Emder mills
Emder mills are historical windmills in the urban area of Emden .
history
The increase in population in the middle of the 16th century went hand in hand with the construction of some new post windmills . The Reformed Dutch , who were expelled with their families from Brabant and Flanders during the wars of religion in the 17th century , gave the city a considerable boost. Emden was like a Dutch sea and trading town with many high packing houses, offices and houses of wealthy merchants. Another sign was the establishment of the many new markets and scales in the country. The boom and power of Emden was also evident in the new town hall (1574/1576). In the city of Emden alone, around ten windmills , mainly grinding mills, were built between 1550 and 1600 to ensure the supply of flour for the population. The construction and leasing of the mills as well as the granting of wind rights were a privilege of the city of Emden. With the return of the Dutch, the real prosperity (from 1569 to 1599) of the city of Emden came to an end.
The windmills were functional buildings and are today monuments of technology, culture and social history. The restructuring of agriculture after the Second World War led to the death of mills, which affected the entire area. In addition, there was the increased pressure of the modern large mills, which could supply their customers with flour of constant quality more cheaply than the windmillers. Few of these leftover mills are still fully functional today.
Windmills are already recorded on the oldest city maps of the city of Emden, for example on the map before the construction of the new Emden town hall, engraved by Braun and Hogenberg around 1570, with the title: "Embdena, Embden, vrbs Frisiae orientalis primaria." On this sheet three column or post windmills can already be seen. Another plan by Braun and Hogenberg with the same title, engraved in 1595, shows another mill at the Gelben Mühlen Zwinger. A far larger number of post windmills, nine in all, are entered on the city map from 1599 with the year 1619, engraved by Peter Bast from Antwerp .
Other Windmills were on the maps of the 17th century on the bastions of Walles seen as on the plan of the city of Emden in after the inclusion of the suburbs fortification from 1615 to 1635 or on the plan of the city of Nicolaus Geelkerek of 1616. Documented could the presence of the mills on the kennels of the new city wall cannot be proven at this time. More revealing was the elevation of the city's fortifications, written by the fortress builder Gerhart Evert Pilooth on January 22, 1615 with the title: “Annotation of the gutted work.” This plan is in the “Trifolium aureum” of the city of Emden under no. 24. Mills were not drawn by him on the new fortress bastions of the suburbs included, but the location of the mills mentioned in a document could be confirmed with this plan.
In addition to the numerous documents, the "Map of the City of Emden" by HG Oosterloo from 1852 was also of essential importance in the search for windmills.
Windmill in front of the castle
The documentary mention of windmills in Emden started relatively early. The oldest mill mentioned in writing in the urban area of Emden can be found in Friedländer's "Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch", document 509 of July 28, 1431. This document is a receipt from the chiefs Edzard and Ulrich, which mentions, among other things, that it was from the hamburgers next to the castle and the city of Emden have received "twintich smale tunnen rogghen, veer unde dertich smale tunnen vul meels, dorteyn melke koye, twe winden to den armbbroren unde a windmolen myd er tobehoringhe in front of the borgh". It is not possible to determine where this mill stood, as no further documents have been found about it. In the text of the document mentioned, the mill is mentioned "in front of the borgh", i.e. north of the castle. Because of the free wind, the mill was probably either on the Larrelter dike , the Mittelwall, or the later Kattewall. Eggerik Beninga lists in the “Cronica der Fresen”, Volume 1, document no. 358 b from 1466 among the Aurich manuscripts and he mentions a mill in Emden: “In dussen jaere is ock de molen avor de borch Embden donated and gebuwet. ”Houtrouw also reports in his book Ostfriesland that each of the bastions bears a windmill, some of which are named after the name of which, and perhaps the oldest, was built by Ulrich Cirksena near the castle. During a siege they were naturally the first target of the enemy who wanted to make flour preparation impossible for the besieged. For this purpose a few iron hand mills were kept ready, one of which could still be seen in the armory.
Larrelter Mill
The Larrelter Mill in the Larrelt district was built in 1732. At first she was a Venetian blind, but was later converted from a miller to a glider for financial reasons. Even then, the mill had a compass rose and was ahead of its time.
Three years after its completion, there was a conflict with the millers in the surrounding villages because Müller Weyen had village boatmen bring grain to Larrelt from the Larrelter Tief and milled it. The millers from Groothusen, Hamswehrum, Upleward, Campen Rysum and Loquard complained to the government in Aurich on November 9, 1735; The complaint was signed by the leaseholder Menke Harms from Groothusen. The millers prevailed. The government imposed a ban on February 24, 1736; the miller was only allowed to grind for Larrelt, Twixhum, Wybelsum and Logumer Vorwerk. The miller's widow Greetje Coorts also violated the order; in 1787 she had to pay a fine of ten Reichstaler. The miller Jan Harms, to whom she had leased the mill, was also sanctioned.
