Deng Xiaoping's South Tour

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The statue of Deng Xiaoping in Lianhuashan Park in Shenzhen, China .

Deng Xiaoping's South Tour ( Chinese 邓小平 南巡 / 鄧小平 南巡 ) was a political inspection tour of Deng Xiaoping , then-retired " Outstanding Leader " of China, in southern China including Shenzhen , Zhuhai , Guangzhou , Shanghai from January 18 to February 21, 1992. The talks and speeches Deng gave during the tour resumed the implementation of his so-called " reform and opening-up policy " in mainland China , which came to a halt after the bloody Tiananmen Square massacre in 1989. The 1992 South Tour is widely regarded as a critical point in China's modern history , as it saved Chinese economic reform, the capital market , and preserved the “stability of society”.

During the tour, Deng told several military leaders of the People's Liberation Army , including Yang Shangkun , Liu Huaqing and Yang Baibing, that "those who do not promote reform should be overthrown from their leadership positions." This forced the then general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), Jiang Zemin , to support and continue the "reforms and opening up". Deng also wished that Guangdong Province would catch up with the " tiger states " in terms of economic development within 20 years . After Deng's southern tour, many reformists like Zhu Rongji received promotions.

Although Deng mentioned that " anti-corruption " must be imposed throughout the reform and opening up, and stressed the "importance" of the rule of law , the South Tour did not solve China's corruption problem, nor did it resume China's political reforms , which failed in 1989 Tiananmen massacre ended.

Historical background

Reform standstill

After the Tian'anmen massacre in 1989 , the members of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CPC) had serious differences of opinion over whether to continue the “ policies of reform and opening up ”. After Zhao Ziyang , former general secretary of the CPC and a leading reformist, was forced to resign after the Tiananmen massacre, Jiang Zemin served as general secretary and was supported by several powerful left leaders such as Chen Yun and Li Xiannian .

In November 1989, the CPC Central Committee passed a resolution (关于 进一步 治理 整顿 和 深化改革 的 决定) stating that the pace of reform was too fast and decided to revise the changes. As a result, the reform and opening program came to a standstill, especially after the " revolutions in 1989 " and around the time of the " collapse of the Soviet Union " in 1991.

Media debate

Beginning in the spring of 1991, the Shanghai-based Liberation Daily published several articles written by Huang Fuping (皇甫 平) to promote reform, and quickly found support from local officials and the general public. On the other hand, several media outlets in Beijing controlled by Jiang Zemin and Li Peng (then Prime Minister of China ) directly criticized Huang Fuping's articles and asked whether China was on a capitalist or a socialist path.

The south tour

Beginning

Deng Xiaoping began his south tour on January 18, 1992 when he visited Wuhan in Hubei Province and Changsha in Hunan Province . He then went to Guangdong Province.

Shenzhen

Shenzhen Stock Exchange

At around 9:00 am on January 19, 1992, Deng Xiaoping arrived in Shenzhen , one of the first China Special Economic Zones he approved , and was warmly welcomed by local officials. On January 22nd, Deng made his famous remarks to Shenzhen government officials:

"[The Shenzhen government] should be more courageous in reforming and opening up, dare to experiment, and not behave as women with bound feet ([深圳 市政府] 改革 开放 胆子 要 大 一些 ， 敢于 试验 ， 不能像 小脚 女人 一样) ".

During his visit to Shenzhen, Deng wished that Guangdong Province would catch up with the " tiger states " in terms of economic development within 20 years . Deng's visit also saved China's capital market, particularly the two newly established exchanges: the Shanghai Stock Exchange (since November 1990) and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange (since December 1990). He pointed out that:

It takes careful study to determine whether or not stocks and the stock market are good for socialism, or whether they are just part of capitalism. This also means we have to try it out first! (证券 、 股票 ， 这些 东西 究竟 好 不好 ， 有 没有 危险 ， 是 不是 资本 市场 独有 的 东西 ， 社会主义 能 不能 用? 允许 看 ， 但 要 坚决 地 试)

Zhuhai

On January 23, Deng visited Zhuhai , another special economic zone in Guangdong Province. In Zhuhai, Deng told several military leaders of the People's Liberation Army , including Yang Shangkun , Liu Huaqing and Yang Baibing (杨 白冰), that "those who do not promote reform should be overthrown from their leadership positions (谁 不 改革 ， 谁就 下台)".

Deng visited Shanghai's Nanpu Bridge on February 7, 1992 .

Shanghai

On January 31st, Deng arrived in Shanghai , where he was celebrating the Chinese New Year in 1992 . Deng left Shanghai for Beijing on February 23rd and completed his southern tour. Deng played an important role in the development of " Shanghai Pudong " and revitalized the city as one of the economic centers of China.

Famous remarks

  • "It doesn't matter whether the cat is white or black - the main thing is that it catches mice (不管 黑猫 白猫 ， 捉到 老鼠 就是 好 猫)". This remark was originally published by Deng in 1962, but became widely known after his southern tour.
  • "Development is paramount (发展 才是 硬道理)".
  • "We have to fight corruption throughout the reform and opening-up process (整个 改革 开放 过程 中 都要 反对 腐败)".
  • "We should do more and less engage in empty conversations (多 干 实事 ， 少说 空话)".

