Fritz Bleichröder

Fritz Bleichröder

Fritz Bleichröder (born January 12, 1875 in Berlin ; † November 8, 1938 there ) was a German doctor of Jewish origin. Bleichröder came from an important banking family at the time; the best known family member was his uncle, Gerson von Bleichröder .

Fritz Bleichröder, who suffered from depressive moods all his life, studied medicine and worked as an internist at the municipal women's hospital on Gitschiner Strasse in Berlin-Kreuzberg , most recently as its medical director. He became known in medicine through his publications in the specialist journal Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift on the use of catheters and the subsequent discussion with the later Nobel Prize winner Werner Forßmann regarding the first ever cardiac catheter examination on humans. Together with his colleague Ernst Unger, Bleichröder carried out over a hundred experiments with catheters. The aim of these studies was to place medication precisely and with high concentration on the affected organs. After a series of animal experiments, he undertook two self-experiments in which Ernst Unger inserted a catheter into his arm and leg veins. During one of the self-experiments on Bleichröder, the catheter probably reached his heart. However, this incident was not published by the researchers. It was not until years later when Werner Forßmann published a similar study that a dispute arose.

Life

Fritz Bleichröder, around 1878

Origin, youth and own family

Fritz Bleichröder came from the Bleichröder banking family and was the youngest of seven children. His parents were Julius Bleichröder and Adelheid Salomon; they married on May 30, 1858. His sister Johanna married the physicist and social democratic politician Leo Arons in 1897 ; a few years later his sister Gertrud married the banker Paul Arons , a brother of Leo Arons. The founder of the S. Bleichröder bank , Samuel Bleichröder , was his grandfather. The Gerson Baron von Bleichröder , known as Bismarck's banker and raised to hereditary nobility by Kaiser Wilhelm I on March 8, 1872, was the uncle of Fritz Bleichröder.

Fritz Bleichröder (right) with his father, the banker Julius Bleichröder, and the governess of his daughter Adelheid, Anna Cahen

Fritz Bleichröder grew up in a middle-class environment and was brought up in the Jewish faith. His family belonged to the Berlin Jewish community and visited the New Synagogue on Oranienburger Strasse . The family's city apartment was in the elegant Voßstraße (house number 8, later part of the Reich Chancellery ) in Berlin and thus in the immediate vicinity of the Bleichröder-Palais on Leipziger Platz, which was inhabited by James von Bleichröder until 1902 . The Bleichröders were very committed to society and supported, for example, the Foundation for Jewish Students, the Armendirektion der Stadt Berlin and the German Pestalozzi Foundation in Pankow. Bleichröder only attended school at times; Usually the lessons for him and his older brother Paul were given by a private tutor and took place in a specially furnished apartment in the family home, where students and teachers lived together.

On May 8, 1906, Fritz Bleichröder married Elli Feig, seven years his junior, in Berlin. They had three children together who were born between 1909 and 1914. After Fritz Bleichröder's death, his wife left Germany and emigrated to England . She died in London in 1956 .

The son Rudolf Paul Julius emigrated to London in 1932 and worked there at the Samuel Montagu bank , most recently as Vice President. He died in 2000 at the age of 85. The daughter Ursula Beate studied medicine in Australia and was a doctor; she died there in 1962. His daughter Adelheid ( Adele Filene ) worked as a fashion designer in London ; in 1970 she moved to the United States and got married there. She died in 2010 at the age of 101. Since 1996 the Costume Society of America has awarded her the Adele Filene Student Presenter Grant in her honor .

personality

Bleichröder is described as a melancholy and indecisive person. He often suffered from depressive moods and referred to himself as us suicides , although no actual suicide attempt is documented by him. During his marriage to Elli, he fell in love with a married woman, and this affection lasted for several years. Only with the help of massive influence on his family could he be persuaded to avoid contact with that woman and to reconcile himself with his wife. When the woman mentioned took her own life a few years later, Bleichröder plunged into a serious emotional crisis. On the recommendation of Alfred Adler , he underwent psychotherapeutic treatment and was able to improve his state of mind, at least temporarily.

