German Reich Committee for Physical Exercise
The German Reich Committee for Physical Exercise ( DRA , DRAfL ) was the umbrella organization for sport in Germany during the Weimar Republic .
history
The DRA emerged in 1917 from the German Reich Committee for the Olympic Games ( DRA , DRAfOS ). As a result of the First World War and its aftermath, Germany was excluded from the Olympic Games : it was unable to host the games planned for Berlin in 1916 , nor was it invited to those of 1920 and 1924 . The name change also expressed a departure from the Olympic idea. For the German athletes excluded from the Olympic Games, the Reich Committee established the German Fighting Games , which were held every four years from 1922 and comprised a program similar to the Olympic Games. To them also were abroad German (z. B. from Austria, Alsace and the Sudetenland) admitted.
In 1925 the national umbrella organization and the Olympic Committee separated: the newly founded German Olympic Committee promoted the re-approval of Germany, while the Reich Committee for Physical Exercise saw itself as the umbrella organization for sport in Germany. But it did not include all associations and sports. In particular, the clubs and associations of workers' sports stayed away from him. As early as 1912 you had founded your own umbrella organization, the Central Commission for Sport and Personal Care .
The Reich Committee for Physical Exercise was unlawfully dissolved on May 5th, 1933 (official announcement May 10th) - without the necessary resolution of the general meeting according to the statutes - and thus handed over organized civil sport to the National Socialists' urge to shape without resistance. After a transitional period, it was replaced in the following year by the German Reich Association for Physical Exercise (DRL), to which all sports associations and clubs that had not been banned until then were incorporated into a specialist office structure or were affiliated as associated member associations.
Predecessor institutions of the DRA
Surname | Period |
---|---|
Committee for the participation of Germany in the Olympic Games in Athens | 1895-1896 |
Committee for the participation of Germany in the Olympic Games in Paris | 1899-1900 |
German Committee for the Olympic Games in St. Louis 1904 | 1903-1904 |
German Reich Committee for the Olympic Games | 1904-1917 |
President of the DRA and its predecessor institutions
Surname | Term of office |
---|---|
Philipp Ernst zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst | 1895-1896 |
Aribert von Anhalt | 1899-1900 |
Eduard Max Vollrath Friedrich zu Salm-Horstmar | 1903-1905 |
Egbert Hoyer from Asseburg | 1905-1909 |
Victor von Podbielski | 1909-1916 |
Ulrich von Oertzen | 1916-1919 |
Theodor Lewald | 1919-1934 |
guide
The board had (1931) 27 members:
- 3 chairmen
- 3 vice chairmen
- 2 secretaries
- 2 treasurers
- 16 assessors
- the Secretary General
According to § 8 of the statutes, the minimum number was 16 people, of which at least 10 had to be members in the narrower sense (see below).
Leading functionaries of the DRA were Theodor Lewald (first chairman) and Carl Diem (general secretary), who actively pursued the instrumentalization of physical exercises in order to create the conditions for state funding.
Members
In 1932 it belonged to 47 associations, of which 36 were physical exercises and 11 were encouraging . In addition, 26 government, state and local authorities, 27 universities and 91 personal members were represented.
Members in the strict sense
As members in the narrower sense, the associations that drive physical exercises were considered . Their number of votes in the general assembly was based on their number of members.
- German and Austrian Alpine Club (founded in 1869 / joined in 1922)
- German Reich Association for Amateur Boxing (1920/1924)
- German Athletics Sports Association from 1891 e. V. (1891/1904)
- General German Automobile Club (1903/1925)
- Automobile Club of Germany (1899/1925)
- German Bobsleigh Association (1908/1920)
- "Eichenkreuz" (Association for Physical Exercise in the Protestant Young Men 's Associations in Germany ) (1921/1921)
- German Ice Skating Association (1888/1904)
- German Fencing Federation ( 1911/1904 )
- German Football Association (1900/1904)
- German Golf Association ( 1907/1913 )
- German Hockey Association (1909/1913)
- Reich Association for Jiu Jitsu (1920/1926)
- German youth force , Reich Association for physical exercises in cath. Unite (1920/1920)
- German Canoe Association ( 1914/1920 )
- German bowling association ( 1885/1922 )
- German Aviation Association (1902/1923)
- German Motorcyclists Association (1923/1925)
- Association of German Cyclists (Association of German Motorists) (1884/1904)
- German Cyclists and Motorists Association "Concordia" (1909/1922)
- Reich Association for Breeding and Testing of German Warmbloods (1905/1922)
- German Toboggan Association ( 1911/1922 )
- German Rowing Association (1883/1904)
- German Rugby Football Association (1900/1919)
- Reich Association for Small-Caliber Shooting Sports (merger 1926):
- German Rifle Federation (Kl.-Kal.-Schießen) (1861/1914)
- German cartel for hunting and sport shooting (Kl.-Kal.-Schießen) (1919/1922)
- Reich Association of German Small-bore Rifle Associations (1925/1926)
- Association of German Shooting Associations (merger 1924):
- Association of Shooting Clubs of German Hunters (1900/1914)
- German Rifle Federation (without Kl.-Kal.-Schützen) (1861/1919)
- German cartel for hunting and sport shooting (1914/1922)
- German Swimming Association (1886/1904)
- German Sailing Association (1888/1917)
- German Sailing Association (1912/1926)
- German Ski Association (1905/1913)
- German sports authority for athletics, handball and summer games (1898/1904)
- German Tennis Federation (1902/1904)
- German Gymnastics Association (1860/1906)
- General German Gymnastics Federation (1922/1925)
- Gymnast's guild in the German National Handicrafts Association ( 1922/1924 )
- Reich Association for Women's Gymnastics in Catholic Clubs (1927/1928)
Members in the broader sense
As members in the broader sense
- Associations promoting physical exercise
- Reich, state and municipal authorities that have agreed to support the DRA
- People who have made an outstanding contribution to physical exercise and who are willing to cooperate
They only had an advisory vote at the general meeting.
