Dessert banana
| Dessert banana | ||||||||||||
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Musa × paradisiaca |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Musa × paradisiaca | ||||||||||||
| L. |
The dessert banana ( Musa × paradisiaca ), or banana for short , also fruit banana or pisang , is a species from the banana genus ; especially the fruit of many of their varieties is so called. On a global average, as in German-speaking countries, dessert bananas are among the most widely consumed fruits.
history
Cultivation and trade
The banana originally comes from the Southeast Asian island world . It was mentioned in Buddhist and Indian scriptures in 600 BC. After Africa , the banana was comfortable with the Austronesian immigrants Madagascar from today's Indonesia from populated and also rice to Madagascar brought.
It came to the American continent from the Canary Islands , where the Spaniards had planted them on plantations as early as 1400 . In 1502, Portuguese settlers founded the first plantations in the Caribbean and Central America .
When a century of US independence was celebrated in Philadelphia in 1876 , the first bananas were presented to the citizens - individually wrapped in silver foil and at an exorbitant price. Due to the existing infrastructure of ships and railways, which ensured the rapid transport of perishable goods, and the simultaneous expansion of the plantations in Latin America, sales rose rapidly. As early as 1892 the gag of slipping on the banana peel worked in the USA and was also used in silent films.
Due to the further transport routes, the banana did not establish itself in Europe until the 1920s. Initially, the peeling of the fruit was shown in advertising - as a kind of instruction manual. In 1895, the Hamburg grocer Richard Lehmann, from Madeira and the Canary Islands, imported 40 tons of dessert bananas into Germany for the first time . Consumption grew steadily until the beginning of the First World War. The main import ports were Hamburg (1913: almost 30,000 t) and Bremen (1913: 4,200 t). The banana remained a luxury item in Germany even in the interwar period . It gradually became affordable in the 1950s. It is a newspaper duck that the then Federal Chancellor Konrad Adenauer would have threatened not to sign the founding treaties of the European Economic Community if Germany were not guaranteed duty-free banana imports. It is correct that an additional protocol to the Treaty of Rome of 1957 allowed unlimited and practically duty-free banana imports with regard to “special needs when importing bananas into the Federal Republic”.
Until the 1960s, the main variety for export was the Gros Michel . The fruits are larger and are considered tastier than today's commercially available bananas. The cultivation of this variety in monocultures was made so difficult by the Fusarium wilt , also known as Panama disease , that today it is hardly cultivated for export. Currently the main variety for export is the Cavendish . Since the beginning of the 1990s, the Tropical Race 4 (TR4) is a breed of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense , which also attacks this strain. There are no alternatives with a similar taste or resistant plants so far and one day the 'Cavendish' may no longer be grown in monocultures. Crossing resistance genes into the 'Cavendish' variety has not yet been successful - therefore, intensive research is currently being carried out on transgenic banana lines. Crossing is generally not possible with most types of banana, because since the banana has been cultivated, most types of bananas have become sterile, i.e. the fruits are formed without pollination or fertilization . If no seeds are formed, no generative reproduction is possible, i.e. no crossing. Most banana varieties are clones , which means that they are propagated purely vegetatively . New varieties are usually only created from these clones by mutation , either deliberately brought about ( mutation breeding ) or accidentally.
Concept history
The original origin of the term "banana" is not exactly known, but is believed to be in West Africa. It spread in Europe via the Portuguese bananas (singular, later banana ); the form banana , which is common in German today , has been documented since the beginning of the 19th century ( Heyse has had it in his foreign dictionary since the first edition in 1804). Older names were "Paradise fig" and "Adam's fig" (the second also stands for the sycamore fig ), which probably go back to the idea that the banana is the forbidden fruit of the biblical story of paradise. These expressions are still mentioned in Adelung, Campe and Krünitz , but have since been completely out of use.
Cultivation
Bananas for export in monocultures on plantations cultivated, often intensively with pesticides are provided. Monoculture, herbicides and pesticides lead to ecological damage in the growing regions and to health problems for employees. A typical example is the nematicide DBCP , which was banned in the USA at the end of the 1970s , and which was then exported to banana-producing countries and which has been harmful to health to this day.
The plant needs large amounts of water. The banana trees on the plantations usually grow for two years, they only bear fruit once. In the countries where bananas are grown for export, they also mostly grow wild. Cultivation in the forest under shady or partially shaded conditions is just as possible as cultivation under direct sunlight.