Late years of life and death

In a road accident in 1929, Bleichröder suffered a fractured skull and remained unconscious for weeks. He was able to recover completely from this, except for a slight hearing loss. Regardless of the accident, he suffered from severe heart problems for years; whether this condition was caused by his earlier catheter experiments is not known. Eventually he fell hopelessly ill in 1938 and died as a result on November 8, 1938 in Berlin. Until the end he was looked after by his wife; his children had previously emigrated to England and Australia. He was buried in the Jewish cemetery on Schönhauser Allee in Berlin. It is reported that the male mourners were arrested at the exit of the cemetery after the funeral and deported to concentration camps; This event is probably related to the pogroms on the night of November 9th to 10th, 1938. A portrait of Fritz Bleichröder was part of a Berlin open-air exhibition in 2013 as part of the theme year "Destroyed Diversity".

Medical activity

Training and doctorate

After his school education and the Abitur, which he passed in 1893 at the Falk-Real-Gymnasium in Berlin, Fritz Bleichröder studied medicine at the universities in Strasbourg , Munich , Berlin , Breslau and Kiel . The later internist received his license to practice medicine in 1898 and 1899 and on June 13, 1900, was awarded a doctorate by the University of Kiel. med. PhD . His dissertation is entitled A Case of Tetanus Traumaticus Treated with Injections of Brain Emulsion . It describes the treatment of a six-year-old boy who was admitted on July 15, 1899 with the diagnosis of tetanus traumaticus to the Pankower Psychiatric Clinic on Breite Straße, which was founded by Professor Emanuel Mendel and where Bleichröder was working at the time. Mendel, a long-time friend of the Bleichröder family, had also given the topic of the dissertation. In 1902 Fritz Bleichröder became a member of the Berlin Medical Society .

Work as an internist and military service

Fritz Bleichröder was a volunteer assistant at the Pathological Institute of the Charité in Berlin and then assistant at the municipal women's hospital on Gitschiner Strasse in Berlin-Kreuzberg . There he became deputy director and finally medical director around 1910.

During the First World War , Bleichröder was deployed as a mounted medical officer at the front and was awarded the Iron Cross, First Class.

Cardiac catheterization

X-ray of the cardiac catheter examination by Werner Forßmann, 1929

With his colleague Ernst Unger , Bleichröder carried out a series of experiments with catheters. The aim of these studies was to place medication precisely and with high concentration on the affected organs. Bleichröder carried out over a hundred such experiments on dogs and came to the conclusion that the method is safe. He then undertook two self-experiments in which Ernst Unger inserted a catheter into his arm or leg veins . Two more such experiments on humans followed. The entire series of experiments took place in 1905, but was not published by Bleichröder until 1912 in the specialist journal Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift . The article had two comments; one comment dealt with the meaning and applicability of the work and was written by Ernst Unger, the other contribution was by Walter Löb and described physico-chemical aspects. The basis of the article and the two commentaries were three lectures which the authors gave together on May 9, 1912 at a meeting of the Hufelandische Gesellschaft .

During one of the self-experiments on Bleichröder, the catheter probably reached his heart. It was concluded because of the length of the catheter. In addition, Bleichröder reported having felt a sharp pain in the chest. The doctors failed to document the experiment with the help of an X-ray; nor did they report the incident in the relevant article.

When Werner Forßmann described a self- experiment in the Klinische Wochenschrift in 1929 , in which he inserted a catheter up to his heart and was able to prove this with an X-ray, a dispute arose. Ernst Unger accused Forßmann that the published study was a copy of the work of Bleichröder, Unger and Löb. In this connection Unger wrote a letter to Ferdinand Sauerbruch , Forßmann's superior at the time. This letter and the fact that Sauerbruch did not know anything about the publication ultimately led to Forßmann's dismissal. Unger wrote two more letters, one to Forßmann directly and one to Viktor Salle, who was then chief editor of the Klinische Wochenschrift, and asked for an immediate correction . In close consultation with Salle, Werner Forßmann then published a short article in the specialist journal with the title supplement . There Forßmann essentially summarized the content of Unger's letter. He wrote: As Prof. E. Unger informed me, Bleichröder, Unger and Löb published the same experiment as I did in 1912 in a work on “Intra-artial Therapy”. (...) He (Unger) even worked with Dr. Bleichroder, as he concluded from the length of the catheter and a sharp pain, had reached the right heart. At that time the authors failed to publish this last fact (...) . Forßmann received the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1956 for his self- experiment . In his Nobel Prize speech, he particularly highlighted the work of Unger, Bleichröder and Löb. Forßmann described the confrontation with Unger in his 1972 biography Self-experiment - memories of a surgeon as particularly stressful.

