European sea mustard

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European sea mustard
European sea mustard (Cakile maritima), habitus on Spiekeroog

European sea mustard ( Cakile maritima ),
habitus on Spiekeroog

Systematics
Eurosiden II
Order : Cruciferous (Brassicales)
Family : Cruciferous vegetables (Brassicaceae)
Tribe : Brassiceae
Genre : Sea Mustard ( Cakile )
Type : European sea mustard
Scientific name
Cakile maritima
Scop.

The European sea mustard ( Cakile maritima ) or Strandrauke is a plant from the genus sea mustard ( Cakile ) within the family of the Brassicaceae (Brassicaceae). Originally it is mainly found on the beaches of the North and Baltic Seas, as well as the Mediterranean and Black Seas and Macaronesia . As a facultative halophyte , it is a salt-tolerant plant.

description

Illustration from Flora Batava , Volume 2
Inflorescences / fruit clusters with flowers and pods
Four-fold flowers from European sea mustard

Vegetative characteristics

The European sea mustard is an annual herbaceous plant . It grows as a bare, plump and richly branched beach plant that usually reaches heights of about 30 centimeters. The stem can be ascending or lying down.

The light to blue-green, slightly shiny leaves are arranged alternately on the stem . The leaves are 3 to 6 inches long, thick and fleshy and in the upper stem area with undivided, in the lower stem section with double pinnate leaf blade. The tendency to succulence is a typical leaf feature of many coastal halophytes.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from July to September. The heady, racemose inflorescence is flattened at the top. He has no bracts .

The flowers give off a pleasant scent. The hermaphrodite flowers are fourfold. Their width measures about 1 centimeter. The four sepals are lanceolate. The four purple to pink petals are long nailed. The sepals enclose the petals so tightly that a narrow, 4 to 5 millimeter long corolla tube is created. The six yellow stamens protrude from the corolla tube. The upper, slender, single-fan ovary merges into a style with a small scar.

The plump, two-part joint pod has a short, thick fruit stalk. It has a length of about 2 cm and a diameter of about 5 cm. The upper pod member is compressed and easily breaking off. The lower part remaining on the plant is called the “dagger handle” because of its shape, the upper part “dagger”. Both partial fruits each enclose a seed .

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 18.

ecology

Life form

The European sea ​​mustard is one of the summer annual creeping herophytes .

Flower ecology

In terms of flower ecology, it is "nectar-bearing plate-shaped flowers with anthers that pour out". The pollination is done by langrüsselige insects , especially by butterflies and pollen eaters like hoverflies .

Single plant
Fruits and seeds

Propagation ecology

Due to carrotropic movements, the pod stands out horizontally after flowering. The pericarp is hard and airy when ripe. The upper part of the fruit is torn off by strong winds and carried away by the wind, but mostly remains in the vicinity, which is also interpreted as an inhibition of spread. Autumn storms often tear out the whole, withered plant and drive it across the ground like steppe rollers. These often get caught in seagrass cushions that have washed ashore and are transported over long distances with the seagrass during floods ; so they are used for long-distance propagation. The swimming time is 1 to 4 months. Fruit ripens in September.

Synecology

The European sea mustard is forage and nectar plant for the nocturnal beach owl ( Agrotis ripae ), which is classified as endangered according to the red list of the endangered large butterflies and is considered to be occupied on the North Sea coast only in flushing fringe communities. The caterpillars of the great cabbage white butterfly ( Pieris brassicae ) also appreciate the European sea mustard as a fodder plant .

Occurrence

Foredune landscape on Amrum

The European sea mustard is originally found in Macaronesia in Madeira and the Canary Islands, as well as in North Africa in Algeria , Morocco , Tunisia , Libya and Egypt , as well as in Asia Minor in the entire region of Palestine , Syria , Iran and Turkey , as well as in the Caucasus in Georgia and Caucasus foothills , as well as in Europe in Denmark , Norway , Finland, Iceland , the United Kingdom, Belgium , the Netherlands , Germany , Poland , in the European part of Russia , Ukraine , Albania , Bulgaria , in the former Yugoslavia , Romania , Greece , Italy , France , Spain and Portugal before. European sea mustard is an invasive plant in many parts of the world , such as North America and Australia. In Germany it has scattered stocks on the coasts of Lower Saxony , Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Schleswig-Holstein . As an unstable neophyte , it rarely occurs inland. It is regionally a character species of the Cakiletum maritimae from the association Atriplicion littoralis, often comes in contact with the Elymo-Agropyretum juncei and is nationwide a character species of the class Cakiletea.

