Goose thistles

Goose thistles
	Marsh goose thistle ( Sonchus palustris )
Systematics
	Euasterids II
Order :	Astern-like (Asterales)
Family :	Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily :	Cichorioideae
Tribe :	Cichorieae
Genre :	Goose thistles
Scientific name
	Sonchus
	L.

The sow thistles ( Sonchus ) constitute a genus within the subfamily of Cichorioideae within the family of Compositae (Asteraceae). Other common names are milk thistle or saudi thistle .

description

Illustration of the field goose thistle ( Sonchus arvensis )

Vegetative characteristics

Goose thistle species are annual, biennial or perennial herbaceous plants , they rarely lignify at their base. The stems are usually single, branched and hollow. All parts of the plant contain milky sap .

The leaves are basal and arranged alternately on the stem. The leaf blades are toothed to pinnate on the edge bristly-prickly. The stem leaves are surrounding the stem.

Generative characteristics

In a whole inflorescence there are a few to numerous cup-shaped partial inflorescences. The shell is bulged at the base. The bracts are in three rows in a roof tile-like arrangement. There are no chaff leaves on the bottom of the basket . The flower heads contain only ray florets . The ray-florets are yellow.

The achenes are compressed, narrowed at both ends, but without a beak. The pappus has simple, rough bristles in several rows.

Habit, leaves and inflorescence of the vegetable goose thistle ( Sonchus oleraceus )

Habit, leaves and flower heads of the woody Sonchus brachylobus

Habit, leaves and inflorescence of Sonchus canariensis

Dandelion tree ( Sonchus fruticosus )

Habit and leaves of the woody Sonchus gandogeri

Habit, leaves and inflorescence of the woody Sonchus palmensis

Habitus, leaves and inflorescence of Sonchus pinnatifidus

Habitus, leaves and inflorescence of Sonchus ustulatus subsp. maderensis

Systematics

The genus Sonchus was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , Volume 2, page 793. As Lectotypusart was Sonchus oleraceus L. by 1913 Nathaniel Lord Britton and Addison Brown set.

The genus Sonchus belongs to Subtribus Hyoseridinae from the tribe Cichorieae in the subfamily Cichorioideae within the family Compositae (Asteraceae) Asteraceae.

Types and distribution

The genus Sonchus is native to Eurasia and tropical Africa, but can be found worldwide under a temperate climate.

The following widespread species are native to Northern and Central Europe:

Field goose thistle ( Sonchus arvensis L. )
Rough goose thistle ( Sonchus asper (L.) Hill )
Vegetable goose thistle ( Sonchus oleraceus L. )
Marsh goose thistle ( Sonchus palustris L. )

The following species also occur in southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East:

Sonchus briquetianus Gand. : It only occurs in Morocco .
Bulbous goose thistle ( Sonchus bulbosus (L.)
N. Kilian & Greuter
, Syn .: Leontodon bulbosus L. , Crepis bulbosa (L.) Tausch , Aetheorhiza bulbosa (L.) Cass. ): There are three subspecies:
- Sonchus bulbosus subsp. bulbosus : It is widespread in the Mediterranean region.
- Sonchus bulbosus subsp. microcephalus (Rech. f.) N. Kilian & Greuter : It occurs in Greece , Turkey , Syria and Lebanon .
- Sonchus bulbosus subsp. willkommii (Burnat & Barbey) N.Kilian & Greuter : It only occurs in the Balearic Islands .

Sonchus crassifolius Pourr. ex Willd. : It only occurs in Spain .

Sonchus erzincanicus V.A.Matthews : This endemic occurs only in Anatolia .

Sonchus macrocarpus Boulos & C.Jeffrey : It only occurs in Egypt .

Sonchus maritimus L .: The two subspecies are widespread in the western and southern Mediterranean:

Sonchus maritimus subsp. aquatilis (Pourr.) Nyman
Sonchus maritimus L. subsp. maritime

Sonchus mauritanicus Boiss. & Reut. : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia .

Sonchus microcephalus Mejías : It occurs only in Spain and Israel .

Sonchus pustulatus Willk. : It occurs in southern Spain and northwestern Africa.

Sonchus sosnowskyi Schchian : This endemic occurs only in Armenia .

Sonchus suberosus Zohary & PHDavis : It is only found in Israel and Jordan .

Sonchus tenerrimus L .: It is widespread in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic islands.

Especially in the Canary Islands, but also in Madeira, there are many endemic Sonchus species, most of which are even shrubs. These include the following species, which only occur on the islands mentioned:

Stemless goose thistle ( Sonchus acaulis Dum.-Cours. ): It occurs only on Tenerife and Gran Canaria .
Sonchus arboreus DC. : It only occurs on La Palma and Tenerife .
Sonchus bornmuelleri Pit. : This endemic occurs only on La Palma.
Sonchus bourgeaui Sch.Bip. : It occurs in Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura , Lanzarote and in Morocco.
Sonchus brachylobus Sch.Bip. : This endemic occurs only in Gran Canaria.
Sonchus bupleuroides (Font Quer) N.Kilian & Greuter : This endemic occurs only in Gran Canaria.
Canary goose thistle ( Sonchus canariensis (Sch.Bip.) Boulos ). There are two subspecies:
- Sonchus canariensis (Sch. Bip.) Boulos subsp. canariensis : It occurs only in Tenerife and Gran Canaria.
- Sonchus canariensis subsp. orotavensis Boulos : This endemic occurs only in Tenerife.
Sonchus capillaris Svent. : It occurs on Tenerife, La Gomera and Gran Canaria.
Tree goose thistle ( Sonchus congestus Willd. ): It occurs only on Tenerife and Gran Canaria.
Sonchus esperanzae N.Kilian & Greuter : This endemic occurs only on La Palma.
Sonchus fauces-orci Knoche : This endemic occurs only in Tenerife.
Sonchus fruticosus L.f. Called "dandelion tree": It occurs on Madeira and perhaps also on Porto Santo .
Sonchus gandogeri Pit. : This endemic occurs only on El Hierro .
Sonchus gomerensis Boulos : This endemic occurs only on La Gomera.
Sonchus gummifer Link : This endemic occurs only in Tenerife.
Sonchus heterophyllus (Boulos) U.Reifenb. & A.Reifenb. : This endemic occurs only on La Gomera.
Hierro goose thistle ( Sonchus hierrensis (Pit.) Boulos ): It occurs on El Hierro, La Palma and La Gomera.
Thin-headed goose thistle ( Sonchus leptocephalus Cass. ): It occurs on Tenerife, La Gomera, Gran Canaria and Fuerteventura.
Sonchus lidii Boulos : This endemic occurs only on El Hierro.
Sonchus microcarpus (Boulos) U. Tire B. & A.Reifenb. : This endemic occurs only in Tenerife.
Sonchus Ortunoi Svent. : This endemic occurs only on La Gomera.
La Palma goose thistle ( Sonchus palmensis (Sch.Bip.) Boulos ): This endemic occurs only on La Palma.
Sonchus pendulus (Webb) Sennikov : There are two subspecies in Gran Canaria:
- Sonchus pendulus subsp. flaccidus (Svent.) N. Kilian & Greuter
- Sonchus pendulus (Webb) Sennikov subsp. pendulum
Feathered goose thistle ( Sonchus pinnatifidus Cav. ): It occurs in Fuerteventura , Lanzarote and Morocco.
Sonchus pinnatus Aiton : This endemic occurs only on Madeira.
Sonchus pitardii Boulos : This endemic occurs only on El Hierro.
Broad-scaled goose thistle ( Sonchus platylepis Webb ): This endemic only occurs in Gran Canaria.
Rooted goose thistle ( Sonchus radicatus Ait. ): This endemic occurs only on Tenerife.
Sonchus regis-jubae Pit. : It occurs on La Palma, La Gomera, Tenerife and Gran Canaria.
Sonchus sventenii U. Tire B. & A.Reifenb. : This endemic occurs only on La Gomera.

Sonchus tectifolius Svent. : This endemic occurs only in Tenerife.

Sonchus tuberifer Svent. : This endemic occurs only in Tenerife.

Sonchus ustulatus Lowe : There are two subspecies:

Sonchus ustulatus subsp. maderensis Aldridge : It occurs on Madeira, Porto Santo and the Ilhas Desertas .
Sonchus ustulatus Lowe subsp. ustulatus : This endemic occurs only in Madeira.

Sonchus webbii Sch. Gdp. : It occurs on La Palma, La Gomera, Tenerife and Gran Canaria.

Sonchus wildpretii U.Reifenb. & A.Reifenb. : This endemic occurs only on La Gomera.

literature

Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
Loutfy Boulos : Sonchus L. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 4: Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae) . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1976, ISBN 0-521-08717-1 , pp. 327–328 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
Ingrid Schönfelder, Peter Schönfelder : Kosmos-Atlas Mediterranean and Canary Islands flora. Over 1600 species of plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-440-06223-6 .
Werner Greuter, Eckhard von Raab-Straube (eds.): Med-Checklist. A critical inventory of vascular plants of the circum-Mediterranean countries . Vol. 2: Dicotyledones (Compositae) . Organization for the Phyto-Taxonomic Investigation of the Mediterranean Area (OPTIMA), Genève 2008, ISBN 978-2-8279-0011-4 , pp. 723-726 .

Web links

Commons : Goose thistles ( Sonchus ) - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 793, digitized
↑ Nathaniel Britton, Addison Brown: An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British possessions: from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102d meridian. 2nd Edition. Volume 3, C. Scribner's sons, New York 1913, p. 316, digitized .
^ Sonchus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
^ Sonchus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av Werner Greuter : Compositae (pro parte majore) : In: Werner Greuter, Eckhard von Raab-Straube (Ed.): Compositae. : Sonchus. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2006–2009.

[SpPl-1] Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 793, digitized

[Britton-Brown1913-2] Nathaniel Britton, Addison Brown: An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British possessions: from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102d meridian. 2nd Edition. Volume 3, C. Scribner's sons, New York 1913, p. 316, digitized .

[Tropicos-3] Sonchus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

[GRIN-4] Sonchus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

[Euro+Med-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av Werner Greuter : Compositae (pro parte majore) : In: Werner Greuter, Eckhard von Raab-Straube (Ed.): Compositae. : Sonchus. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2006–2009.