In 1804 the mill belonged to the miller Willem Cordes Mülder, who left it to his children. In 1831 it went to the merchants Cremer and Focken from Leer. In 1845 it was auctioned. The father of the last miller, Geriet Dupree, had a suction gas engine installed in 1905. Until 1948 it was ground with wind. In 1974 the mill changed hands again, the buyer was Horst Voigt. The milling was stopped.
In 1978 the mill became the property of the city of Emden. The mill had fallen into disrepair, and in 1990 the city prepared the first steps for its demolition. However, citizens began to restore the mill. When the city was ready to be demolished, the mill was already halfway up. From then on the city supported the mill financially. The last parts were installed in 1992. In 1996 the mill was renovated with a rebuilt grinder. It received new wings and a new compass rose.
At the end of 2014, the mill received a new pair of wings, which were financed with donations. The new steel wings are lighter, more robust and, thanks to today's knowledge, better shaped than the old ones, which had to be removed a year earlier due to rot damage before a storm.
“De goede Verwagting”, windmill on the Kattewall
In 1801, a new mill was built on the Kattewall instead of the earlier so-called “small mill”. The older mill had already stood at this point much earlier, because on October 17, 1533 Enno, Count of East Friesland , announced the following: “After we had to go to our city Embden, Wolter Müller tho Lutke Borsum, we set off bynnen Embden ordered, we have graciously given him de platse by our shot up the wall by the Rundeel, and the wind to the mole. "
On November 25, 1533, he received money to build the mill. On January 16, 1568, Johann Bullich received the approval from Countess Anna to clean up his windmill, "achter dem Schathuse up the Bolwerk."
In later years the mill was mentioned even more often, for example in a request from the miller Albert Houkes, who wrote that the mill was "so injured and knocked down on April 21, 1625 by the mighty hand of the Most High" that he did not use it for a long time could use. On June 15, 1799, the combined mill company acquired the "Small Mill" from Wilt Gerdes Vietor for 13,000 guilders in gold. The locations mentioned above will be identical in terms of location to the later windmill "De goede Verwagtigt", because on December 1, 1810 the existing mill burned down. It was rebuilt soon afterwards as a Dutch windmill and was given the name “De goede Verwagting.” In the address book of 1877/1878, the grain miller Jan H. Ulferts was listed in Mühlenwarf No. 3.
On the night of October 26th to 27th, 1888, the mill again fell victim to a fire and was rebuilt in 1889 by the mill builder Jürgen Mönck from Großefehn . After the wings were taken down by the miller Hinrikus Pannenborg in 1923, only the mill stump, octagon and cap remain. On September 6, 1944, the mill, like the other buildings in the vicinity, was lost in an air raid . In 1955 the stone octagon was demolished so that the old mill location is no longer recognizable after the annex with the keystone in the lintel "De Bakker Ambts Rogge Molen" was demolished in 2003.
“De groote Pelmölen” on the Katte
In the directory for the plan of the city of Emden by HG van Oosterloo from 1852, the first reference to the large Peldemühle was found, which is recorded in Wyk 3a under company 10 no.
The Große Peldemühle was located on the Katte on a hill of the wall between the old ditch and the master Geerd's kennel . At the foot of this hill there is now the wall bridge over the Alte Graben on Abdenastraße. On March 14, 1698, the builders of the mill received an Octroy for 25 years from the city of Emden for the first time , which was extended by the mayor and council of the city of Emden in 1721. The contract of March 14, 1698 cannot be found, but the names of the privileged are known: Commys Swaert, Warner Scholten, Jakob Kop, Jan Tobias and Engebert Bartholomäus. In 1721, the city of Emden issued another Octroy, which was awarded again for 25 years.
The Octroy was issued for two windmills, namely the Wallmühle and the Kleine Peldemühle ("De goede Verwagting"), which stood on the Kattewall. The post mill standing on the city wall, the Große Peldemühle, burned down in 1735. In the same year, on July 6, 1735, and April 15, 1771, the existing lease was renewed or extended.
After 1735, various tenants tried to run the mill economically. So did the tenant Weyen, who left the mill after a short time because he only had a small amount of grain to grind, although the Große Peldemühle was conveniently located on the Alter Graben. Only with this mill in town was it possible to bring the grain directly from the ship to the mill and vice versa. The following millers also complained about the poor structural condition and the order situation.