Ecologically sustainable cultivation therefore relies on mixed cultures; permitted chemical agents in organic cultivation are, for example, vinegar and potash alum .
Economical meaning
World production
Bananas grow in tropical and subtropical regions, preferably in the so-called banana belt around the 30th parallel. In 2018, 115,737,862 tonnes (2000: 67.2) million tonnes of bananas were harvested on a cultivated area of 5.7 million hectares (2000: 4.6) worldwide.
In 2018, 20 countries harvested 86.7% of the world banana harvest. The world's largest producer was India with almost 31 million tons, corresponding to 26.6%.
| rank | country | Quantity (in t ) |
rank | country | Quantity (in t) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
 India
|
30,808,000 | 11 |
 Costa Rica
|
2,528,788 | |
| 2 |
 People's Republic of China
|
11,221,700 | 12 |
 Mexico
|
2,354,479 | |
| 3 |
 Indonesia
|
7,264,383 | 13 |
 Vietnam
|
2,087,275 | |
| 4th |
 Brazil
|
6,752,171 | 14th |
 Rwanda
|
1,739,007 | |
| 5 |
 Ecuador
|
6,505,635 | 15th |
 Burundi
|
1,654,955 | |
| 6th |
 Philippines
|
6,144,374 | 16 |
 Kenya
|
1.414.176 | |
| 7th |
 Guatemala
|
4,026,547 | 17th |
 Egypt
|
1,388,199 | |
| 8th |
 Colombia
|
3,707,152 | 18th |
 Papua New Guinea
|
1,383,174 | |
| 9 |
 Angola
|
3,492,184 | 19th |
 Cameroon
|
1,203,440 | |
| 10 |
 Tanzania
|
3,469,091 | 20th |
 Dominican Republic
|
1,175,710 | |
| remaining countries | 15,417,422 | |||||
| world | 115,737,861 |
trade
Not all of the main fruit banana growing countries also play a role in export. In Brazil, China, India and Thailand, for example, products are mainly produced for their own use.
The five main exporting countries in 2017 were Ecuador (6.4 million t), Philippines (2.7 million t), Costa Rica (2.5 million t), Guatemala (2.3 million t) and Colombia (1, 9 million t).
The main importers worldwide in 2017 were the USA (4.8 million t), Russia (1.5 million t), Germany (1.4 million t) and Belgium (1.4 million t). In Germany, the banana is the fruit with the third highest consumption after the apple and the orange.
Plant protection for bananas
Many insects live in the tropical climate where bananas grow . Some of them poke the peels of the ripening bananas and suck out juice. If there are not too many punctures, this has no effect on the taste or digestibility of the banana. Nevertheless, these punctures have consequences: the banana later gets small, circular, brown dots at the puncture sites. A larger number of punctures accelerates the ripening of the banana and makes it spoil faster.
In order to avoid insect bites, a plastic bag is placed over the perennial or fruit cobs. But since the bag is not completely tight, some insects can still find their way in. Therefore, the bag is usually inside with pesticides sprayed to kill invading insects. It can be assumed that bananas with smooth, unstained surfaces were exposed to high doses of insecticides while they were growing . Small brown, circular dots, on the other hand, indicate a lower use of pesticides. Bananas that arrive in Europe are usually treated with the fungicide thiabendazole and / or imazalil , which is also noted on banana boxes. The bananas are usually dipped in a fungicide bath before packing and placed in the boxes dripping wet. The box material therefore contains traces of fungicides. Thiabendazole, however, is rapidly absorbed when ingested and is completely metabolized within 24 hours and excreted in the urine.
Bananas from organic farming must not be treated with synthetic chemical fungicides in nature country , for example, may only vinegar , extracts of lemon cores or orange cores or aluminum-containing potash alum may be used.
Maturation and consumption
Bananas are climacteric fruits because they ripen after harvest. Fruit bananas should therefore not ripen on the perennial . If the fruits were left hanging on the plant to ripen, they would burst and taste floury rather than sweet. In the banana-growing countries, too, the banana tufts are traditionally harvested green by the locals and brought to a shady place to gradually ripen.
The bananas for export are harvested, packed within a day and loaded onto refrigerated ships. At a temperature below 13.2 degrees Celsius, natural ripening is interrupted so that the green bananas can easily survive the long journey. If the temperature is too high, the bananas arrive yellow and cannot be sold, as is the case if the temperature is too low, below 12 degrees Celsius, at which the bananas turn gray.
