Tlicho

The Tlicho (pronounced 'Tlee-chon') or Tłı̨chǫ ('dog's rib', hence formerly known as Dogrib ), are a First Nation of the North Slave Region of the Northwest Territories of Canada . The English name Dogrib is a translation of their own name as Tłįchǫ Done ( Tłįchǫ got'ı̨ı̨̀ or Thlingchadinne - 'Dog-Flank People', 'Dogrib People' - 'Hunderippen-Volk'), which referred to their fabulous descent from a supernatural dog -People.

Together with the South Slavey (Deh Cho Dene, Dene Tha and Deh Gá´Got'ine), North Slavey (Sahtu) (K'ahsho Got'ine / Hare (skin) Dene, Shita Got'ine / Mountain Dene and Sahtu Dene / (Great) Bear Lake Dene), Chipewyan (Denésoliné or Dënesųłiné) and the Yellowknife (T'atsaot'ine) they form the five bands (tribal groups) of the Dene (Dené) , which linguistically belong to the Northern Athapasques of the Na-Dené- Count language family . The Dene (Dene is the common term for “people” among Athapasques) in Denendeh (“Land of the Dene”, today's Northwest Territories ), Nunavuts and the neighboring areas of Manitoba , Saskatchewan , Alberta and British Columbia are particularly closely related with the Alaskan tribes, also linguistically one of the Northern Athapasques, the Alaska Dene, who called themselves Dinaa or Dena ("people").

The Diné (Navajo) and Apaches (T'Inde, Inde, N'de, N'ne) have similar names to the Dene (Northern Athapasques), but belong to the Southern Athapasques .

The Tłįchǫ or Tåîchô usually refer to themselves simply as the neighboring Athapaskan First Nations as Done (pronounced: 'don-ay'-' Volk '), Dene (pronounced:' den-ay '-' Volk ') or Done Do (' Dene People'). Today, however, they prefer the terms Tłįchǫ or simply Done to the English name Dogrib in order to distinguish themselves from the other Dene groups.

The Tłįchǫ were spiritually deeply connected to the land on and from which they lived, which is also reflected in its name - they simply called it Ndé, Dé , Dèe or Né .

language

The Dogrib or Tłįchǫ Yatiì language belongs to the Athapaskan group of the Na-Dené language family and, according to the Canadian Census of 2006, is still spoken by about 2,640 Tłįchǫ. The so-called Detah-Ndilo dialect (or Weledeh dialect, also Weledeh Dogrib), which is spoken in the communities of Dettah and N'Dilo, developed from mixed marriages between Yellowknife and Tłįchǫ. While in other communities of the Tłįchǫ the language is still acquired and mastered by children, there are only a few tribal members of the Yellowknives Dene First Nation under 40 who speak Weledeh-Tłįchǫ Yatiì fluently due to the proximity to the city of Yellowknife .

residential area

Their almost 295,000 km² extensive traditional area extended in the forest tundras , river and lake areas of the North Slave Region in Denendeh (Northwest Territories) west of the north shore of the Great Slave Lake ( Tideh , Tindi - 'Big Lake') to the north to the Great Bear Lake ( Sahti Deè , Sahti - 'Bear Lake'), in the west to the Mackenzie River ( Dehtso - 'Big River') and to Contwoyto Lake ( Kok'eeti ), Aylmer Lake ( Ts'eehgooti ) and Artillery Lake ( ʔedaatsoti ) in the tundra in the east, some groups moved as far as Nunavut .

In the east and south of the Tłįchǫ (Dogrib) lived the Chipewyan (Dënesųłiné) , in the east along the northeastern bank of the Great Slave Lake, on the Yellowknife River northwards to the Coppermine River and Great Bear Lake, the Yellowknife (T'atsaot'ine) , in the west on West and south banks of the Great Slave Lake to the Mackenzie River and Liard River various groups of the South Slavey , in the north west and north of the Great Barensee the North Slavey (Hare (skin) Dene) and west of the Mackenzie River the North Slavey (Mountain Dene) . Their main enemies, the Chipewyan, Yellowknife and in their hunting grounds robbery and counted slaves trains enterprising Algonquian speaking Cree . On the other hand, they were mostly on friendly terms with the various Slavey groups.