A severe storm with thunderstorms that fell over Emden on August 10, 1868, led to the mill fire, which could not be extinguished, the mill was not rebuilt afterwards.
On the other bastions of the ramparts, the Meister-Gerds, Heu, Albringwehrster and Vogelsang kennels, there have been no windmills since ancient times. Only on the Marienwehrster Zwinger was a new windmill built in 1804, the land of which was auctioned off to the highest bidder in 1802.
The windmill "De Vrouw Johanna"
" De Vrouw Johanna " is currently the only large windmill to have its wings that can be seen from afar on the city wall, which was built in the 17th century . The windmill and miller's house were built by a company in 1804/1805. Before that, in 1801, the merchant and Roßmüller Vietor had wanted to obtain permission to build a three-story Peldemühle at a cost of 30 to 40,000 Dutch guilders from the War and Domain Chamber . However, this was refused to him in a letter of August 18, 1801, as it was planned to auction the land to the highest bidder. The town's millers and also the bakers' guild submitted a resolution against the building of a third Peldemühle in which they raised massive objections.
At the time the contract was drawn up, businessman B. von Olst was director of the mill. On October 27, 1849, the accountant was named MN Kruckenberg. At that time he was also an accountant for the Große Peldemühle an der Katte. The names of tenants of the Johanna mill from this time are not known, but the lease proceeds are documented, which amounted to 650 Reichsthaler in gold. For 44 years, the “De Vrouw Johanna” mill was in the undisturbed possession of the shareholders. Only then did the shares in the shipping company pass into other hands over the course of time, partly through inheritance, but also through sales. The heirs as well as the acquirers were documented. In addition to the three Conring heirs, a further 22 shareholders were identified in the records.
The transit gallery dutch is a three-story mill built from bricks, above which the wooden octagon rises. The single rod had a length of 24.0 m. The steel wings used to have wooden spiers and louvers that were removed in 1956. So, it has like the previous Emden mills no wind rose, but still the original cod end , the Kröjhaspel (spinning reel) at its lower end. With this, the canopy and the wings are crowned into the wind. After the miller Hinderk Hermann Foget died on January 4, 1908, the son Hermann inherited the mill. On the basis of the inheritance certificate dated September 29, 1916, Hermann Foget's widow, Lutine Jurine Johanna Foget, b. Mennenga, owner of the mill. The mill builder Heinrich Harders inherited the mill from the aforementioned. On November 19, 1956, he sold the property to the timber merchant Karl Schüür in Emden, who ran a timber business here. The city of Emden purchased the windmill from Ms. Schüür on September 20, 1974. The city restored the mill in 1977 and the following year so that it would be preserved for posterity. On July 23, 1982, after the mill had been restored, the blades could turn in the wind again after 26 years. Dietrich Janßen also looked after the mill in the following time, but the damage to the cap got bigger and bigger. There was an immediate hazard, so the mill wings had to be taken down.
In October 1994, the Emder Mühlenverein eV was founded to oversee the restoration . This was possible thanks to grants from the Gerhard ten Doornkaat-Koolman Foundation , the Hanover Monastery Chamber , the German Foundation for Monument Protection and especially the Emden Employment Office. The council and administration of the city of Emden also made funds available, but the willingness of the people of Emden to donate and the companies in Emden in particular motivated the board to continue its efforts to restore the mill. The octagon, which had to be removed in spring 1997 for safety reasons, fell victim to an arson attack on the night of June 24th to 25th, 1997. On October 13, 1998, a mobile crane placed the new octagon and the restored mill cap on the mill stump. The stone octagon also received a new gallery. On December 22, 1999, the assembly of the wings began, which was completed in the spring of 2000. With the installation of two grinding aisles and one peeling gear, the mill is able to grind or peel grain again.
In 2004 the windmill “De Vrouw Johanna” was 200 years old. As part of the nationwide kick-off event for the 11th German Milling Day in Emden, this anniversary was celebrated with a large mill festival over Pentecost. At the same time, the completion of the restoration of the mill could be appreciated. From 1995 to 2004 around 650,000 euros were invested.