After being unloaded from the refrigerated ships, the still green bananas are taken to one of the many banana ripening plants . The bananas are ripened in ripening chambers at temperatures between 14.4 and 17.7 degrees Celsius and take four to eight days. So that the bananas within one chamber all ripen at the same time, commercially available banana ripening gas is introduced, the active ingredient of which is around 4% ethene (ethylene). This is a phytohormone that is responsible for the development and maturity of the sexual organs and fruiting bodies in all plants. After a certain degree of ripeness, ethene is produced by fruits itself. The additional ethylene gassing and the autocatalytic effect of the ethene accelerate natural ripening and the time of ripening can be controlled.
Ripening itself is a biochemical process that converts starch into sugar . In green bananas, the starch-sugar ratio is 20: 1, at the end of ripening it is 1:20. The more yellow the skin , the greater the sugar content and the more the fruit tastes like banana. How far the ripening has progressed can easily be seen from the color . Fully ripe bananas quickly develop black spots during transport and further storage, but green bananas can easily be bought and left to ripen at home. An enclosed ripe apple or a cover can accelerate the ripening process as it increases the concentration of ethene in the area around the banana. Apples and tomatoes give off relatively high amounts of ethene, which greatly accelerates the ripening process of the bananas. For this reason, bananas in the fruit and vegetable departments of the grocery store should not be stored for long in their vicinity. For storage at home, it is advisable to hang the bananas on a kind of meat hook; this avoids pressure points where the bananas can turn black.
Ripe dessert bananas are not only consumed raw, but also processed. Among the made of banana products include banana nectar , banana chips ( dried fruit ) and liqueurs .
Ingredients and nutrition
| Nutritional value per 100 g of banana | |
|---|---|
| Calorific value | 374–398 kJ (88–95 kcal) |
| water | 74 g |
| protein | 1.09 g |
| carbohydrates | 22.84 g |
| - of which sugar | 12.23 g |
| - fiber | 2.6 g |
| fat | 0.33 g |
| Vitamins and minerals | |
| Vitamin A | 3 μg |
| Vitamin B 1 | 0.031 mg |
| Vitamin B 2 | 0.073 mg |
| Vitamin B 3 | 0.665 mg |
| Vitamin B 5 | 0.334 mg |
| Vitamin B 6 | 0.367 mg |
| Vitamin B 9 | 20 µg |
| vitamin C | 8.7 mg |
| Calcium | 5 mg |
| iron | 0.26 mg |
| magnesium | 27 mg |
| phosphorus | 22 mg |
| potassium | 358 mg |
| zinc | 0.15 mg |
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A 'Cavendish' banana weighs around 100 to 130 g. The daily requirement of an adult for trace elements is covered by such a banana to the following extent:
Furthermore, bananas contain around 2.6% fiber . Phosphorus and various trace elements such as selenium are also found in bananas . On the other hand, vitamins other than vitamin C are few or hardly present. All values fluctuate depending on the breeding method , degree of ripening and other growing conditions.
Natural remedy
In addition to being a good source of energy, bananas also contain a lot of potassium . Bananas are therefore recommended for patients who suffer from potassium deficiency , which can manifest itself in muscle , nerve and especially heart problems . After drinking alcohol, bananas can help to compensate for the loss of magnesium .
Unripe bananas are less sweet and contain uncooked native starch , a resistant starch (type RS2). This is indigestible in the small intestine and, like the resistant maltodextrin , is only metabolized by the intestinal bacteria. The starch in the unripe banana is only converted into fructose , glucose and sucrose during the ripening process . Ripe bananas, on the other hand, contain only 1–2% starch and are therefore sweeter, very easy to digest and therefore also suitable as health food .
Because of their easy digestibility, bananas are suitable for treating intestinal problems. Due to their content of fiber , natural starches and polysaccharides in the pulp, eating bananas can regulate bowel movements . Bananas are therefore known to work for both constipation and diarrhea . The laxative effect is based on the fact that consumed bananas bind hydrocolloidly water (similar to the peels of crushed flaxseed ) and regulate the chyme in the intestine through water absorption and swelling and soften the stool . In the case of diarrhea, the water-binding effect of the bananas consumed is increased by enzymatic cleavage of their starches and polysaccharides in the intestinal lumen , making the stool less fluid. The simple sugar content of the consumed bananas, such as fructose and glucose , in turn strengthens the supply of the intestinal cells attacked by the diarrheal disease and helps with their energy supply and regeneration. The banana chyme is ultimately kept longer in the intestine and the trace elements and salts it contains help compensate for the loss of the body due to the liquid diarrhea. Other fruits with similar levels of fiber and complex sugars that have a positive effect on the intestines include mango , fig , pineapple and papaya .