In fact, the first catheterization of the (left) heart was performed by Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach as early as 1831 . He tried to stimulate the heart's activity in a dying cholera patient by mechanical stimulation of the inner wall of the heart. Dieffenbach's experiment was published in 1834 and discussed by Rudolf Virchow in his lecture in 1848/49. Forßmann stated that he only found out about this attempt in 1971; It is not known whether Bleichröder was familiar with Dieffenbach's work.

Dismissal from medical service

In 1933 Bleichröder was expelled from the Berlin Medical Society together with 87 other Jewish colleagues, and due to the law introduced by the National Socialists on April 7, 1933 to restore the civil service , he was retired from the medical service of the municipal Hufeland- Hospitals (Prenzlauer Berg), where he last worked as a department director. After his release, he trained young people in horticulture with his wife and an older gardener in order to prepare them for emigration to Palestine. The large garden of his house with its old fruit trees, a greenhouse and cold frames served the trainees as a practice field.

Life in Pankow

Fritz Bleichröder's house from 1908 to 1910 in Berlin-Charlottenburg

The Bleichröder family was closely associated with the city ​​of Pankow and Berlin-Pankow . The property at Breite Straße 33 had been owned by the family since around 1818 and was owned by Julius Bleichröder from 1855. This property was continuously expanded through acquisitions and in the end it had a size of almost one hectare . The Bleichröder family used the house on the site for their annual summer retreat . After the death of his father Julius in 1907, Fritz Bleichröder inherited the property in the Breite Straße in addition to 6 million marks (equivalent to a purchasing power of almost 62 million euros).

Bleachers Villa

Villa Fritz Bleichröder in Berlin-Pankow, around 1920, view from the garden

In 1909 Fritz Bleichröder had a villa built on the family's property in the form of a staggered semi-detached house, with part of the villa being used as a gardener's residence. The villa was designed by the architect Max Landsberg , a student of Alfred Messel and cousin of Fritz's wife Elli.

The house was occupied by the Bleichröder family from 1912; Before that, Fritz Bleichröder and his wife lived in Charlottenburg on Carmerstrasse between 1908 and 1910. 2 and then in Königgrätzer Straße . During the First World War, Bleichröder made his house available for a short time as a place of rest for the wounded. The Bleichröders gave up their city apartment after the First World War and lived permanently in Pankow until Fritz Bleichröder's death in November 1938. The house, later named after the family, was presented in detail in the magazine Moderne Bauformen in 1921 . In addition to the villa, the older Bleichröderische summer house stood on the property. In December 1930, Bleichröder had the architect Erwin Albert Barth design an allotment garden on the south side of the site (on Schulstrasse). The extent to which the plans were carried out is unknown.

Floor plan of the Bleichröder house

In 1933 the older house was occupied by the National Socialists and used for their purposes. So first the district leadership of the NSDAP and then the National Socialist German Labor Front moved in . The Bleichröder family was allowed to stay in the second building, the villa; From 1936, more families were quartered in the house. In the spring of 1938, six months before Fritz Bleichröder's death, the family tried to sell the park lot behind the villa by advertising in the newspaper.

After the Second World War , the buildings were used for other purposes; However, nothing was known about its use. It was not until around 1965 that the house came to the FDJ , which set up the Walter Husemann youth club here. After the fall of the Wall , no investor was found and the bleacher mansion stood empty for a long time. It was finally demolished in February 2002. The old Bleichröderhaus was subsequently integrated into a commercial building on Breite Straße.

Bleichröderpark

Bleichröderpark in winter

In memory of the Bleichröder family, a public park with a children's playground and two sculptures that was newly laid out in Pankow between 2002 and 2003 was named Bleichröderpark . The facility was essentially built on the former property of the Bleichröder family. Although the park already existed before the redesign, it was largely sealed due to its use (in the end as a marketplace) and accordingly had only a poor quality of stay. With the official naming of the park, the Pankow district honored the social commitment of the family of the banker Julius Bleichröder and his son Fritz Bleichröder.

