Dhirāʿ
Dhirāʿ ( Arabic ذراع Elle ) was an Arabic measure of length that was used in numerous Islamic countries and in Greece . In Turkey , the measure Diraa / Draa was written and it was also referred to as spades .
There were a variety of ells in Arabic . The starting point for all calculations is the cubit of the Nilometer of Roda from the year 861. This cubit measures 54.04 centimeters . This is the Abbasid black cubit .
According to Walter Hinz's information, the individual cubits now follow in alphabetical order:
- Dhirāʿ al-ʿamal , Egyptian “practical cubit”, corresponded to the Hāschimī cubit = 66.5 cm.
- adh-Dhirāʿ al-ʿāmma , "common cubit", probably corresponds to the black cubit = 54.04 cm.
- adh-Dhirāʿ al-baladīya , according to measurements it was 58.26 cm, corresponding to the spade and the Cairin cloth cubit = 58.26 cm.
- Dhirāʿ al-barīd , Postelle, identical to the canonical cubit = 49.875 cm
- Dhirāʿ al-bazz , cloth cubit , mainly known as spades in the Levant dumbbell . It differed greatly from city to city: Cairo and Alexandria 58.187 cm, Damascus 63.035 cm, Haleb 67.7 cm, Tripoli (Lebanon) 64 cm, Jerusalem was 64.77 cm, Baghdad in the 19th century 80.26 cm.
- adh-Dhirāʿ al-Bilālīya , a cubit that goes back to the Basrian Qādī Bilāl ibn Abī Burd (d. 739), also called "small Hāschimī cubit", = 60,055 cm.
- Dhirāʿ ad-dūr , "house cubit" allegedly introduced by the Kufic Qādī Ibn Abī Lailā (d. 765), was 1 2/3 smaller than the black cubit, ie 50.3 cm.
- Dhirāʿ al-hadīd , "iron cubit", was used in the 15th century in Egypt and in the Hejaz as a cloth cubit = 58.187 cm.
- adh-Dhirāʿ al-Hāschimīya , “ Hashimite cubit ”, it is said to have had its name since the Abbasid al-Mansūr (r. 754-75). The large Hashimite cubit measures approximately 66.5 cm, the small 60.055 cm.
- Dhirāʿ al-hindasa , was mostly used in Egypt to measure Indian cloths. Today this length is 65.6 cm.
- adh-Dhirāʿ al-Istanbulīya , the yardstick of Istanbul , used in Egypt to measure European cloth, corresponds to 68.579 cm.
- Dhirāʿ al-malik , corresponds to the large Hashimite cubit, i.e. 66.5 cm.
- adh-Dhirāʿ al-miʿmārīya , "Bau-Elle", in the Middle Ages 79.8 cm, in the 19th century it was standardized to 75 cm in alignment with the metric system.
MH Sauvaire also mentions the hand cubit ( ḏirāʿ al-yad ). According to his calculation, it corresponds to 45.12 cm.
literature
- Walther Hinz : Islamic measures and weights: converted into the metric system. EJ Brill, Leiden / Cologne 1970, pp. 55-62.
- Helmut Kahnt, Bernd Knorr: Old measures, coins and weights: a lexicon. Licensed edition of the Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig. Bibliographical Institute, Mannheim / Vienna / Zurich 1986, ISBN 978-3-411-02148-2 , p. 68.
- Peter Kurzweil: The Vieweg unit lexicon: formulas and terms from physics, chemistry and technology. Springer-Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-322-92920-4 , p. 100.
- MH Sauvaire: "Matériaux pour servir à l'histoire de la numismatique et de la métrologie musulmanes" in Journal Asiatique VIII / 8 (1886) 489-514. Digitized