Women in philosophy

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Maurice Quentin de La Tour (1704–1788): Madame du Châtelet – Laumont (private collection)

Women in Philosophy describes the work of women philosophers as scientists in the past and present. While female people were not perceived at all or only as a marginal phenomenon of a traditionally male-dominated scientific field for many centuries, they have received increasing attention for several decades. The social and historical sciences have examined the role and work of women in science and analyzed obstacles for women philosophers who faced them in the past when they started their careers and who now face them in a different form.

History of women philosophers

The assumption, cultivated for centuries in the Christian West, that men have the spirit and women the sensuality, prevented them from becoming known and successful as a philosopher. Likewise, restrictions on access to higher education and professional bans presented high hurdles for women who philosophize. The French philosopher Jacques Derrida noted: "The history of philosophy is phallocentric."

In fact, there have always been important women in the history of philosophy, even though social restrictions have long prevented access to the philosophical public. This concerned, not only in ancient times , but also in the Middle Ages and modern times , partly also access to higher education, but almost always the public presentation of research results, teaching and learning at specialist institutes such as philosophy schools or universities. This only gradually changed in Europe since the 19th century.

In Germany, in 1901, a woman was able to obtain a doctorate in philosophy for the first time . Helene Stöcker was allowed to study actively, not just as a guest student, as women were otherwise allowed. But since there was no way for her to do a doctorate with a philosophy professor, she had to get involved in a cultural-aesthetic topic that was given to her.

Profession philosopher

Hille Haker (* 1962) Professor of Theological Ethics at Loyola University Chicago

In the past women were always underrepresented in philosophy. More recent statistics show a proportion of women philosophers of approx. 10–20% in teaching (proportion of university professorships) and research (proportion of publications in specialist bodies), in exceptional cases more than 30%. The proportion of women among US philosophy doctorates in 2009 was 29.6%.

In June 2013, the sociologist and ethicist Kieran Healy evaluated articles in four of the most important journals of analytical philosophy , which had appeared in the years 1993-2013, and pointed to the significant underrepresentation of women philosophers. As a result, the editors of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy wrote to all article authors asking them to ensure that article entries did not neglect the work of "women or, more generally, members of underrepresented groups."

This is a development that u. a. Hannah Arendt anticipated this in 1964 with the remark: "It doesn't have to remain a male occupation!"

Philosophers in non-fiction and fiction

In her portraits of famous women thinkers published in 1993/1995, the non-fiction author Marit Rullmann tries to show that women gave numerous impulses for the history of philosophy . There are now a large number of similar books. Like some other feminist authors, Rullmann believes that a major difference in the philosophy of men and women is that women philosophers have so far always taken more explicitly into account their gender. This is usually reflected in their philosophy. For men, a general androcentrism has become a rather unreflective habit.

Also Annegret Stopczyk has to prove in a collection of quotes tried that most of the references cited therein male philosophers believe adhered to, the male sex is in a special way to the abstract ideal of thinking.

In the novel Die Philosopher Peter Prange describes the story of the 18th century philosopher Sophie Volland , who was not known as a philosopher, but only as the lover of the philosopher Diderot .