- Federation of the German State Railroad Gymnastics and Sports Associations in the Reich Association of Railway Associations (founded in 1926 / joined in 1931)
- Working Group of German Post Sports Clubs (1924/1931)
- German Association of Doctors (1873/1920)
- German Gymnastics Association (1925/1926)
- Young Germany Federation (1911/1913)
- General German Teachers' Association (1890/1926)
- German Association of Philologists (1904/1924)
- Association of German Sports Teachers (1918/1920)
- German gymnastics teacher association (1893/1919)
- Association of German Universities (? / 1928)
- German Society for Samaritan and Rescue Services (1909/1928)
- 26 Reich, state and local authorities
- 27 universities and colleges
- 91 Personal Members
Membership Statistics
The number of members of the affiliated associations in 1931 was:
Surname | societies | Members |
---|---|---|
German and Austrian Alpine Club | S: 438 | 195,000 |
German Reich Association for Amateur Boxing | 390 | 48,000 |
German Athletic Sports Association from 1891 | 860 | 121.151 |
General German Automobile Club | 1st floor: 1,400 | 133,000 |
Automobile Club of Germany | - | approx. 25,000 |
German Bobsleigh Association | 15th | approx. 900 |
"Oak Cross" (in the Protestant young men 's associations ) | 7,252 | 228.785 |
German Ice Skating Association | 145 | 16,000 |
German Fencing Federation | 49 | 1,720 |
German Football Association | 7,277 | 935.923 |
German Golf Association | 33 | 5,300 |
German Hockey Association | 499 | 33,099 |
Reich Association for Jiu Jitsu | 20th | 500 |
German youth force | 5,987 | 699.870 |
German Canoe Association | 550 | 20,000 |
German bowling association | O / K: 833 | 95,587 |
German Aviation Association | 524 | 44,773 |
German motorcycle association | 749 | 31,000 |
Association of German Cyclists | 2,500 | 75,000 |
German "Concordia" cycling and motorist association | 1,074 | 29,424 |
Reich Association for German Warmbloods | 345 | 210,000 |
German Toboggan Association | 35 | 1,500 |
German Rowing Association | 1,055 | 116,719 |
German Rugby Football Association | 65 | 20,000 |
Imperial community for small-bore shooting sports | ||
German Rifle Federation (KK) | k. A. | k. A. |
German Cartel for hunting and sport shooting (KK) | 1.010 | 96,000 |
Reich Association of German KK Rifle Associations | 6,054 | 304,000 |
Association of German Shooting Associations | ||
Association of shooting clubs German hunters | 24 | 16,082 |
German Schützenbund (without small bore shooting) | 1,930 | 63,389 |
German cartel for hunting and sport shooting | 70 | 15,000 |
German Swimming Association | 885 | 128,000 |
German Sailing Association | 152 | 22,000 |
German Sailing Association | 122 | 6.002 |
German Ski Association | 1,335 | 104,767 |
German sports authority for athletics | 5,358 | 618.520 |
German Tennis Federation | 1,017 | 97,749 |
German gymnastics club | 12,764 | 1,609,963 |
General German Gymnastics Federation | 400 | 40,000 |
Gymnastics Guild in the DHV | 265 | 55,000 |
Reich Association f. Women's gymnastics in cath. Unite | 4.120 | 260,000 |
S = sections - OG = local groups - O / K = 480 local clubs + 353 clubs - k. A. = no information (at the German Rifle Federation, the figures for small-bore and the remaining categories were not shown separately. The figures below are the total figures).