Culture and way of life

The Tłįchǫ were hunters and gatherers - especially caribou hunters , who were known for their sophistication and elegance in decorating the caribou skins for their dwellings. In addition, they also hunted species of birds, as well as moose , wood bison , musk oxen , elk , lynx , hare and gathered roots, berries and lichens. The rivers and lakes also provided a habitat for numerous species of fish, including many species of salmon . They also captured wolverine skins , minkskins , ermine skins , beaver skins and otter skins for their clothing and later as a commodity in the fur trade .

The usual dwelling of the Tłįchǫ was a tent covered with caribou skins , although in harsh and severe winters they sometimes built wooden huts covered with bushes and undergrowth.

As neighboring sub-Arctic peoples also insisted their social organization of many independent, egalitarian -run local groups and hunt groups (Engl. Regional bands ), each with their own territory. These groups consisted of one or more extended families , who for most of the year wandered nomadically through the shared area independently of the regional group . Like the other Dene tribes, they did not form tribes in the colonial sense and were only loosely organized in small groups - and were very similar to their traditional arch enemies in the east, the Yellowknife. These, until the 19th century one of the most important and most populous Dene peoples, were, in contrast to their Dene neighbors, known as bold and daring warriors, who unscrupulously often used the good nature of their neighbors to their advantage, and were arrogant and arrogant towards them occurred. In retaliation, the Yellowknife were finally revenged and slowly decimated by neighboring peoples, including the Tłįchǫ, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

Despite the hostile tribes, the Tłįchǫ - like other Dene - did not have a system of organized warfare with military and war societies, as they traditionally valued individual freedom in their culture. The leaders also had limited authority based on their leadership, judgment and generosity.

Religion and prophetism

The original religion of the Tłįchǫ was animistic (universal soul) and corresponded to the religion of the other northern athabasques . Today most of them are officially Catholic. Visions for the acquisition of "Ink'on" (knowledge or power, as well as their donors and recipients) have played an essential role with the athabasques since ancient times . The visionaries of the Tłįchǫ already told the first missionaries in the 19th century that they had spoken directly to (their highest) God. This has survived to this day: Modern Tłįchǫ prophets speak to the Christian God and, in the presence of Catholic priests, they say that God has instructed them to preach moral reform and, above all, to renounce card games and alcohol, provided they have their own Ink'on would drop beforehand. Except for the singing of dream songs and traditional rituals, the sermons of these prophets are approved by the church. Outside the Christian sphere of influence more or less many elements of have to this day traditional faith received (see also: syncretism ) .

history

Nehiyaw-Pwat trade monopoly

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the French and English competed fiercely around Hudson Bay for the furs of foxes , beavers and muskrats .

However, from 1670 onwards , Swampy Cree and Woodland Cree had earlier contact with European traders and their products (hardware, weapons, ammunition, pearls) through the establishment of the York Factory trading post of the Hudson's Bay Company and thus had a direct military advantage over neighboring tribes. The Assiniboine living to the south then formed a strong military alliance with the Cree (at the beginning of the 18th century the plains Ojibwa (also Saulteaux) , which stretched west and south-west ), which was called 'Iron Confederacy' - but the Cree called the alliance Nehiyaw -Pwat (in Cree : Nehiyaw - 'Cree' and Pwat or Pwat-sak - 'Sioux enemies').