Banana diseases
Current banana production is threatened by some epidemic diseases. The current main variety of 'Cavendish' could meet the same fate as the Gros Michel , which was almost wiped out by the Fusarium wilt in the 1960s and now only grows in isolated areas that are insignificant for world trade. A major reason for the endangerment of the banana industry is the lack of genetic diversity of the variety used, so that diseases can quickly affect the world.
The main banana diseases include:
- Fusarium wilt (type 1): It is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense , a hose fungus. The fungus infects the plant through the roots and moves with the water into the trunk and leaves, forming mucus and hardening that prevents the transport of water and nutrients, so that the plant withers. Before 1960 almost all banana production was based on the Gros Michel, which was particularly susceptible to soil fungus. The 'Cavendish' was cultivated as a substitute because it was the most productive of the hardy varieties for export. However, the 'Cavendish' needs to be handled more carefully during shipping and it is widely believed that the 'Gros Michel' tasted better.
- Fusarium wilt (tropical type 4): a branch of the old Panama disease. This soil fungus has already destroyed the 'Cavendish' in some Southeast Asian countries. It has now also reached the American continent. Soil fungus can easily stick to shoes, clothing, and tools. This is the way that Type 4 migrated from one plantation to the next and the most likely gateway to Latin America. This disease is relatively resistant to the common fungicides.
- Black Sigatoka ( Mycosphaerella fijiensis ) (also Black Leaf Streak ): a leaf fungus that first appeared in Fiji in 1963 or 1964. Black Sigatoka has widely infected tropical plantations due to the use of infected banana leaves as packaging material. This disease attacks all cultivated banana varieties and inhibits photosynthesis in the affected leaves, which then turn black in places and ultimately lead to the death of the leaf. Due to the lack of energy, the fruit production drops by 50% and more, and the bananas that are still growing ripen prematurely, making them unsuitable for banana export. The fungus is showing increasing resistance to fungicides with current one hectare treatment costs in the range of $ 1000 per year. In addition to the financial burden, it is questionable how long the intensive spraying can be continued in terms of environmental protection. Resistant varieties are now being developed, but due to a lack of taste and color, none of them have reached the stage where they can be used commercially. One of the few countries where the Black Sigatoka does not perform is the Dominican Republic.
- Yellow Sigatoka ( Mycosphaerella musicola ), similar to Black Sigatoka, is a fungal disease on the banana leaves. It causes small yellow spots that are less than 1 mm long.
- Banana bunchy top virus : Triggered by the Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) obtained by aphids is transmitted (aphids) from plant to plant. The leaves are compressed by and there is a bushy ( english bunchy ) appearance. Infested shrubs usually do not bear fruit, although mild variants exist that still allow banana production. These mild manifestations are often ignored, as they act like insufficient fertilization or are misinterpreted as other diseases. A plant cannot be cured from infestation with BBTV, but the spread can be inhibited by in-vitro propagation.
Since no sufficiently resistant breeding has been found for today's main variety, the 'Cavendish', work is now being carried out on transgenic varieties in order to introduce resistance genes into the genetic material of the banana. In the absence of similar alternatives and cures, it is currently (2005) uncertain how much the banana production will be affected by the diseases in the next 10 to 20 years.
Special properties of the dessert banana
Not all types of bananas have pods with crooked fruits. On the contrary: there are many varieties in which the banana fingers just grow out of their tuft. This can look very different, from star-shaped apart to circular in all directions. In the case of the best-known varieties of bananas, however, the direction of growth changes when they come into contact with sunlight, and they bend towards the sun.
Below about 12 ° C, bananas become unsightly, with the peel turning gray to dark. In fact, the flesh does not spoil; Bananas can be stored in the refrigerator for some time without becoming soft. However, their aroma suffers as a result. Peeled bananas can also be frozen well. This also works with overripe bananas.
