Danilo Bitinj (Šibenik-Knin district), eponymous site. Excavations in the 1950s by Korošec. Further excavations took place there in the 2000s.
  • Gudnja
  • Krivače near Bribir
  • Nakovana cave
  • Pokrovnik Pećina I. Layers of the Impresso culture were also found here.
  • Ravlića pećina
  • Smilčić
  • Vela spila, Korčula

Funeral customs

So far, burials are rare. Five children's graves were found in Danilo, as well as a single skull fragment.

Finds

The ceramic is usually made of coarse clay and decorated with geometric incised decorations. Spiral patterns dominate. In addition to bowl-like shapes, bowls and plates are covered. Coarse ceramic sieve vessels are also known. So-called Rhytha with four feet, a wide sloping mouth and a large handle near the upper edge are usually decorated with incised geometric patterns. The incised lines have a red or white incrustation . These vessels were often interpreted as cult vessels. According to the results of a lipid analysis, however, the "Rhytha" appear to have contained cheese. This is one of the earliest records of cheese. Similar forms are also known from the Kakanj group.

Long, pressed blades appear for the first time in the lithic industry . In addition to flint, obsidian was also used, which comes from Lipari , Palmarola and the Carpathian deposits. A spondylus bracelet is known from the settlement of Danilo .

economy

Bread wheat has so far been detected on grain residues. Maria Hopf examined the hut clay from Danilo and identified emmer and einkorn as well as a possible imprint of a naked barley awn.

Subsequent crops

The late Neolithic Hvar culture follows the Danilo culture . It is particularly common in Dalmatia.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Stašo Forenbaher, Timothy Kaiser, Preston T. Miracle, Dating the East Adriatic Neolithic. European Journal of Archeology 16/4, 2013, 599, doi: 10.1179 / 1461957113Y.0000000038
  2. ↑ Šime Batović, Jadranska zona. In: A. Benac (ed.), Praistorija jugoslavenskih zemalja Volume 2. Sarajevo, Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine 1979, 473–635
  3. ^ Lawrence H. Barfield, The First Neolithic Cultures of North Eastern Italy. In: Hermann Schwabedissen (ed.), The beginnings of the Neolithic from the Orient to Northern Europe. Part VII: Western Mediterranean and British Isles. Cologne, Böhlau, 182-217; Stašo Forenbaher / Timothy Kaiser, The Pottery of Pupićina Cave. In: Preston T. Miracle / Stašo Forenbaher (eds.), Prehistoric Herders of Northern Istria: The Archeology of Pupićina Cave Volume 1. Pula, Arheološki Muzej Istre 2006, 198-202
  4. ↑ J. Korošec, Neolitska naseobina u Danilu Bitinju. Zagreb, Jugoslavenska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti 1958.
  5. ↑ Stašo Forenbaher, Timothy Kaiser, Preston T. Miracle, Dating the East Adriatic Neolithic, European Journal of Archeology 16/4, 2013, 601, doi: 10.1179 / 1461957113Y.0000000038
  6. ↑ J. Korošec, Neolitska naseobina u Danilu Bitinju . Zagreb, Jugoslavenska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti 1958. Quoted from Stašo Forenbaher, Timothy Kaiser, Sheelagh Frame, Adriatic Neolithic Mortuary Ritual at Grapčeva Cave, Croatia. Journal of Field Archeology 35/4, 2010, 354
  7. ↑ A. Moore, M. Mendusic, J. Smith, Emil Podrug. Project 'Early Farming in Dalmatia': Danilo Bitinj 2004–2005. Vjesnik Arheoloskog muzeja u Zagrebu 40, 2007, 15–24.
  8. ↑ John Chapman, Johannes Müller, Early farmers in the Mediterranean Basin: the Dalmatian evidence. Antiquity 64, 1990, 130
  9. ↑ Stašo Forenbaher, Timothy Kaiser, Sheelagh Frame, Adriatic Neolithic Mortuary Ritual at Grapčeva Cave, Croatia. Journal of Field Archeology 35/4, 2010, 352. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/24406354
  10. ↑ SB McClure et al., Fatty acid specific δ13C values ​​reveal earliest Mediterranean cheese production 7,200 years ago. PLoS ONE 13/9, 2018, e0202807, 3
  11. ↑ Sarah B. McClure et al., Fatty acid specific δ13C values ​​reveal earliest Mediterranean cheese production 7,200 years ago. PLoS ONE 13/9, 2018, e0202807, 4
  12. ↑ Sarah B. McClure et al., Fatty acid specific δ13C values ​​reveal earliest Mediterranean cheese production 7,200 years ago. PLoS ONE 13/9, 2018, e0202807, 4
  13. ↑ Omer Rak, The Rhyton from Danilo. Structure and symbolism of a Middle Neolithic cult vessel. Oxford, Oxbow 2011
  14. ↑ Sarah B. McClure et al., Fatty acid specific δ13C values ​​reveal earliest Mediterranean cheese production 7,200 years ago. PLoS ONE 13/9, 2018, e0202807, 7
  15. ↑ Omer Rak, The Rhyton from Danilo. Structure and symbolism of a Middle Neolithic cult vessel. Oxford, Oxbow 2011, 14
  16. ↑ Denis Guilbeau, Les grandes lames et les lames par pression au levier du Néolithique et de l'Énéolithique en Italie. Thèse de Doctorat Université Paris Ouest 2010, 24
  17. ↑ Denis Guilbeau, Les grandes lames et les lames par pression au levier du Néolithique et de l'Énéolithique en Italie. Thèse de Doctorat Université Paris Ouest 2010, 23
  18. ^ Zsuzsanna Siklósi, Traces of Social Inequality during the Late Neolithic in the Eastern Carpathian Basin. Dissertationes Pannonicae ex Instituto Archaeologico Universitatis de Rolando Eötvös nominatae Budapestinensis provenientes SERIES IV, VOLUME 3. Budapest 2013, 206
  19. ↑ Jacqueline Balen, Tomislav Hršak, Rajna Šošić Klindžić (eds.), Darovi Zemlje: Nepolitik između Save, Drave i Dunava . Zagreb, Arheološki muzej u Zagrebu, 159
  20. ^ Maria Hopf, investigation of the grain residues in the hut clay from Danilo. In: J. Korošec (ed.), Danilo in danilska kultura, Univerzitetna založba, Ljubljana 1964, 107-108

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