Dilruba
Dilruba (in Urdu also delroba, delrubā , Persian دلربا) is a North Indian string instrument comparable to the sarangi and closely related to the esraj .
Design and style of play
The dilruba probably originated in the Mughal period , possibly as a slimmer version of the mayuri vina ( tau ) with its characteristic peacock-shaped body, which esraj was probably made in the 19th century. The resonance body of the dilruba is somewhat wider and less indented on the sides, which creates a fuller sound. The instrument has about 15 attachments for sympathetic strings along the side of the fingerboard , usually four main strings run over the bridge , only one of which is bowed as a melody string, the other three are drone strings . There are dilruba made with up to 20 resonance and five melody strings, all of which are made of metal.
The fingerboard with metal brackets as frets corresponds to that of the sitar , the fur-covered body resembles the sarangi . Some of the frets can be moved to match the pitch of the raga being played. The dilruba and the Afghan plucked instrument rubāb have the same skin coverage and number of strings .
The pitch is determined with the index finger of the left hand, with the middle finger the game can be accelerated. In contrast to the sitar , the strings do not have to be pressed down to the fret, but only touched. This makes it possible to play nuances in places without a fret. The bow ( gaz ) is deleted in a similar way to the sarangi . The musician sits cross-legged on the floor and lets the instrument rest vertically on the left knee, or it stands on the floor and leans against the left shoulder.
distribution
The dilruba is one of the musical instruments of the light classical music and of the khyal direction ( Persian خيال), the most commonly played style of classical North Indian music . It is particularly widespread in the north-west of the country and in Pakistan , the esraj more in the eastern region of Bengal .
In the music played by Pashtuns in Afghanistan , the folk musical instrument sarinda was often replaced by the dilruba or sarangi from the middle of the 20th century, under increasing Indian influence . In professional bands in Afghan cities, the dilruba was an additional accompanying instrument alongside the singer and harmonium player, the rubāb, dutār and tabla . Two or three dilruba could also accompany a rubab player.
The Kabul bohemian district of Charabat was a center of Afghan music. The well-known Dilruba musician Ustad Nazar was also a member of Ghulam Hossein's orchestra , which began playing popular music on the newly founded Radio Kabul in the 1940s . Nazar also played in the Ustad Qasem orchestra .
It found its way into European pop music through its use in George Harrison's composition Within You Without You from 1967, together with other Indian instruments.
Discography
- Baluji Shrivastav: The Art of the Indian Dilruba. Arc Music, CD 1998
literature
- Dilruba. In: Stanley Sadie (Ed.): The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments. Macmillan Press, London 1984, Vol. 1, p. 569
- Alastair Dick: Dilrubā. In: Grove Music Online, February 11, 2013
Web links
- David Courtney: Dilruba. chandrakantha.com
- Ashwin Batish: The Dilruba. Musical Instruments of India Series, Batish Institute
Individual evidence
- ^ David Courtney: Stringing and tuning the dilruba and esraj. chandrakantha.com (Figure for comparison: dilruba above, esraj below)
- ^ John Baily : Music of Afghanistan: Professional Musicians in the City of Herat. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1988, pp. 83, 103, 118, 133 (fig.)