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Andrei Yakovlev: Analysis: 25th Anniversary of the "South Tour" Deng Xiao Pings - On the History of Chinese Reforms | bpb. Retrieved July 10, 2020 .
  2. ↑ a b China: Never red - DER SPIEGEL 27/1994. Retrieved July 10, 2020 .
  3. ↑ a b c Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour . In: Berkshire Publishing Group LLC . 2009.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f 邓小平 92 南巡 背景 揭秘 有 两 句话 记者 不敢 见报 - 广东 频道 - 人民网. Retrieved July 10, 2020 .
  5. ↑ a b 改革 快跑 ： 纪念 邓小平 南方 讲话 20 年 _ 财经 频道 _ 凤凰网. Retrieved July 10, 2020 .
  6. ↑ a b Damien Ma: After 20 Years of 'Peaceful Evolution,' China Faces Another Historic Moment ( en-US ) January 23, 2012. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  7. ↑ The inside story of the propaganda fightback for Deng's reforms ( en ) November 14, 2018. Accessed May 1, 2020.
  8. ↑ 'How my father's speeches saved Chinese economic reform': Deng Xiaoping's daughter pays tribute ( en ) August 21, 2014. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  9. ^ The great pragmatist: Deng Xiaoping (en-GB) . In: The Guardian , December 18, 2008. Retrieved May 1, 2020. 
  10. ^ A b Carl E. Walter: What Deng Xiaoping Right? An Overview of China's Equity Markets . In: Journal of Applied Corporate Finance . 26, No. 3, 2014, ISSN  1745-6622 , pp. 8-19. doi : 10.1111 / jacf.12075 .
  11. ↑ Opinion: Why is Deng Xiaoping's 1992 Southern Inspection Tour still relevant today? . Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  12. ↑ a b 邓小平 92 年 南巡 时 讲话 ： 谁 反对 改革 就让 谁 睡觉 去 ( zh ) Retrieved on May 1, 2020.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / news.ifeng.com
  13. ↑ a b Lena H. Sun: FLEXIBLE 'SOCIALISM' FUELS CHINESE GROWTH (en-US) . In: Washington Post , May 28, 1992. Retrieved May 1, 2020. 
  14. ↑ a b 广东 GDP 总量 今年 将超 亚洲 四小龙 平均 水平 ( zh ) July 20, 2007. Accessed May 1, 2020.
  15. ↑ and: Zhu Rongji on the Record. In: Brookings. July 14, 2016, Retrieved July 11, 2020 (American English).
  16. ↑ a b 整个 改革 开放 过程 中 都要 反对 腐败 - 邓小平 纪念 网 - 人民网 ( zh ) Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  17. ↑ 对 干部 和 共产党员 来说 ， 廉政建设 要 作为 大事 来抓 - 邓小平 纪念 网 - 人民网 ( zh ) Accessed May 1, 2020.
  18. ↑ Bao Tong: How Deng Xiaoping Helped Create a Corrupt China (en-US) . In: The New York Times , June 3, 2015. Retrieved May 1, 2020. 
  19. ↑ Yuhua Wang: How has Tiananmen changed China? ( en ) Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  20. ↑ 站在 习 时代 ， 如何 评价 邓小平？ In: 纽约 时报 中文 网 . February 13, 2018 ( nytimes.com [accessed July 10, 2020]).
  21. ↑ Wei Wu: 80 年代 的 政治 改革 为什么 会 失败？ ( zh ) December 22, 2014. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  22. ↑ a b c 邓小平 南方 谈话 的 先声 ： "皇甫 平" 的 "四 论 改革" - 中国 共产党 新闻 - 中国 共产党 新闻 网. Retrieved July 10, 2020 .
  23. ^ Xuezhi Guo: The Politics of the Core Leader in China: Culture, Institution, Legitimacy, and Power . Cambridge University Press, 2019, ISBN 978-1-108-48049-9 ( google.com [accessed July 10, 2020]).
  24. ↑ 第十 三届 中央 委员会 第五 次 全体会议 公报 ( zh ) Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  25. ↑ The inside story of the propaganda fightback for Deng's reforms ( en ) November 14, 2018. Accessed June 4, 2020.
  26. ↑ The inside story of the propaganda fightback for Deng's reforms ( en ) November 14, 2018. Accessed June 4, 2020.
  27. ↑ 改革 开放 胆子 要 大 一些 ， 敢于 试验 ， 不能 像 小脚 女人 一样 - 邓小平 纪念 网 - 人民网. Retrieved July 10, 2020 .
  28. ↑ "坚决 地 试" 中国 股市 发轫 之 端 - 时政 - 人民网 ( zh ) Retrieved on May 2, 2020.
  29. ↑ Yitao Tao, Lu Zhiguo: Special Economic Zones and China's Development Path ( s ). Springer, October 5, 2018, ISBN 978-981-10-3220-2 .
  30. ↑ a b 邓小平 南巡 讲话 ： 奠定 中国 证券市场 发展 的 春天 _ 中国 改革 论坛 网 . Retrieved May 2, 2020.
  31. ↑ An old man's ups and downs in China's stock market . Retrieved May 2, 2020.
  32. ↑ Feb 18, 1991: Deng Xiaoping talks about developing Pudong - China - Chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved July 10, 2020 .
  33. ↑ China 30 years ago - cat catches mice. Retrieved July 10, 2020 .
  34. ↑ Uli Franz: bpb.de - Dossier China - Politics - Portrait: Deng Xiaoping. Retrieved July 10, 2020 .
  35. ↑ 邓小平 同志 “黑猫 白猫 论” 背后 的 故事 - 中国 共产党 新闻 - 中国 共产党 新闻 网. Retrieved July 10, 2020 .
  36. ↑ China Today. Retrieved July 10, 2020 .
  37. ↑ We should do more and engage less in empty talk - 1992. Retrieved July 10, 2020 .