The European sea mustard is found mainly in saline places, especially on the coasts and the offshore islands. It likes to grow here in the beach and front dune area . It is a common pioneer plant , especially on nitrogen-rich washing lines . In the interior it is rarely found in salty places.

See also: beach plants

Systematics

The first publication of Cakile maritima was made in 1772 by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli , also known as Johann Anton Scopoli. Synonyms for Cakile maritima Scop. are Bunias cakile L. and Cakile pinnatifida Stokes .

In Europe, four or five subspecies are sometimes mentioned, some of which differ based on the fruits:

Seedling of Cakile maritima subsp. baltica
  • Cakile maritima subsp. maritima (Syn .: Cakile maritima subsp. integrifolia (Hornem.) Hyl. ex Greuter & Burdet ) - mainly found on the North Sea and Mediterranean coasts, the lower fruiting member has only very short appendages.
  • Cakile maritima subsp. baltica (Jord. ex Rouy & Foucaud) Hyl. ex PWBall (Syn .: Cakile baltica Jord. ex Pobed. ) - growing almost only on the Baltic Sea coast, the lower fruiting member has recurved appendages
  • Cakile maritima subsp. aegyptiaca (Willd.) Nyman (Syn .: Cakile aegyptiaca Willd. ) - mainly found in the Mediterranean area.
  • Cakile maritima subsp. islandica (Gand.) Hyl. ex Elven - mainly found in northern Scandinavia, the Faroe Islands, Iceland and Greenland
  • Cakile maritima subsp. euxina (Pobed.) Nyár. (Syn .: Cakile euxina Pobed. ) - home in the area of ​​the Black Sea.

Common names

For the European sea ​​mustard, there are or existed, in some cases only regionally, also the other German-language trivial names : Meersenf ( Pomerania ), Queller ( Wangerooge ) and Quennel (Wangerooge).

use

Cakile maritima is of biological engineering importance for binding drifting sand and thus for coastal formation. In addition to dune grasses, it is one of the most important plants for dune formation in the area of ​​the flushing fringes and primary dunes.

Leaves, stems and flower buds can be eaten raw or cooked. They are rich in vitamin C , but have a bitter taste. They are mainly used as a spice . Very young leaves can be added to salads. Dried roots ground into powder can be mixed with flour to make bread. The seeds contain a high-fat oil.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Steinbach's great plant guide. Ulmer-Verlag, 2005/2011, ISBN 978-3-8001-7567-3 , page 84
  2. ↑ a b c d Düll, Düll: Pocket dictionary of the Mediterranean flora. Quelle & Meyer Verlag, 2007, ISBN 978-3-494-01426-5 , page 76f
  3. ↑ Angelika Lüttig, Juliane Kasten: Rose hip & Co - blossoms, fruits and spread of European plants , Fauna Verlag 2003, ISBN 3-935980-90-6 , page 262 f.
  4. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition. Page 442. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 .
  5. ^ Nabu Project: Butterflies of the Coast in cooperation with the National Park Administration of Lower Saxony Wadden Sea.
  6. ↑ a b Cakile maritima Scop., European sea mustard. In: FloraWeb.de.
  7. ^ Cakile maritima in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  8. ↑ Eckehart J. Jäger, Klaus Werner (Ed.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 18th, edited edition. Volume 2. Vascular plants: Grundband, Spektrum, Heidelberg et al. 2002, ISBN 3-8274-1359-1 , p. 230
  9. ↑ Cakile maritima at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  10. ↑ at Flora Europaea online.
  11. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, page 71, online.
  12. ^ Cakile maritima Scop. Entry in tropical garden
  13. ↑ Cakile maritima at Plants For A Future

Web links

Commons : European sea mustard ( Cakile maritima )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files