Green (unripe) bananas cause stomach pain. The reason for this lies in the high proportion of cellulose that the intestine cannot process. However, green bananas can be cooked very well because of their high starch content. Their taste is then very similar to that of the sweet potato . Cooked green banana (not to be confused with the plantain ) is a popular dish on the island of Zanzibar . Half-ripe bananas have a lower cellulose content and can also be used as a source of fiber , which helps with a lack of intestinal intake. Fully ripe bananas no longer contain any cellulose and are suitable for diet.
Company in the banana trade
According to the United Nations, four companies control 80 percent of the global banana trade:
- Chiquita
- Fyffes
- Fresh Del Monte (Independent spin-off from Del Monte Foods created in 1989. Represented in Europe by Del Monte International .)
- Dole
Other companies:
For reasons of competition, certain properties of bananas are regulated in an EU regulation ( banana regulation ). For example, the length and diameter of an unripe banana intended for the consumer market are regulated here. The main aim of this banana market organization is to protect EU and ACP productions against products from countries that do not belong to these organizations. In addition, storage and movement of goods within the EU are facilitated by standardized bananas.
Harvest and packaging
With a large hook knife, the fruit stand (the so-called "banana tree") is cut off from the up to 9 meter high banana tree and often transported to the packing station using simple material ropeways (driven by a motorized towing vehicle). The fruit cluster is divided into tufts of fingers (so-called "hands"). 15 to 20 kg (target net weight) of such clusters with 3 to 13 fruits are placed in banana boxes that fill the space and are used for transport to the food retailer.
Banana peel
The individual banana is naturally packed through the banana peel . For the end consumer, it does not have to be additionally packed for storage in private households .
Banana box
For trade and distribution, bananas are transported and stored in characteristic banana boxes. These rectangular box-top boxes are made of sturdy three-ply corrugated cardboard and have some characteristics, although their external dimensions vary slightly depending on the brand and fruit size: 25 cm high × 38 cm wide × 50 cm long and up to 5 cm smaller each.
The top part, which is designed in the same way, but one to two cardboard thickness (s) larger and precisely built, is completely placed over the lower part, which is open at the top. The floor and ceiling are formed by folding strips that incompletely overlap, leaving an 8 × 20 to 16 × 30 cm central opening. These gaps are finally used for easy hand intervention to tear the adhesive bonds so that the box can be folded flat, i.e. compacted, and disposed of. These gaps at the top and bottom, together with further holes in the four sides and an additional high grip slot on each end face, enable good ventilation for air conditioning and gas maturation.
Thanks to the vertical fibers and corrugation and the complete doubling of the lower and upper part, the side walls of the cardboard boxes form a very stable frame that allows even filled cardboard boxes to be safely stacked up to a loading height in containers or semi-trailers of around 2.50 m. The goods are often presented in the open box at the retailer. If the lower part is slipped into the inverted upper part, the brand imprint is also shown. Some brands are printed in multiple colors on the outside of white cardboard for a high image, but most only in one or two dark colors on the typical medium brown of the kraft paper of corrugated cardboard. It was once common for each fruit to have a brand label, but such labels are now more used to declare organic quality and / or the number of a producer. Organic bananas, in particular, are protected against rot that occurs here by wrapping the stem cut with foil. The contents of some boxes are protected by being placed in a transparent PE sack. Usually the gap in the floor is covered with a stiff piece of paper before the bananas are inserted.
The robust banana boxes are mostly contaminated with fungicides . Nevertheless, they are often used for small, rather heavy household items or flea market goods, such as books or dishes. When opened, the lower and upper parts are suitable for presenting as a rubbing box and can still be stacked crosswise when they are filled with lighter goods.
Trivia
There is a museum in Germany that mainly deals with the banana. This is the virtual "banana sticker museum".
A second museum on the topic of "bananas" was the " First German Banana Museum " in Sierksdorf ( Baltic Sea ).
According to an ancient legend from today's Sri Lanka , the snake is said to have seduced Eve with a banana in paradise .
Bananas , of all things, is the German title of a hit from the Roaring Twenties , which has enjoyed numerous adaptations to this day. The exotic nimbus wasadaptedby Josephine Baker in 1926 and 1927 in the Revue Folies Bergère .
