Fringed milk ling
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Fringed milkling ( Lactarius citriolens ) |
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| Lactarius citriolens | ||||||||||||
| Pouzar |
The fringed milkling ( Lactarius citriolens ) is a type of mushroom from the family of the deaf relatives (Russulaceae). It is a large, stately mushroom that is reminiscent of the Grubigen Spruce Milkling ( Lactarius scrobiculatus ) because of its appearance and its white, sulfur-yellow discoloration . The hat is colored pale yellowish-white to cream-colored and the hat is hung with fringed and shaggy hangings. The inedible Milchling grows under various deciduous trees. Between July and October, the fruiting bodies often appear in large numbers in their location.
features
Macroscopic features
The hat is 6–14 (22) cm wide, at first with navel and with a rolled edge, then the edge is curved and the middle is depressed and finally the hat is funnel-shaped and deepened and the edge more or less spread out. The surface is greasy to sticky, smooth in the middle of the hat and increasingly hairy towards the edge. The brim of the hat has shaggy hair up to 5 mm long, not sticky. The whitish-yellow to pale cream-colored hat becomes darker and darker with age. After all, it is often yellow-brown to ocher-orange in color. Sometimes the edge shows a narrow, watery zoning, as it is also typical for the watery zoned milkling ( Lactarius aquizonatus ), and sometimes small, cinnamon to yellow-brown spots.
The lamellas have grown or run down easily on the handle. They are 7–12 mm high and are quite crowded, near the handle they are sometimes forked. They are whitish-yellow to pale cream in color, then pale ocher and have a salmon-pink reflex. The spore powder is pale cream in color.
The short, cylindrical, occasionally slightly expanded or irregularly deformed stalk is 4.5–6 (10) cm long and 2–2.5 (4) cm wide. The surface is smooth, whitish to pale cream-ocher in color and shows no or only individual, rounded spots and only rarely scattered, water-stained pits. The base of the stem is often more or less hairy.
The flesh is very firm, thick and white to pale cream in color. When cut, it turns lemon yellow under the cap skin and in the stem bark. It tastes slightly bitter and always spicy. The smell is fruity and sour and is reminiscent of lemon balm or rotting lemons. The white, mostly sparingly flowing milk turns sulfur yellow within seconds and quickly tastes bitter and hot.
Microscopic features
The broadly ellipsoidal to ellipsoidal spores are on average 7.3–8.3 µm long and 5.5–5.9 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.25–1.4 (1.55). The spore ornament is up to 0.8 µm high and consists of ridges and isolated warts, which are occasionally connected to a few loose meshes without forming a recognizable network. The hillock is inamyloid . The cylindrical to club-shaped, 4-spore basidia are 40–50 (55) µm long and 9–11 µm wide. Macrocystids are very rare, most often they are found between the lamellae. They measure 45–60 × 8–11 µm and are spindle-shaped to more or less cylindrical. The lamellar cutting edge is sterile and bears densely packed 19–50 µm long and 5–9 µm wide, club-shaped, irregularly cylindrical or bottle-shaped paracystids . The hat skin ( Pileipellis ) is a 50 µm thick ixocutis , its hyphae are 2–6 µm wide.
Species delimitation
The fringed milkling is characterized by its very firm flesh, the dry hair on the edge of the hat and the mostly hairy stem base. The watery-zoned milkling ( L. aquizonatus ) is very similar , but has sticky hair on the edge of the hat and a hat that is watery-zoned up to the middle of the hat. In addition, its spurs are narrower and longer. The similar eyelash milkling ( L. resimus ) initially has a pure white, downy hat. It is a very rare in Germany, predominantly north-eastern European species that occurs on acidic soils under deciduous trees - especially birches. The spores are a little wider than the fringed milkling.
ecology
The fringed milkling is a mycorrhizal fungus that can enter into a symbiotic partnership with various deciduous trees. Red beeches, oaks, hornbeams and birches come into question as mycorrhizal partners.
The Milchling can be found in various deciduous forests, such as hornbeam-oak and hairy barley-beech forests , but also on the edges of forests and forest paths and even in parks. The fungus prefers moderately fresh limestone soils, which should not be too rich in nutrients. He has a preference for lignified brown earth over lime, lime sand and marl . The fruiting bodies often appear in their location in large numbers from July to October.
distribution
The Milchling was found in Europe and North America (USA). In Europe it is distributed from Spain and northern Italy in the south, through France, Belgium and Great Britain in the west to Russia in the east. The fringed milkling is said to be quite common in Estonia. In the southeast it was also found in Bulgaria. According to Heilmann-Clausen, the Milchling is somewhat more common in Central Europe than in the temperate to hemiboreal zone of Fennos Scandinavia. In Sweden, its distribution area extends in the north to about Sollefteå .
In Germany the Milchling is very rare and endangered (RL2). The Milchling is also rare in Switzerland and Austria.