Surname | societies | Members |
---|---|---|
Federation of the Deutsche Reichsbahn-TSV | 254 | 44,500 |
AG German Post Sports Clubs | 80 | 41,000 |
German Association of Doctors | 617 | 41,100 |
German Gymnastics Association | - | 1,200 |
Federation of Young Germany | - | ? |
General German Teachers' Association | - | approx. 40,000 |
German Association of Philologists | 30th | 30,000 |
Association of German Sports Teachers | - | 727 |
German gymnastics teachers association | 10 | 2,789 |
Association of German Universities | - | ? |
German Ges. F. Samaritan u. Rescue services | K: 1,500 | 47,000 |
K = colleges
Significant non-members
With the exception of the workers' sports associations, it was almost only numerically small sports associations that did not belong to the DRA. The following are more important exceptions (as of 1931):
- Reich Association of German Mountain and Hiking Associations (founded in 1883, 63 associations, 240,000 members)
- Deutscher Turnerbund (founded in 1919, 816 clubs, 114,176 members). Not to be confused with today's German Gymnastics Federation (DTB), which sees itself as the successor to the German Gymnastics Association.
- Association of German Cycling Associations (merger in 1924, 1,420 clubs, 80,372 members)
- Association of rural riding and driving clubs in Germany (founded in 1922, 2,000 clubs, 60,000 members)
- German Anglers' Association (founded in 1900, 16,000 members)
- German Table Tennis Association (founded in 1925, 107 clubs, 10,000 members)
The sports badge
In 1912, the co-founder of the German University for Physical Education Carl Diem brought the idea of a sports badge from Stockholm to Germany. Such a badge was intended to demonstrate the activities and achievements of athletes by means of a publicly wearable symbol awarded by the sports association. As later showed, he rightly hoped that such a badge could promote the idea of mass sport in society.
In the same year, the Reich Committee for the Olympic Games decided to award an "award for versatile achievements in the field of physical exercise". This award was initially only available to men, until after the First World War the name was changed to German gymnastics and sports badges and was now also available for women. The German Reich Committee for Physical Exercise is responsible for this. In 1925 the Reich Youth Badge was introduced for boys and in 1927 for girls up to the age of 18 .
As the German Reich Sports Badge , the sports badge was adopted by the German Reich Association for Physical Exercise after the National Socialists came to power and then recognized as a state badge of honor in 1935, for which the Reich Sports Office is now responsible.
With the badge in its temporal modifications owed to the political developments in the German Reich, a public recognition for versatile achievements in the field of physical exercise was to be expressed. According to the foundation documents, which in principle remained unchanged over time, the German Reich Sports Badge demanded "a five-fold good performance, it is a performance test for heart and lung strength, for elasticity, for the possession of physical dexterity, speed and endurance".
The purpose of the German Reich Sports Badge was to provide an incentive
- to achieve the high level of general physical education necessary for the “people's strength” and
- to preserve this physical ability into old age.
The German Reich Sports Badge was awarded in three classes, in bronze, in silver (silvered) and in gold (gold-plated).
The sports badge consisted of a metal badge with a high oval wreath of oak leaves, which was tied with a ribbon at the bottom. The badge could be attached to clothing with a pin attached to the rear (for male wearers) or brooching (for female wearers). Inside the wreath were the ornate initials of the donor (sponsoring) organization in chronological order:
- DRA
- DRL from 1935 with a swastika on the top placed on the ribbon bow.
In contrast to this, the Reichsjugendabzeichen / Reichssportjugendabzeichen had the shape of a round wreath of oak leaves, with the ornate initials “RJA” on the inside, and from 1935 with a swastika on the bottom.
Non-ferrous metal (bronze) was used as the material for the badge, which was silver-plated or gold-plated depending on the level.
From 1935 the German Reichs-Sport-Badge was in a not clearly expressed competition to the SA-Sport-Badge (from 1938 SA-Wehrabzeichen), which was created under the sponsorship of the SA to combine the idea of military ability with the exercise of sport.
Until the end of the award in 1944, the number of acquisitions was around 1.5 million athletes. After the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany, after some activities in individual federal states, the German sports badge was re-created in 1952 on the initiative of the German Sports Confederation .
Events
The German Reich Committee for Physical Exercise carried out the German fighting games from 1922 to 1930 :
German fighting games (summer) |
German fighting games (winter)
|
literature
- Carl Diem (Ed.): Yearbook of physical exercises 1931. Yearbook for popular and youth games . (Weidmannsche Buchhandlung), Berlin 1931
- Carl Diem (Hrsg.): Yearbook of physical exercises 1932. Yearbook for popular and youth games . (Weidmannsche Buchhandlung), Berlin 1932
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Arnd Krüger , Rolf Pfeiffer: Theodor Lewald and the instrumentalization of physical exercises and sport . In: Uwe Wick, Andreas Höfer (Ed.): Willibald Gebhardt and his successors (= series of publications by the Willibald Gebhardt Institute, Volume 14). Meyer & Meyer, Aachen 2012, pp. 120–145, ISBN 978-3-89899-723-2 .
- ↑ Roland Naul: National Olympic and German fighting games . In: Manfred Lämmer (Hrsg.): Germany in the Olympic movement. An interim balance . NOK for Germany, Frankfurt am Main 1999, ISBN 3-87064-110-X , pp. 25-35.