In the regular GDR retail trade (as in the whole of the Eastern Bloc), bananas and other “tropical fruits” were seldom to be bought and therefore developed into status symbols. Most of them were only accessible to hospitals, crèches and officials. In the film Die Schönste (1957/1959), which was ultimately shown only in 2002 , a scene with the kitchen table of a West Berlin working-class family had to be cut out because bananas and pineapples were lying on it and life in the West could not be portrayed better than that in the East.
In domestic German relations, in addition to coffee (cf. coffee crisis in the GDR ), bananas played a role, which were much more easily available in the Federal Republic. The BVG buses on route 98 that ran through the Berlin border crossing at Heiligensee / Stolpe were nicknamed "Banana" because of their color and the fruits brought by the pensioners.
In 1989 TV pictures showed how German citizens distributed bananas to GDR refugees who had left via Hungary. The title page of the satirical magazine Titanic (" Zonen-Gaby (17) im Glück (BRD): My First Banana") produced shortly before the fall of the Berlin Wall showed a young woman with an "East German" hairstyle and a cucumber peeled like a banana and became a well-known title page for reunification . In the supermarkets stormed by East Germans after the border was opened in November 1989, the bananas were the first to sell out.
The loading of bananas in Banana Boat Song (the best-known version is by Harry Belafonte ) sung where the tally man is responsible for the counting of bananas Bunch: Come, Mister you tally, tally me banana , German: Come, Mr. Tally man count my banana (the song is about someone who loads ships in port (with bananas) and closing time will make).
literature
- The Banana Dispute. Springer, ISBN 3-211-83727-2 (on the conflict over the banana market regime )
- Rainer Grießhammer , Claudia Burg: Who turns the banana: Colonial goods stories. Rowohlt, Reinbek near Hamburg 1995 (rororo, 9361), ISBN 3-499-19361-2 .
- Monika Machon, Gerhard Medoch: Manuel on the banana island . Volk und Wissen Verlag, ISBN 3-06-100391-6 (children's non-fiction book).
- Museum der Arbeit , Hamburg (ed.): Dance around the banana: commodity and cult object. [on the occasion of the exhibition of the same name from March 21 to September 28, 2003], Dölling und Galitz, Hamburg a. Munich 2003, ISBN 3-935549-48-2 .
- Lucas Rosenblatt, Helvetas - Swiss Society for International Cooperation (ed.): Bananas: History - Cultivation - Fair Trade - Recipes. Lenzburg: Fona, 2005, ISBN 3-03780-198-0
- Text of the regulation on quality standards for bananas
- Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2257/94 (PDF)of September 16, 1994 setting quality standards for bananas, amended by: Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1135/96 of June 24, 1996. This regulation came into effect on In force on 1 January 1995, it is binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States. Thespecific quality standards for bananas can be found in Appendix I.
- Kerstin Wilke: "The German Banana." Economic and cultural history of the banana in the German Empire 1900–1939. Dissertation approved by the Joint Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of the University of Hanover to obtain the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Dr. phil.), Hanover 2004.
Web links
economy
- The German Banana Economic and cultural history of the banana in the German Empire 1900–1939 (PDF; 3.99 MB)
- BANAFAIR Organization for the fair trade in bananas
- Taste it! Presentation of the " Bread for the World " campaign
botany
- A – Z of crops
- Description from Jacob Theodor's book of herbs
- Growing a banana tree
- Outdoor bananas in Central Europe
Museums
Individual evidence
- ↑ Waldemar Ternes , Alfred Täufel, Lieselotte Tunger, Martin Zobel (eds.): Food Lexicon . 4th, comprehensively revised edition. Behr, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-89947-165-2 . , Page 168
- ↑ Study on the origin of the banana (PDF; 1.5 MB)
- ↑ a b c d e More than a fruit. In: orf.at. October 31, 2012, accessed April 9, 2014 .
- ↑ Six drawings in the satirical magazine Puck , which appeared from 1871 to 1918: Puck's Banana Skin Manual ( Memento from April 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ The Banana Skin Manual . In: The Prairie Farmer . tape 64 , no. 41 . The Prairie Farmer Publishing Co., Chicago October 8, 1892, p. 656 ( Illinois Digital Newspaper Collection [accessed April 9, 2014] Reprinted two of the six drawings published in Puck with the indication of origin “The Queenslander”. “The› Vanderbilt Slide ‹” as “The Tourist's Trip” and “The› Croton Slam ‹ "As" The Backbone Buster ").