Publications (selection)

• Fritz Bleichröder: A case of tetanus traumaticus treated with injections of brain emulsion. Publisher H. Fiencke, Kiel, 1900.
• Fritz Bleichröder: About cirrhosis of the liver and blood diseases. From the patholog. Institute of the University of Berlin. Virchow's Archive , 1904, Vol. 176, p. 435.
• Fritz Bleichröder: Intra-arterial therapy. Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift, 1912, 49: 1503-4. (The article is a copy of a lecture given in the Hufelandische Gesellschaft on May 9, 1912)
• Fritz Bleichröder: Contribution to the discussion. Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift, 1910, 47, 1: 495.
• Fritz Bleichröder: About the increase in miscarriages in Berlin city hospitals. Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift, 1914, 10.
• Hermann Strauss , Fritz Bleichröder: Investigations into gastric juice flow: (concept, origin, treatment, metabolism, pathological anatomy). Gustav Fischer Verlag , 1903.

literature

• Werner Forßmann: Addendum . Clinical Weekly, 1929; 8: 2287.
• Werner Forßmann: Self-experiment - memories of a surgeon . Droste, Düsseldorf 1972, ISBN 978-3770003136 .
• Karin H. Grimme (Ed.): Composed of contradictions. Gertrud Bleichröder's diary from 1888. DuMont , Cologne 2002, ISBN 3-8321-7819-8 .
• W. Kurth: Buildings by Max Landsberg in Berlin; The house of Fritz Bleichröder in Berlin-Pankow. In: Moderne Baufformen: Monthly booklets for architecture and spatial art, 1921, 20, pp. 161–182.
• Inge Lammel (ed.): Jewish life in Pankow. A historical documentation. Verlag Edition Hentrich, 1993, ISBN 978-3-89468-099-2 .
• Inge Lammel (Ed.): Jewish ways of life. A cultural and historical foray through Pankow and Niederschönhausen. Verlag Hentrich & Hentrich, 2007, ISBN 978-3-938485-53-8 .
• Walter Löb: Comments on intra-arterial therapy. Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift, 1912, 49: 1504-5.
• Rebecca Schwoch : Berlin Jewish Statutory Health Insurance Physicians and their Fate under National Socialism: A Memorial Book . Hentrich & Hentrich Verlag, Berlin 2009, ISBN 3-941450-08-5 .
• Ernst Unger: Comments on intra-arterial therapy. Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift, 1912, 49: 1504.

Web links

Commons : Fritz Bleichröder  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Literature by and about Fritz Bleichröder in the catalog of the German National Library