This enabled the Nehiyaw-Pwat to set up an extensive canoe trading system along Lake Winnipeg and the Nelson River , Rainy Lake , the Lake of the Woods , the Winnipeg River and from Lake Winnipeg northeast to the York Factory on Hudson Bay from 1680 onwards . Many Cree groups settled in the vicinity of the trading posts in order to first get the goods that were important to them (especially rifles, ammunition, metal goods, knives, awls, axes, tomahawks , kettles, tobacco and alcohol) and then to get the Intermediate trade with the peoples in the west ( Blackfoot , Gros Ventre , Sarcee ), in the north (Chipewyan, Tłįchǫ, Daneẕaa (formerly known as Beaver ), Slavey, Yellowknife) and in the south ( Hidatsa , Mandan ) should be monopolized. Without the trade monopoly of the Nehiyaw-Pwat , who had control over the only routes of transport, the rivers and lakes used in so-called fur - trading canoes , the fur trade , especially Hudson's Bay and the North West Company, would never have existed.

At the same time, thanks to better weapons equipment, they expanded west and north - with military action against the Chipewyan, Daneẕaa and Slavey in the north and the Dakota in the south (1670–1700). Many Cree now left the Hudson Bay area (from around 1740), where the fur trading company had set up a first trading post on Waswanipi Lake. In addition, from 1670 the Nehiyaw-Pwat hunted slaves among the neighboring tribes, especially the Dene in the north, who were not so defensible, such as Slavey, Chipewyan and Yellowknife, were victims of slave hunts. The fur trade only exacerbated the existing conflicts over the region's resources between the Chipewyan and Cree (referred to by the Chipewyan as ena - 'enemy').

Compensation and alliance with the Nehiyaw-Pwat

Thanadelthur ('Marten Jumping'), a young Chipewyan (according to some tradition a Slavey), was robbed in 1713 by raiding raids from the Cree on the Great Slave Lake, but was able to escape in 1714. She led William Stewart, a HBC dealer, and 150 Cree to the east bank of the Great Slave Lake and brokered peace between Chipewyan and Cree. The HBC then set up the Fort Prince of Wales trading post on the Churchill River in 1717 , thus enabling the Chipewyan for the first time direct access to a European trading post and the Cree an undisturbed intermediate trade between the HBC and the northwest.

The Chipewyan and Cree made peaceful contacts between 1716 and 1760 and formed an alliance against their common enemies, the Inuit (whom they called hotel ena - 'enemies of the (low) plains'), Tłįchǫ, Slavey and Yellowknife - whom they direct from Wanted to keep out of contact with the trading posts in order to maintain their position as middlemen.

Now that the Chipewyan were armed with rifles by the fur trading companies, they dominated their Athapaskan Dene neighbors, the Tłįchǫ and the Yellowknife, in the 18th century, denying them access to the fur trading stations and forcing them to sell their furs. Some Chipewyan groups moved further north into the boreal forests to hunt and set traps, as these areas had more fur animals that were important for trade. Other Chipewyan stayed away from the trade and bases of the Europeans and kept their traditional way of life as hunter-gatherers. Between 1781 and 1784, however, a leaf epidemic ended their dominance over the neighboring Dene peoples, as between 50 and 90 percent of the Chipewyan fell victim to it.

Fur trade, epidemics, wars

Samuel Hearne first encountered groups from Yellowknife in 1770 when he was about to open the area to the fur trade on behalf of the Hudson's Bay Company. However, when the fur trade expanded westward to the Great Slave Lake in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the Yellowknife also took advantage of their strategic local advantage and for a short time drove the Tłįchǫ out of the area along the Yellowknife River . At the beginning of the 19th century, the Yellowknife had already been decimated by epidemics brought in by whites and Tlingit traders, armed conflicts over access to the fur trade and hunger. In addition, the iron goods imported by European traders, the Yellowknife, made it difficult to survive because they could no longer exchange their copper knives, axes and other tools for food with neighboring tribes.

In 1823, in retaliation for their expulsion from the Yellowknife River, a Tłįchǫ war troop attacked a camp of the already weakened Yellowknife at Great Bear Lake and forced them to withdraw from the traditional caribou hunting grounds of the Tłįchǫ in this region and seek refuge with the Chipewyan. Some Yellowknife also joined the Tłįchǫ.

