Feldschwirl
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Feldschwirl ( Locustella naevia ) |
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| Locustella naevia | ||||||||||||
| ( Boddaert , 1783) |
The Feldschwirl ( Locustella naevia ) is a songbird belonging to the genus of the Schwirle (Locustella) and the family of the grass warbler (Locustellidae). In Central Europe this species is a widespread and locally frequent breeding and summer bird.
description
The Feldschwirl is about 12 to 14 centimeters long and weighs 14 to 20 grams. The top is striped olive-brown and the underside is yellow-white. The slender bird has reddish brown legs and a wedge-shaped tail. Males and females have the same coloration. His singing sounds something like "sirrrr" and is reminiscent of a grasshopper, which is why he was also known as a grasshopper singer in the past. This singing can also be heard at night, and also from the end of August to the beginning of September, when most of the other songbirds have already fallen silent. The shy Feldschwirl prefers to move on the ground and avoid flight.
Distribution area and habitat
The breeding area of the Feldschwirls extends over the middle latitudes from western Europe to the Yenisei and the southeast of the Altai Mountains. It occurs on Ireland and Great Britain, with the northern border running through the north of Scotland, over Denmark, through southern Norway and the south of Finland. The southern limit of distribution runs from northern Spain through southern France to Romania and along the northern coast of the Black Sea to the Urals. The species is absent in the Alps and the Mediterranean.
The Feldschwirl lives in open landscapes , wet meadows , swamps, moors, on the riverbank and in heaths. It needs a layer of herbs that is at least eight to thirty centimeters high, as well as higher areas such as previous year's shrubs, individual shrubs or small trees. Soil moisture is of minor importance, as it also occurs in drier locations if these offer the aforementioned conditions. Typical locations for breeding grounds are great sedge swamps and mermaid grass meadows , sparse land reeds streaked with grass, light and moist forest locations or heavily weed forest edges as well as extensively used fields and pastures, heather and ruderal areas.
In Central Europe, the long-distance migrant can be observed from April to September. He has his winter quarters in tropical Africa . Departure time and direction of movement are innate to him.
nutrition
The Feldschwirl feeds on spiders , mollusks, insects and their larvae .
Reproduction
The sexual maturity occurs after one year. The main breeding season is May to July. The bowl-shaped nest , built from stalks, leaves and grass, is well hidden on the ground in dense vegetation. The female lays 4 to 6 white-violet spotted eggs . The eggs are warmed by both parent birds for 13 to 15 days. The young birds stay in the nest for 10 to 12 days. Feed both parent birds. The adult birds do not fly directly to the nest, but land nearby and, taking advantage of the ground cover, approach the nest. Second broods are rare in Central Europe and only occur in warm and dry years. In Great Britain and France, however, two annual broods are the rule.
Duration
Short-term population fluctuations and local area shifts are typical for the wild boar, since it prefers to colonize areas with early stages of succession and floodplains, the structure of which changes rapidly. There are also high losses in the winter quarters. The main causes of local population declines are habitat destruction through drainage and lowering of the groundwater level with subsequent rapid succession, the fragmentation of wetlands and the destruction of tall herbaceous vegetation and riparian vegetation as well as intensive agricultural use. Losses in the wintering quarters occur especially when there are extremely dry years in the Sahel region.
The German breeding bird population is estimated at 36,000 to 63,000 breeding pairs for the period from 2005 to 2009. In the Red List of Germany's breeding birds from 2015, the species is listed in Category 3 as endangered. There are between 1,200 and 1,500 breeding pairs in Austria and between 200 and 250 breeding pairs in Switzerland.
literature
- Hans-Günther Bauer, Einhard Bezzel and Wolfgang Fiedler (eds.): The compendium of birds in Central Europe: Everything about biology, endangerment and protection. Volume 2: Passeriformes - passerine birds. Aula-Verlag Wiebelsheim, Wiesbaden 2005, ISBN 3-89104-648-0 .
Web links
- Singing Feldschwirl at www.vogelstimmen-wehr.de
- Locustella naevia in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2008. Posted by: BirdLife International, 2008. Accessed on December 23 of 2008.
- Videos, photos and sound recordings of Locustella naevia in the Internet Bird Collection
- Photos at www.naturlichter.de
- Entry at the Swiss Ornithological Institute
- Age and gender characteristics (PDF; 1.3 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta and Gerd-Michael Heinze (English)
- Feldschwirl's feathers
Individual evidence
- ↑ Bauer et al., P: 206
- ↑ Bauer et al., P. 208
- ↑ Bauer et al., P. 209
- ↑ Christoph Grüneberg, Hans-Günther Bauer, Heiko Haupt, Ommo Hüppop, Torsten Ryslavy, Peter Südbeck: Red List of Germany's Breeding Birds , 5 version . In: German Council for Bird Protection (Hrsg.): Reports on bird protection . tape 52 , November 30, 2015.
- ↑ Bauer et al., P. 207