Well-known female philosophers

See also

Web links

literature

Specialist literature

  • Halina Bendkowski , Brigitte Weisshaupt (ed.): What women philosophers think. A documentation. Ammann Verlag, Zurich 1983, ISBN 3-250-10012-9 .
  • Penelope Deutscher: Yielding Gender. Feminism, Deconstruction and the History of Philosophy . Routledge, London / New York 1997
  • L. Gardiner: Can This Discipline Be Saved? Feminist Theory Challenges Mainstream Philosophy. Wellesley College Center for Research on Women, Wellesley MA 1983
  • Sally Haslanger : Changing the Ideology and Culture of Philosophy: Not by Reason (Alone) (PDF; 277 kB), publ. in: Hypatia 2008. See commentary by Brian Weatherson ( tar.weatherson.org ).
  • M. Henry: Prisoner of History . Oxford University Press, New York 1995
  • Friedrich Wilhelm Korff: The philosopher and the woman: to the history of a mesalliance. Reclam, Leipzig 2000, ISBN 3-379-01691-8 (RUB 1691)
  • G. Menage: The History of Women Philosophers . University Press of America, Lanham MD 1984
  • Sandra Harding, Merrill Hintikka (Eds.): Discovering Reality: Feminist Perspectives on Epistemology, Metaphysics, Methodology and Philosophy of Science . 1983
  • Janet A. Kourany (Ed.): Philosophy in a Feminist Voice: Critiques and Reconstructions . Princeton 1998
  • Rosemary Tong, Nancy Tuana (Eds.): Feminism and Philosophy . Westview Press, 1995, ISBN 0-8133-2213-8
  • Mary Mahowald (Ed.): Philosophy of Woman
  • Reiner Wimmer: Four Jewish women philosophers. Rosa Luxemburg , Simone Weil , Edith Stein , Hannah Arendt . Attempto Verlag, Tübingen 1990, ISBN 3-89308-105-4 .

reference books

  • Ethel M. Kersey: Women Philosophers. A Bio-Critical Source Book . New York 1989, ISBN 0-313-25720-5
  • Ursula I. Meyer (Ed.): The world of the philosopher . One-subject publisher, Aachen:
  1. Ancient and Middle Ages . 1995, ISBN 3-928089-09-9 .
  2. Renaissance and early modern times . 1996, ISBN 3-928089-13-7 .
  3. Enlightenment and revolutionary departure . 1997, ISBN 3-928089-18-8 .
  4. Modern times. The 20th century . 1997, ISBN 3-928089-21-8 .
  • Ursula I. Meyer, Heidemarie Bennent-Vahle (Ed.): Philosophinnen-Lexikon. Reclam, Leipzig 1997, ISBN 3-379-01584-9 .
  • Regine Munz (ed.): Women philosophers of the 20th century. WBG, Darmstadt 2004, ISBN 3-534-16494-6 .
  • Marit Rullmann (Ed.): Philosophinnen , Edition Ebersbach im eFeF, Zurich / Dortmund:
  1. From ancient times to the Enlightenment. 1993, ISBN 3-905493-44-6 .
  2. From the romantic to the modern . 1995, ISBN 3-905493-74-8 .
  • Mary Ellen Waithe (Ed.): A History of Women Philosophers
Volume I: Ancient Women Philosophers, 600 BC-500 AD ISBN 90-247-3368-5
Volume II: Medieval, Renaissance and Enlightenment Women Philosophers, 500-1600 . ISBN 90-247-3572-6
Volume III: Modern Women Philosophers, 1600-1900 . 1991, ISBN 0-7923-0930-8

Magazines

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Haslanger 2008 and Berit Brogaard : Notes on the APA Report of April 2007 and Richard Zach : Women in (Philosophical) Logic and Brian Weatherson's notes and the discussion with Brian Leiter
  2. ↑ Doctorate Recipients from US Universities, Arlington VA 2009, l ( NSF 11-306), Dec. 2010, TABLE 15. Doctorate recipients, by sex and subfield of study: 2009 ( Memento of the original from January 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . See the graphic preparation by Kieran Healey: Philosophy in Disciplinary Perspective: Percentage of US Ph.Ds awarded to Women in 2009 (PDF; 21 kB), Duke University, Durham NC 2011; comments u. a. by Catarina Dutilh Novaes: The low percentage of women earning PhDs in philosophy , Amsterdam May 6, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.nsf.gov
  3. ↑ Kieran Healy in the English language Wikipedia
  4. ↑ See Lewis and the Women .
  5. ↑ See e.g. B. whatweredoingaboutwhatitslike.wordpress.com .
  6. ↑ in an interview with Günter Gaus 1964 rbb-online.de
  7. ↑ Muse, Mutter, Megäre What Philosophers Think About Women