Groups of Tłįchǫ

The Tłįchǫ today consist of the following six regional groups (or bands ):

• Tagahot'in (also Tahga Got'ɻi or Ta ga hoti - 'Follow the Shore People', 'People along the shore of the North Arm of Great Slave Lake', hiked between Rae and Yellowknife along the northern arm of Great Slave Lake)
  • Enotahot'in (now live in the region between Dettah ('Burnt Point', a traditional fishing camp, in English Trout Rock - 'Trout Rock') in the north and Enotah in the south along the east bank of the northern arm of Great Slave Lake, In the past, the preferred fishing grounds of the Tłįchǫ were on the west bank around kwenageh ( Rock rolling - 'rolling rock', today's Wrigley Point), as their enemies who fished and hunted Chipewyan on the east bank) - today's Dettah First Nation , member of the Yellowknives Dene First Nation
  • Betcokont'in ('Big-Knife-House-People' or 'Fort People', also Klin-tchanpe - 'Rae band' or 'actual Dogrib' called lived and traded at Fort Rae (now Old Fort Rae), had their hunting grounds in the region of the later Rea-Edzo and today's Behchokò) - former Dogrib Rae Band
• Tsontihot'in (also Tsti Got'ɻi , Coti hoti or Tsan-tpie-pottine - 'Filth Lake People' - 'Feces Lake People', lived and fished along the rivers and lakes around Lac La Martre ( Tsotsi - 'Marder- See '), hence also called' Marten Lake People ', two local groups between 1925 and 1952) - former Whatí First Nation
  • Egak'inlin
  • Mingot'in ('People of the Nets')
• Detsinlahot'in ( Dechɻlaa Got'ɻi - Decila hoti - 'Edge of the Woods People', 'Treeline People', hunted, fished and lived along catchment areas of the rivers (especially the Snare and Wecho Rivers) around Russel Lake to Rae am At the end of the northern arm of Great Slave Lake, caribou and musk ox also hunted eastward in the tundra , divided into three local groups) - former Dechi Laot'i First Nations
  • Detsinlahot'in
  • Wekwitihot'in ('Snare Lake People', around Snare Lake all groups of the Detsinlahot'in and other Tłįchǫ groups gathered to go caribou hunt, the Wekwitihot'in moved along the Snare River to the caribou hunting grounds along the Yellowknife River and Coppermine River)
  • Xozihot'in (also Hozihot'in - 'Barrens Land People', hunted in the tundra (hozii, ekiika nèkèdoo, English barren grounds) eastwards along the Coppermine River to Point Lake , sometimes even to Contwoyto Lake )
• Et'at'in (also Et'aat'ɻi , Etati - 'People Next to Another People', also E'taa got'i - 'Rae Lakes People', lived along a chain of lakes, all in the Marian River ( Golo Ti Deè ), and from the north arm of Great Slave Lake northwards along Faber Lake and Hottah Lake , Clut Lake and Camsell River to McTavish Arm (or McTavish Bay ) and Conjuror Bay on the south shore of Great Bear Lake, the They used the Emile River , a tributary of the Marian River, as an access route to the caribou hunt grounds) - formerly Gamèti First Nation
• Satihot'in (also Sahti Got'ɻi , Sahti K'e Hot'iį or Sati hoti - 'Bear Lake People', also Ttse-pottine - 'Canoe People') lived and hunted from Rae along a chain of lakes northwards to to the south bank of Great Bear Lake, originally probably indistinguishable from the Et'at'in , they lived mostly north of the Et'at'in after the establishment of the trading posts, some descendants now live in Rae, traded at Old Fort Rae until 1914 (Nihshih K'e, Ninhsin Kon), then only with Tulita (Tiłiht'a, Tiłiht'a Kǫ, formerly Fort Norman ) and Déline (pronounced: 'De-la-nay', also Dôline , formerly Fort Franklin ), with the Hare Dene , also acting here , some Mountain Dene and South Slavey , they soon formed an independent group, the Satihot'in or Sahtu Dene - today's Begade Shotagotine (or Begaee Shuhagot'ine ) and Deline First Nation (Délînê Got'înê)
• Wuledehot'in ( Woóle Dee Got'ɻi or Wulede hoti - 'Inconnu River People', today call themselves Weledeh Yellowknives Dene , derived from weleh - ' White salmon (English: Inconnu) ' and deh - 'River') - today's Yellowknives The First Nation

