Doric Greek
The Doric is an ancient Greek dialect of the tribe of the Dorians was spoken. The distribution area of the dialect included large parts of the Peloponnese (including Sparta , Argos , Corinth ), Crete , Rhodes , parts of the west coast of Asia Minor (including Knidos ) and the Doric colonies on the Black Sea , Sicily and southern Italy . Doric is often combined with the closely related Northwest Greek dialects spoken in Phokis ( Delphi ), Lokris and Elis ( Olympia ) to form Doric Northwest Greek .
The Doric dialect was divided into numerous local variants, most of which have been passed down through inscriptions . Representatives of Doric literature include the poets Pindar , Bacchylides and Alkman , the Syracusan comedy poets Sophron and Epicharmos , the Syracusan mathematician Archimedes and the Alexandrian poets Theokritos and Callimachus . Traditionally, Dorian was the language of choral poetry . In the Attic tragedy (e.g. Sophocles , Aeschylus , Euripides ) the dialogue is spoken in Attic , but the choral song is sung in the Doric dialect.
In the Hellenistic period, Doric, like the other Greek dialects, was replaced by the Koine , a common language largely based on the Attic . However, in remote parts of the Peloponnese, Tsakonian , a dialect based on ancient Doric, has survived to this day . The Cretan dialect of Modern Greek was also shaped by Doric.
Characteristics
Important differences between Doric and Attic , the classical form of ancient Greek:
- The original long ᾱ ā is always retained.
Example: Doric μάτηρ mātēr versus Attic μήτηρ mētēr or φάμα pháma (the customer, the call) to Attic φήμη phếmê . - Use of double sigma / sigma ( σσ / σ ) instead of Attic double dew / tau / theta ( ττ and τ / θ ) in front of vowels
Example: Doric θάλασσα thálassa to Attic θάλαττα thalatta (sea), ánaσάνα / to Attic / νána / θά ionic Ἀθηνᾶ (from Ἀθηναία> * Ἀθηνάα> Ἀθηνᾶ ) / Ἀθήνη Athéne . - Partial retention of the [
w ] -sound ( Ϝ, ϝ )
Example: Doric Ϝοῖκος woikos versus Attic οἶκος oikos . - Original -τι -ti is retained.
Example: Doric φέροντι pheronti versus Attic φέρουσι pherousi . - Equivalent elongation to η ē and ω ō instead of ει ei and ου ou .
- The cardinal number τέτορες tetores (four) instead of Attic τέτταρες tettares and Ionic / Koine τέσσαρες tessares .
- The ordinal number πρᾶτος prātos (first, the first) instead of Attic πρῶτος prōtos .
- The demonstrative pronoun τῆνος tēnos (this) for (ἐ) κεῖνος (e) keĩnos .
- The ending 3rd person plural aorist and imperfect is -n versus Attic -san
Example: Dorian ἔδον / ἐδίδον édon / edídon , aorist / imperfect from διδόναι / δίδωμιónai / dídômi (to give) versus att. ἔδοσαν / ἐδίδοσαν édosan / edídosan . - The future tense -σ ε -ω -s e -ō for Attic -σ-ω -s-ō
Example medium / passive from Doric πράσσειν prássein , att. πράττειν práttein (to do): dor. πραξῆται prāxētai (from πραγ-σ-έ-εται prāg-sé-etai ) for att. πράξεται prāxetai (from πράγ-σ-εται prāg-s-etai ) - Doric future tense ( futurum Doricum ). - Ending of the 1st person plural on -μες -mes instead of -μεν -men .
- In the nominative plural of the article and the demonstrative pronoun Doric τοί toi , ταί tai , τοῦτοι toutoi , ταῦται tautai versus Attic οἱ hoi , αἱ hai , οὗτοι houtoi , αὗται hautai .
- My vocabulary as the verbs λέειν / λείειν léein / leíein want ', δρᾶν off (from δράειν dráein to do') or πᾶσθαι pãsthai (from πάεσθαι páesthai acquire ') = κτᾶσθαι ktãsthai (from κτάεσθαι ktáesthai ).
Individual evidence
- ^ Ferdinand Neigebaur : The Greek language in Sicily. In: Archives for Philology and Education. Fourteenth volume. Leipzig, 1848, pp. 414-420. ( at books.google )
- ^ Karl Otfried Müller : The Dorians . Breslau, 1824. S.?. ( at books.google )