Systematics
The fringed milkling was re-described in 1968 by the Czech mycologist Z. Pouzar . The holotype was collected in 1965 in an oak and hornbeam forest near Karlstein (Czech Republic) near the America's hunting lodge by V. Jechovà and Z. Pouzar. In his description, Pouzar gave Lactarius resimus (Fr.) Ms. sensu Ricken and Lactarius cilicioides (Fr.) Ms. sensu Neuhoff as synonyms. Pouzar considered a new name for the taxon necessary because L. resimus according to Fries has a bare, hairless brim and consequently describes a different taxon and Neuhoff's definition of L. cilicioides does not agree with that of Fries.
German Krieglsteiner , who did not want to recognize Lactarius intermedius the Grubigen white fir milkling as an independent species, defined the variety Lactarius citriolens var. Intermedius in 1999 . This variety is incorrect from a taxonomic point of view, as an older species ( L. intermedius ) cannot be placed under a younger species ( L. citriolens ). From a phylogenetic point of view, too , apart from the pale hat color of the two species, little speaks for Krieglsteiner's new combination.
The type epithet “citriolens” means “ smelling of citrus” and is derived from the Latin words “citrus” ( “ lemon tree”) and “olens” ( “ smelling”).
Inquiry systematics
Maria Basso placed the fringed milkling in the Scrobiculati subsection , which is below the Piperites section with her . The representatives of the subsection have a more or less greasy hat, the edge of which is more or less hairy. The hot and initially white milk turns yellow after a while. Marcel Bon places the Milchling in the Tricholomoidei section . The representatives are similar to those of the Zonarii section , but have a woolly felted hat brim.
meaning
The pungent-tasting Milchling is considered inedible in Central Europe.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Jacob Heilmann-Clausen and others: The genus Lactarius . Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society, (= Fungi of Northern Europe . Volume 2 ). 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 120-121 (English).
- ↑ V. Jechová, Z. Pouzar: original diagnosis of Lactarius citriolens. In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Archived from the original on February 18, 2007 ; Retrieved July 27, 2012 (Latin).
- ↑ a b c German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 368.
- ↑ Worldwide distribution of Lactarius citriolens. In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Retrieved July 27, 2012 .
- ↑ Lactarius citriolens. Pilzoek database, accessed July 27, 2012 .
- ↑ a b Cvetomir M. Denchev & Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN 0093-4666 , p. 279–282 ( mycotaxon.com [PDF; 578 kB ]).
- ↑ a b Distribution Atlas of Fungi in Switzerland. (No longer available online.) In: wsl.ch. Federal Research Institute for Forests, Snow and Landscape WSL, archived from the original on October 15, 2012 ; Retrieved July 27, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Basidiomycota Checklist-Online - Lactarius citriolens. In: basidiochecklist.info. Retrieved July 27, 2012 .
- ↑ Kuulo Kalamees: Checklist of the species of the genus Lactarius (Phallomycetidae, Agaricomycetes) in Estonia . In: Folia Cryptogamica Estonica . tape 44 , p. 63-74 ( ut.ee [PDF; 601 kB ]). ut.ee ( Memento of the original from December 14, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Rapportsystemet för växter: Lactarius citriolens. (No longer available online.) In: artportalen.se. Archived from the original on August 15, 2012 ; Retrieved July 27, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed on July 27, 2012 .
- ^ Elias Magnus Fries: Epicrisis systematis mycologici . seu synopsis hymenomycetum. Typographia Academica, Upsala 1838, p. 336 (Latin, books.google.de ).
- ↑ Adalbert Ricken : The agaric mushrooms (Agaricaceae) . Germany and the neighboring countries, especially Austria and Switzerland. Published by Theodor Oswald Weigel, Leipzig 1915, p. 27 , col. No. 85 ( biolib.de ).
- ^ Elias Magnus Fries: Epicrisis systematis mycologici . seu synopsis hymenomycetum. Typographia Academica, Upsala 1838, p. 334 (Latin, books.google.de ).
- ↑ a b c Maria Teresa Basso: Lactarius Persoon (= Fungi Europaei . Band 7 ). 1999, ISBN 88-87740-00-3 , pp. 48-63, 421-26 (Italian).
- ^ Karl Ernst Georges: citrus . Detailed concise Latin-German dictionary. tape 1 . Hanover 1913, Sp. 1184 ( zeno.org ).
- ^ Karl Ernst Georges: olens . Detailed concise Latin-German dictionary. tape 1 . Hanover 1913, Sp. 1335 ( zeno.org ).
- ↑ Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 82 .
Web links
- Synonyms of Lactarius citriolens. In: speciesfungorum.org. Index Fungorum, accessed June 20, 2011 .
- Lactarius citriolens. In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Archived from the original on December 22, 2004 ; accessed on June 20, 2011 (English, photos and brief description).