Individual evidence

1. ^ Diana Berry: Pioneers in Cardiology. European Heart Journal , 2009, 30, pp. 1296–1297 ( online ; accessed October 7, 2011)
2. ^ Rootsweb
3. ↑ ^{a b} Estate of the von Bleichröder family in the Berlin State Archive ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
4. ^ Prussia: Chronicle of a German State: Gerson von Bleichröder. Retrieved October 11, 2011
5. ↑ Photo- realistic reconstruction of Vossstrasse. ( Memento of August 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved October 11, 2011
6. ^ Negotiations of the Berlin Medical Society from 1903. Retrieved on October 11, 2011
7. ^ Official Journal of the Government in Potsdam , 1908, pp. 88, 89, 250. ( Google books ; accessed on October 11, 2011)
8. ^ ^{A b} Charlotte Hamburger-Liepmann: History of the Liepmann and Bleichröder families. Typescript, Archive of the Jewish Museum Berlin, 1972, pp. 201f.
9. ^ Charlotte Hamburger-Liepmann: History of the Liepmann and Bleichröder families. Typescript, Archive of the Jewish Museum Berlin, 1972, pp. 136f, 143.
10. ↑ Marriage register of the Berlin registry offices 1874–1920. Digital images. Landesarchiv, Berlin, Germany. On-line
11. ↑ Obits in the British press - February 14, 2000. Retrieved on May 7, 2016
12. ↑ NYT: Paid Death Notices - Aug 12, 2010. Retrieved October 12, 2011
13. ^ Costume Society of America: Adele Filene Student Presenter Grant. Retrieved May 7, 2016
14. ↑ Inge Lammel (ed.): Jewish life in Pankow. A contemporary historical documentation , Verlag Edition Hentrich, 1993, ISBN 978-3-89468-099-2 , p. 186.
15. ^ Charlotte Hamburger-Liepmann: History of the Liepmann and Bleichröder families. Typescript, Archive of the Jewish Museum Berlin, 1972, pp. 199f.
16. ↑ ^{a b c} Inge Lammel (Ed.): Jüdische Lebenswege. A cultural and historical foray through Pankow and Niederschönhausen. Verlag Hentrich & Hentrich, 2007, ISBN 978-3-938485-53-8 , pp. 71, 186.
17. ↑ Open-air exhibition as part of the Berlin theme year 2013 "Destroyed Diversity" ( Memento of the original from October 10, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
18. ↑ ^{a b} Inge Lammel (Ed.): Jewish life in Pankow. A historical documentation. Verlag Edition Hentrich, 1993, ISBN 978-3-89468-099-2 . ( Google Books ; accessed October 4, 2011)
19. ↑ Archives for pathological anatomy and physiology and for clinical medicine , 1902, vol. 169. ( limited preview in the Google book search)
20. ^ History of the Berlin Medical History Museum. ( Memento of the original from October 10, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved October 12, 2011  
21. ^ Fritz Levy: About the conjunctival tuberculin reaction. German Medical Wochenschrift , 1908, 34, pp. 94-97. ( doi : 10.1055 / s-0028-1143475 )
22. ↑ S. Möller: About cutaneous and intracutaneous tuberculin vaccination using graduated doses and their significance for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. German Medical Weekly , 1911, 37, pp. 294-298. ( doi : 10.1055 / s-0028-1130459 )
23. ↑ Albert S. Lyons: Medical History - The Twentieth Century (Part 2) ( online ( memento of the original from October 11, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link accordingly Instructions and then remove this note .; Accessed on October 8, 2011) 
24. ↑ Harry Marcuse: War Memories 1914–1918 ( limited preview in Google book search)
25. ^ Charlotte Hamburger-Liepmann: History of the Liepmann and Bleichröder families. Typescript, Archive of the Jewish Museum Berlin, 1972, p. 160.
26. ^ Eugen Fröhner, Josef Bayer, Theodor Schmidt: Handbook of veterinary surgery and obstetrics. Medical Weekly, 1923, 1. ( limited preview in Google book search)
27. ^ ^{A b c} Lawrence K. Altman: Who goes first? - the story of self-experimentation in medicine. University of California Press, 1998, ISBN 0520212819 , ( limited preview in Google Book Search)
28. ↑ Ernst Unger: Comments on intra-arterial therapy. Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift, 1912, 49: 1504.
29. ↑ Walter Löb: Comments on intra-arterial therapy. Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift, 1912, 49: 1504-5.
30. ↑ Werner Forssmann: Self-experiment - memories of a surgeon. Droste, Düsseldorf 1972, p. 103.
31. ↑ Uta Gottwald: For the intravascular electrocardiographic position control of central venous catheters. Dissertation, Hannover 2002, p. 2. ( available online ; accessed October 5, 2011)
32. ^ Richard L. Mueller, Timothy A. Sanborn: The history of interventional cardiology: Cardiac catheterization, angioplasty, and related interventions. American Heart Journal , 1995, 129, pp. 149, 151.