"Olde Stadtmoele up dem Bonnes" and the mill on the "Yellow Mühlenzwinger"
This mill gave Mühlenstrasse its name. This name appears for the first time in the Emden Contract Protocols on December 24, 1571: Tonnes Fransen sold the Enno Tammen, Mayor in the Dam (Appingdamm) pension from a Werf up dem Bonnes in Moelenstrate between Junker Tydo van Knipens in East and de Frouwe van Goedens in the west. After Johannes Stracke. The Bonnesse, in Ostfriesland 1957/3, page 20ff, the mill stood on the dike that surrounded Kleinfaldern in the north, roughly where the bunker is today. In addition, the “Bonness Mill” was mentioned in the combing bills. The yellow mill was shown on the following city maps: 1576, 1595, and 1599. The mill is also on the map of the fortifications of the northern half of the city, drawn by GE Piloot on January 22, 1615.
The mill was demolished in 1574 and a little later the treasury bills for the new construction of the mill on the Yellow Mühlenzwinger again stated the following: “(June 5, 1574) he paid Mr. Marten to work before the next time up the Valder whall up the Auricker dwenger tho set 19g. 5sch. ”In a purchase contract dated September 22, 1728, the miller named Frans Buys as the seller of the rye mill and house, and Focke Loets and his wife Grietje e Tholen as the buyer. The widow Grietje Tholen sold the mill and house on August 27, 1762 to her eldest son Thole Focken and Jan Doeden for a weekly payment of 3 guilders. Thole Focken and Jan Doeden were millers at the same time on the “Great Mill” and “Small Mill”, which were on the Wall and the Kattewall, respectively. In the letter of November 27, 1762 to the city of Emden, the buyers Müller Focken and Doeden described the poor structural condition of the rye mill and asked for a demolition permit. The permit for the demolition and new construction was issued by the municipal authorities without any conditions. On March 16, 1763, however, a “most obedient petition from the local bakers and grain brandy distillers” was raised against the demolition of the mill. The applicants feared disadvantages for their businesses. A lawsuit was also brought against the two millers. The decision was made by the district court in Emden on July 6, 1763. After that, the bakers and grain brandy distillers were right. The reason was: The supply of the population and the Emden garrison with flour had priority.
Fürbringer mentioned the “yellow mill” in the appendix to the book “Die Stadt Emden” with the following text: “According to a contract dated November 16, 1799, the mill at Nordertorzwinger (Auricher Zwinger, now Stadtgarten) was acquired from miller Jan Willems the yellow mill, for 15,000 guilders in gold. ”During a property exchange between the city of Emden and the unified mill society on June 9, 1820, a property at the“ yellow mills ”was named. In the “floor plan of the city of Emden with a list of the devastation caused by the storm surge of February 3rd and 4th 1825”, drawn by AD Cramer, Cand. jur., the mill was no longer shown. The city garden was built on the Yellow Mills Zwinger.
"De Roede Molen" on the "Red Mühlenzwinger"
The Red Mill was built in 1573 on the "Valdern Wall". In 1574 the southern and northern mill, the wheat mill and the yellow mill followed on the same wall. The Rote Mühle was also on the oldest city maps of Emden from 1572, 1576 and 1595.
Walter Voigt wrote: “The first documented occurrence of this mill is in the Emden contract protocols under XVII, 281 on March 13, 1584: Rote Valder Moele. In 1702 Jan Otten bought Dirck Dirck's mill, called the Red Mill. ”In 1712 Heinrich Onnen received the red mill on a long lease and he pays 30 Reichstaler a year. As early as June 13, 1794, the combined mill society acquired the red Stander-Rocken-Mühle from the miller Wilke Nannen for 7,500 gold guilders. “De roede Molen” was rebuilt in 1795 and 1810 as a Dutch gallery.
On November 20, 1822, at 5 a.m., the Rote Mühle was on fire. It burned down to the brickwork. In the following year the originally three-story mill was rebuilt as a four-story gallery Dutchman. For many years the mill leaseholder was Müller WC Bohlen, who had various improvements, such as bag boxes to increase the quality of the flour, installed. The economic pressure of the emerging steam mills made itself felt even then.
The mill was sold by the unified mill society to the miller Albrecht Diedrich Staal zu Emden on December 4, 1895 and an insurance policy dated June 5, 1896 was issued to him. The miller's house in Grosse Brückstrasse No. 3/4, which was then inhabited by Staal, belonged to the mill.