- ↑ Kerstin Wilke: "The German Banana." Economic and cultural history of the banana in the German Empire 1900–1939. Dissertation approved by the Joint Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of the University of Hanover to obtain the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Dr. phil.), Hanover, 2004, pp. 68–74.
- ↑ NDR television, April 4, 2018: Our story: When the banana came to the north
- ↑ Die Zeit 17/1999: Adenauer's words
- ↑ see also Helmut Lorscheid: Adenauer and the banana - or how the old chancellor came up with a new quote . In: Thomas Leif (Ed.): Passion: Research: Stories of scandal and disclosure reports , 2nd exp. 1999, p. 222 ff. ( Online )
- ^ Act to the treaties of March 25, 1957 establishing the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community - Protocol on the tariff quota for the import of bananas . In: The Federal Minister of Justice (Ed.): Federal Law Gazette . No. 23 . Bundesanzeiger-Verlagsgesellschaft mb H., Bonn 19 August 1957, p. 1008 ( online (pdf) ).
- ↑ Bernd Jürgen Warneken : Banana (pdf, p. 2)
- ↑ Wolfgang Pfeifer: Etymological dictionary. Online edition, version 1.0.78, banana. In: Digital dictionary of the German language .
- ^ Johann Christian August Heyse: General dictionary for the Germanization of foreign words and idioms used in our language . FIRST PART: A to K . Schulze, Oldenburg 1804, keyword "Banane", p. 67 ( full text version in Google Book Search [accessed October 3, 2014]).
- ↑ a b Paradise fig. In: Johann Christoph Adelung : Grammatical-critical dictionary of the high German dialect. Leipzig 1793–1801 ( woerterbuchnetz.de , University of Trier)
- ↑ Consequences of pesticides in conventional banana cultivation Report at öko-fair.
- ↑ Situation of workers and farmers , report at eco-fair
- ^ Pesticide scandal: Compensation of millions for impotent banana workers , spiegel.de, December 21, 2007
- ↑ Sweet fruit banana - unless you have to harvest it ( memento of the original from January 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. February 18, 2010.
- ↑ a b Crops> Bananas. In: Official FAO production statistics for 2018. fao.org, accessed on May 5, 2020 .
- ↑ Trade> Crops and livestock products> Bananas. In: Official FAO trade statistics for 2017. fao.org, accessed on December 22, 2019 .
- ^ Food Supply - Crops Primary Equivalent. In: FAO supply statistics for 2013. fao.org, accessed on December 22, 2019 (English).
- ↑ Steve Striffler: Banana Wars. Duke University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-8223-8528-8 , p. 36 ( limited preview in Google book search)
- ↑ a b Joachim Huber: Handling and storage of mobile cultural assets. transcript Verlag, 2015, ISBN 978-3-8394-0140-8 , p. 53 ( limited preview in the Google book search)
- ↑ thiabendazole at symptomat.de
- ^ Naturland eV: Organic Farming in the Tropics and Subtropics. Bananas. 2nd edition, Gräfelfing 2001, pp. 9-10 ( PDF; 327 kB ( Memento of the original from August 24, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. )
- ↑ Biochemical description of banana ripening. (PDF; 3.0 MB) Retrieved October 29, 2009 . P. 22
- ↑ Data sheet banana ripening gas. (PDF; 51 kB) (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on November 5, 2011 ; Retrieved October 29, 2009 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Data from the National Agricultural Library ( Memento of the original dated November 20, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. of the USDA , see also the nutritional table in the English Wikipedia
- ↑ EU nutrition labeling directive (EU NWKRL 90/496 / EEC)
- ↑ The Beginning of the End for Bananas? (No longer available online.) The Scientist - Magazine of the Life Sciences, archived from the original on July 24, 2011 ; Retrieved August 2, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ S. Galvis: Colombia confirms that dreaded fungus has hit its banana plantations. Science, 2019; doi: 10.1126 / science.aaz1033 .
- ↑ The banana giants' merger burst. In: orf.at. October 24, 2014, accessed October 24, 2014 .
- ↑ Bananas , at ARD - Planet Wissen
- ↑ Banana harvest with cable cars , accessed on February 15, 2016
- ↑ Banana Sticker Museum
- ↑ Martin Zips: Titanic Cover Girl: Zones Gaby unpacks. In: sueddeutsche.de. May 17, 2010, accessed on April 9, 2014 (print: Süddeutsche Zeitung of October 16, 2009).