33. ^ Fritz Bleichröder: Intraarterial therapy. Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift, 1912, 49: 1504.
34. ^ HA Neumann: Werner Forßmann and the cardiac catheter. 2009, pp. 4-6. ( available online ( memento of March 10, 2014 in the Internet Archive ); accessed November 30, 2015)
35. ↑ Werner Forßmann: Self-experiment - memories of a surgeon. Droste, Düsseldorf 1972, p. 106.
36. ↑ Werner Forßmann: Addendum . Clinical Weekly, 1929; 8: 2285.
37. ^ Albert S. Lyons: Medical History - The Twentieth Century (Part 2) . ( available online ; accessed October 7, 2011)
38. ↑ Werner Forssmann: Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1956, The Role of Heart Catheterization and Angiocardiography in the Development of Modern Medicine. , ( available online ; accessed October 6, 2015)
39. ↑ Werner Forssmann: Self-experiment - memories of a surgeon. Droste, Düsseldorf 1972.
40. ^ Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach: Physiological-surgical observations in cholera sufferers . 1834.
41. ^ Robert Rössle: Rudolf Virchow's lectures in Würzburg . Virchow's Archive for Pathological Anatomy and Physiology and for Clinical Medicine, 1937, 300, pp. 4-30.
42. ↑ Werner Forssmann: Self-experiment - memories of a surgeon , Droste, Düsseldorf 1972, p. 106f.
43. ↑ H. Stürzbecher: Die Cholera, Dieffenbach and the catheterization of the heart 1831 . German medical journal, 1971, 22, pp. 470-471.
44. ^ History of the Berlin Medical Society . ( online , accessed November 18, 2011)
45. ↑ https://geschichte.charite.de/vervielte-aerzte/biografie.php?&ID=34
46. ↑ Karin H. Grimme (Ed.): Composed of contradictions. Gertrud Bleichröder's diary from 1888. DuMont, Cologne 2002, ISBN 3-8321-7819-8 , p. 121.
47. ↑ ^{a b} Bleichröderpark. A place to stay.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. On Pankow.online; Retrieved October 12, 2011  
48. ↑ Price index for the cost of living of all private households since 1881 ( Online ( Memento of the original from January 26, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; accessed on January 18, 2012) 
49. ↑ Yearbook of the wealth and income of millionaires in Prussia, 1912 ( online ; accessed October 7, 2015)
50. ↑ Inge Lammel (ed.): Jewish life in Pankow. A historical documentation. Verlag Edition Hentrich, 1993, ISBN 978-3-89468-099-2 , pp. 183-184.
51. ^ Max Landsberg: The house of Fritz Bleichröder in Berlin-Pankow. In: Moderne Baufformen: Monthly booklets for architecture and spatial art, 1921, 20, p. 166ff.
52. ↑ Karin H. Grimme (Ed.): Composed of contradictions. Gertrud Bleichröder's diary from 1888. DuMont, Cologne 2002, ISBN 3-8321-7819-8 ( Google Books ; accessed October 4, 2011)
53. ↑ Yearbook of the wealth and income of millionaires in the province of Brandenburg: including Charlottenburg, Wilmersdorf and all other Vorote Berlin, 1912 ( online ; accessed October 7, 2015)
54. ↑ . Report about the XIV International Congress for Hygiene and Demography: Berlin, 23.-29. September 1907, Volume 1 ( Online ; accessed October 8, 2015)
55. ↑ Inge Lammel (ed.): Jewish life in Pankow. A historical documentation. Verlag Edition Hentrich, 1993, ISBN 978-3-89468-099-2 , pp. 72, 184.
56. ^ Jewish orphanage Pankow ; Retrieved October 12, 2011
57. ^ Max Landsberg: The house of Fritz Bleichröder in Berlin-Pankow. In: Moderne Baufformen: Monthly Issues for Architecture and Space Art, 1921, 20, p. 166ff ( Google Books ; accessed on October 9, 2011)
58. ↑ Allotments on the grounds of Dr. med. Bleichröder, Berlin in December 1930, The garden architect. Barth, Agricultural University Berlin, Institute for Garden Design 11 Online , accessed on October 8, 2015.
59. ↑ The north. February 3, 1938.
60. ↑ Inge Lammel (ed.): Jewish life in Pankow. A contemporary historical documentation , Verlag Edition Hentrich, 1993, ISBN 978-3-89468-099-2 , pp. 183-184, 320.
61. ↑ Pankow: The broad street continues to change its face on Sichtskarten-pankow.de; Retrieved October 12, 2011
62. ^ Art in public space on the website of the Office for Culture and Education Pankow; Retrieved October 12, 2011
63. ↑ Memorial plaques in Berlin: Bleichröder (family)
64. ↑ Urban renewal - Pankow - Walk around Wollankstrasse: Bleichröderpark. ( Memento of the original from February 23, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved October 12, 2011 
65. ^ Opening and naming of the Bleichröderpark on April 25, 2003 . ( Press release of the BA Pankow from April 15, 2003 ( Memento from March 11, 2014 in the Internet Archive ))

This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on October 18, 2011 .