The fires in the mill The first fire occurred on November 1st, 1913. On January 7th, 1914, the miller Diedrich A. Staal applied to rebuild the mill. The building application was approved on March 12, 1914. The construction work was carried out by the mill builder Bernhard Dirks, resident at Wilhelmstrasse 101. At the end of July 1914, the mill was restored to its old form. On August 16, 1916 at 12:35 p.m. the flames came out of the mill again. Due to the material lock in the time of the First World War, it was not rebuilt and the mill stump was therefore only provided with a temporary roof. Reconstruction efforts continued after World War II. In order to be able to resume operations and to be able to expand, an application was made to the city of Emden to build a new milling building. The application was granted in 1945 with the condition that the Rote Mühle be rebuilt. But nothing came of it. The operation of the red mill was shut down on January 25, 1966. Then it went into the possession of the ev. Ref. Municipality of Emden, which set up a kindergarten in the mill in 1970/72 .
"De Weite Molen"
The "wheat mill", also called "black mill", is mentioned for the first time on October 6, 1594 as a place name in the contract protocols of the office of Emden 120 p. 353, and in the following years the mill is on the city maps of Peter Bast around 1599 and Ubbo Emmius: Ostfriesland (Wicht) in the inset map of Emden. However, the mill was built in September 1574. In a Heuer-Certer from 1651 Ulrich, Count of East Friesland, confesses that his Black Mill in Emden was sold to Egbert Lüties. Various tenants called the Rentei Bills of the Office Emden in the years 1656-1658.
On October 27, 1707, Remcke Jansen's heirs' capital expires through a cession to assessors Daniel Tiashens and Gabriel Meder. A cape and stender mill will then be built. The building permit issued by the princely government on October 27, 1707 granted the right to use the mill as well as before (like the earlier one destroyed by the storm in 1703). In 1711 the city council of Emden granted the right to build a new mill on the wall. In the same year the mill is rebuilt. In 1810 the mill was renewed. This statement was made by Heinrich Siebern as well as by the town councilor Metger in a note dated June 21, 1876 in matters of property damage between the unified mill society and the town of Emden: “Rather, the year 1810 affixed to the mill indicates that the mill was new at that time It was not possible to establish whether the mill was completely rebuilt at the time or whether only certain parts were renewed.
In the 1877/1878 address book, the grain miller Foget is listed as the lessee, followed by Voss from 1888 to 1891. The miller IE Flyr operated the mill from February 15, 1891 to May 1, 1891. The combined mill company then leased the mill to Claas Heeren, who became the owner of the wheat mill a year later. The miller Garrelt Buismann acquired the mill from the aforementioned on May 1, 1905.
In 1946, a two-storey extension was built at the mill to enable the installation of modern grain processing machines (ten roller mills). Securing food for the population had priority at the time. Like Staal, Müller Buismann signed an obligation at the Rote Mühle to reinstall the mill blades. He fulfilled this obligation in 1948. In February 1952, the mill builder Harders discovered that the iron mill wings had to be torn in several places and therefore had to be taken down.
Mill at the Herrentor
The mill on the Borssumer Dwenger (Wallzwinger) was already registered by Peter Bast on the city map from 1599 and by GE Piloot in the elevation of the fortifications from 1615. The mill is not yet on the map of Braun and Hogenberg from 1595. The Borssumer Dwenger used to be in the area of Friedrich-Ebert-Straße between the street Am Herrentor and the Martin-Faber-Straße . Walther Voigt mentioned the mill in 1609 as well as in 1657, 1660 and 1663, when Egbert Luitiens Müller took money from various lenders on his "neye mohle standing at the Here Poorte".
“Thereupon, the final signatories took the person standing at the Herrenpforte with a not inconsiderable sum of money and had it converted to a bar mill and were given freedom from wind money for 10 years. After that they should pay 25 gl. Annually. The mill is in a different state, because the wall on it was then listed much higher. As a result, the mill has come to stand in a swamp, as it were, and therefore the wind coming over the high wall sometimes strikes it with such vehemence that the calm and sails cannot possibly stand this, but are often completely ruined by it; So reparations are much more expensive. Had to stop eating in the bar. This would stop the Westphalian cash trade and the profit made in the process would disappear. He would then easily come to Leer ... Signature C. Tholen. "
There is no date when the letter was written. Friedrich Arends reports that this mill burned down in 1808 and was not rebuilt afterwards. The miller Dirk Suntken Gerdes Kruse from Katharinenfeld near Aurich applied for a new structure on July 8, 1818 and sent a letter to the provincial government on this matter . He asked for the concession to build a Peldemühle on the straw dike in the city of Emden, because the old one burned down seven years ago. Three days later, on July 11, 1818, he received a letter of rejection stating that the existing mills in the city of Emden were sufficient.
Web links
- List of Emder mills at the Emden Mill Association (PDF; 2.9 MB)
Coordinates: 53 ° 22 ′ 3 ″ N , 7 ° 12 ′ 13 ″ E