Well-known Tłįchǫ Trading Chiefs (Donek'awi)

• Bear Lake Chief (* 1852 - † 1913), also known as Francis Yambi , Eyambi or Eyirape , was perhaps the best known and most important Tłįchǫ Trading Chief (Donek'awi) and therefore also known as K'aàwidaà ("Supreme, Supreme Trader") known; In 1872 he married Emma Kowea (* 1854) in Tulita (Tiłiht'a, Tiłiht'a Kǫ, formerly Fort Norman ) together they had nine children, a member of the Sahtigot'in ("People at Great Bear Lake") he soon became the most important Trading Chief (Donek'awi) for various Tłįchǫ bands that traded at Old Fort Rae (Nihshih K'e, Ninhsin Kon) and Fort Norman and later at Déline (Dôline, formerly Fort Franklin ) - through the arrival of Sahtigot'in and Et 'at'in (“People Next to Another People”, also E'taa got'i - “People from the Rae Lakes”) of the Tłįchǫ, various Dane bands in Tulita and Déline developed a new independent identity as Satihot'in or Sahtu Dene ; he was born on an island in Lac Ste. Croix buried north of the settlement of Gameti (Rae Lakes).
• Edzo , Tłįchǫ Donek'awi
• Dzemi , also known as Ekawi Dzimi or Jimmie , Tłįchǫ Donek'awi and K'awo (chief) of the Dechi Laot'i (“Edge of the Woods People”)
• Ewainghan , also known as Rabesca , Tłįchǫ Donek'awi and K'awo (chief) of the Et'aa got'in (“People Next to Another People”)
• Drygeese , also known as Dry Geese , Tłįchǫ Donek'awi
• Beniah , Tłįchǫ Donek'awi
• Little Crapeau , Tłįchǫ Donek'awi
• Chief Castor , Tłįchǫ Donek'awi
• Monfwi (* May 21, 1866 - † 1936), also known as Ewaro'A ("Little Mouth") Tłįchǫ Donek'awi and K'awo (chief) of the Dechi Laot'i ("Edge of the Woods People")

Today's Tłįchǫ First Nations

The approximately 4,000 Tłįchǫ today live mostly in four different communities: Gamèti ('rabbit lake', formerly Rae Lakes ), Wekweètì ('rock lake', formerly Snare Lake ), Whati ('Marder-See', hence formerly Lac la Martre ) and Behchokò ('Place of Mbehcho' or 'Big Knife Place', consists of two parishes: Rae and Edzo, formerly Rea-Edzo ). In addition, there are many T'atsaot'ine with mostly Tłįchǫ descent in the two communities Dettah (also Detah ) and N'Dilo (pronounced 'Dee-Low'), at the top of Latham Island, a district of Yellowknife , the present-day N'Dilo First Nation and Dettah First Nation , which together form the Yellowknives Dene First Nation .

Yellowknives Dene First Nation (formerly Yellowknife B Band)

Akaitcho Treaty 8 Tribal Corporation or Akaitcho Territory Government

After the discovery of gold in the region around Yellowknife (in Dogrib : Somba K'e - 'there where the money is'), Dogrib, Chipewyan and members of the Yellowknife gathered and settled in what is now the city of Yellowknife or in the traditional settlement of Dettah (also Detah - 'Burnt Point', the Tłįchǫ name of a traditional fishing camp, in English Trout Rock - 'Trout rock'). The Yellowknife settlement N'Dilo (pronounced 'Dee-Low') was built on the tip of Latham Island in the 1950s with government funds. Many Yellowknife of mostly Tłįchife descent and some Chipewyan live in both settlements. In the 1990s, the First Nations of Dettah and N'Dilo merged to form the Yellowknives Dene First Nation . The tribe members speak the Dettah-Ndilo dialect of Tłįchǫ Yatıì , which developed due to the marriages between mostly Woóle Dee Got'ɻi ('Inconnu River People') of the Tłįchǫ as well as the Yellowknife and Chipewyan and call themselves Weledeh Yellowknives Dene (expired. from weleh - ' white salmon (English: Inconnu) ' and deh - 'river'), reserves: Dettah Settlement, Ndilo Settlement, Yellowknife Settlement, population: 1,459

• Dettah Yellowknives Dene First Nation (the settlement of Dettah is located on the north bank of the Great Slave Lake, outside the capital Yellowknife, approx. 6.5 km by ice road in winter and approx. 27 km from the city in summer)
• N'Dilo Yellowknives Dene First Nation (the settlement of N'Dilo or Ndilo is located on Latham Island within the metropolitan area of ​​Yellowknife, the most populous settlement in the Yellowknives Dene First Nation)

Tłįchǫ Government (Tåîchô Government) (formerly Dog Rib Rae Band)

The band, also known as the Tłįchǫ First Nation , emerged from a merger of several groups in the so-called Tłįchǫ Agreement in 2003:

• Dogrib Rae Band ( Behchokò - 'place of Mbehchoe', formerly Rae-Edzo , as it consists of two parishes: Rae and Edzo, population: 2,926)
• Whatí First Nation (municipality of Whati - 'Marder-See', therefore called Lac La Martre until January 1, 1996, population: 635)
• Gamèti First Nation ( Gamèti municipality , until August 4, 2005: called Rae Lakes, population: 348)
• Dechi Laot'i First Nations (Wekweètì municipality - 'rocky lakes', written Wekweti until August 4, 2005 , and was called Snare Lake until November 1, 1998, population: 177)
• Dogrib Treaty 11 Council

The Tłįchǫ Agreement

On August 25, 2003, the Tłįchǫ signed a land tenure agreement with the Canadian government. The agreement will transfer an area of ​​39,000 km² between the Great Bear Lake and the Great Slave Lake in the Northwest Territories to the Tłįchǫ.

The Tłįchǫ will have their own government organs in the four municipalities - Gamèti (Rae Lakes, Gamèti First Nation ), Wekweètì (Snare Lake, Dechi Laot'i First Nations ), Whati (Lac la Martre, Whatí First Nation ) and Behchokò (consists of two Municipalities: Rae and Edzo, Dogrib Rae Band ) - of which the boss must be a Tłįchǫ, although everyone can become a council member and vote. The legislature, along with other authorities, will have the power to collect taxes, incorporate resource royalties currently still flowing to the federal government, and control hunting, fishing and industrial development. The four bands - the Dogrib Rae Band , Whatí First Nation , Gamèti First Nation and Dechi Laot'i First Nations - as well as the Dogrib Treaty 11 Council, were therefore dissolved on August 4, 2005 and joined the Tłįchǫ Government (also Tåîchô Government or Tłįchǫ First Nation ) together.

The Tłįchǫ will also receive payments of 152 million Canadian dollars over 15 years and approximately 3.5 million dollars annually.

The federal government will retain control of the criminal law that applies across Canada, and the Northwest Territories will control services such as health care and education.

This land allocation process took 20 years to complete. A similar process with the Inuit in the Northwest Territories brought about the creation of the new Nunavut Territory . Although the Tłįchǫ do not want a separate territory, the expansion of their power has drawn comparisons with both the birth of Nunavut and the creation of the Northwest Territories government in 1967.

See also

List of North American Indian tribes

Web links

• Article: Globe and Mail
• Lessons From the Land: The Idaa Trail

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Tłı̨chǫ Yatıı̀ Enı̨htłʼè / A Dogrib Dictionary ( Memento of the original from July 13, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 1.3 MB) 
2. ↑ One way of saying Dene?
3. ↑ Tłįchǫ Yatiì
4. ↑ Weledeh Dogrib
5. ↑ Dogrib Knowledge of Placenames, Caribou and Habitat  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 1.2 MB)  
6. ↑ Frederick Webb Hodge: Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico V. 4/4 , Publisher: Digital Scanning Inc, 2003, ISBN 978-1582187518
7. ↑ Barry M. Pritzker: A Native American Encyclopedia. History, Culture and Peoples. Oxford University Press, New York 2000, ISBN 978-0-19-513877-1 . P. 500.
8. ↑ Christian F. Feest : Animated Worlds - The religions of the Indians of North America. In: Small Library of Religions , Vol. 9, Herder, Freiburg / Basel / Vienna 1998, ISBN 3-451-23849-7 . P. 191.
9. ^ Fort Chipewyan
10. ^ Carl Waldman: Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes , Publisher: Checkmark Books, 2006, pp. 327f., ISBN 978-0-8160-6274-4
11. ↑ Lessons From the Land: The Idaa Trail ( Memento of the original from October 11, 2002 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
12. ↑ June Heim: Prophecy and Power Among the Dogrib Indians, University of Nebraska Press 1994, ISBN 978-0803223738
13. ↑ June Helm: The People of Denendeh: Ethnohistory of the Indians of Canada's Northwest Territories , Mcgill Queens University Press 2009, ISBN 978-0773521452
14. ↑ Other Tłįchǫ claimed that they spoke pure Tłįchǫ Yatiì , because apart from neighboring Tłįchǫ they had no direct contact with any other tribe
15. ↑ Kerry Abel: Drum Songs: Glimpses of Dene History , Mcgill Queens University Press 2005, ISBN 978-0773530034
16. ^ William C. Sturtevant, June Helm: Handbook of North American Indians: Subarctic, Vol. 6 , United States Government Printing 1988, ISBN 978-0160045783
17. ↑ Begaee Shuhagot'ine (Tulita) ( Memento of the original from March 6, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
18. ↑ Deline First Nation
19. ↑ He was known by many names: Toby Kochilea's Father - gravestone inscription on Lac Ste. Croix, Gochiatà - according to elders in Rae Lakes, Naohmby, The Bear Lake Chief - according to Frank Russell, Gots'ia Weta (“Gots'ia Father”) - Naedzo
20. ↑ June Helm: The People of Denendeh: Ethnohistory of the Indians of Canada's Northwest Territories , University of Iowa Press; November 2000, ISBN 978-0-87745-735-0
21. ↑ Monfwi ( Memento of the original from April 6, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
22. ↑ Tłįchǫ - Taicho communities
23. ↑ Yellowknives Dene First Nation ( Memento of the original from November 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
24. ^ Bob Weber: Dogrib natives gain self-government , The Globe and Mail . August 13, 2003.  Retrieved July 14, 2014
25. ↑ Akaitcho Treaty 8 Tribal Corporation ( Memento of the original from January 25, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
26. ↑ Akaitcho Territory Government
27. ↑ Visitor Guide Yellowknife 2005 ( Memento from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 5.9 MB)
28. ↑ Yellowknives Dene First Nation ( Memento of the original from March 6, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
29. ↑ INAC - Yellowknives Dene First Nation ( Memento of the original dated February 6, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
30. ↑ Dettah, Northwest Territories, Canada ( Memento of the original from January 23, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
31. ↑ Ndilo, Northwest Territories, Canada ( Memento of the original from November 15, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
32. ^ Tlicho Government
33. ↑ Source of population data : INAC - First Nations Profiles - Registered Population as of August, 2012 ( Memento of the original from March 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.