Gardani Hissar

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Coordinates: 39 ° 25 ′ 26 ″  N , 68 ° 19 ′ 20 ″  E

Map: Tajikistan
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Gardani Hissar​
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Tajikistan

Gardani Hissar ( Tajik Гардани Ҳисор ), according to a sound shift in Tajik also Gardani Hissor, Gardani Chisor , was a Sogdian fortress from 5./6. up to the 8th century, the remains of which are preserved in the province of Sughd in northern Tajikistan .

location

Gardani Hissar is located about 70 kilometers east of Punjakent in the Aini district . The fortress blocked access to a side valley of the Serafschantals , in which the village of Madm is today. The former fortress is three kilometers from the village and twelve kilometers from Mount Mugh , where Sogdian finds were also made. Montan Archaeological research findings on tin mining in the neighboring locality Muschiston illustrate the importance of this region as early as the Bronze Age.

Surname

The name Hissar is derived from the Arabic-Turkish Hisar and means fortress; Due to the different descriptions of the Tajik name, the system is sometimes referred to as Gardani Hisor, Gardani Hisar or (from the Russian spelling Гардани Хисор, which does not take into account a Tajik special character) as Gardani Chisor or English Gardani Khisor.

Fortress and excavations

Gardani Hissar included a settlement built on a plateau and an elevated palace, completely surrounded by the village. At Gardani Hissar, in contrast to urban systems like that of Old Punjakent, it was a settlement tailored to rural life.

The palace dates from the 6th to 8th centuries and has been described as “a unique building in Central Asia in terms of its layout”. Not to be found in other Sogdian buildings in the area is the division of the rooms on two levels, with the gate, guard rooms and reception building about three meters below a platform for service, commercial and representative rooms. In a room, which with its size of 7.7 × 7.5 meters was probably used as a throne room, four carved wooden pillars and a burnt carpet were excavated. The palace also had a temple with an altar niche made of unfired bricks. There are similarities in the floor plan with the upper floor of the Sogdian palace Tschilchudschra from the 7th / 8th. Century.

Because of burn marks, the ruins show today, it is believed that the palace probably burned down in the year 772, when the Arab conquerors Diwastitsch , the last ruler of panjakent pursued; Judging by the finds, the residents of the time left most of the furnishings behind on their flight.

Over the centuries the abandoned buildings of Gardani Hissar were washed out into the flattened hills, into which many Sogdian complexes fell into disrepair. Jurij Jakubow (Юурий Якубов) rediscovered the settlement in modern times and excavated it until 1974.

further reading

  • Jurij Jakubow, [Iurii Iakubov] (1979). Pargar v VII-VIII vv. ne (Verkhnii Zeravshan v epokhu rannego srednevekov'ia) [Pargar in the seventh and eighth centuries CE (The upper Seravshan in the early Middle Ages)]. Dushanbe : Donish. (Russian; quoted from Marshak)
  • Jurij Jakubow: Gardani Chisor - the palace of the ruler of Pendzikent in the mountains of Buttam. In: Das Altertum , No. 2, Volume 24, 1978
  • Матевосян А.С., Прохоров Г.М., Мыльников А.С. и др. [Matewosyan, A.S., Prokhorov G.M., Myl'nikow A.S. et al. ] (1977). Памятники культуры. Новые открытия [cultural monuments. New discoveries]. Письменность. Искусство. Археология [Written language. Skill. Archeology]. Born in 1976 . (Russian; 408 pages; the third part deals with a carved tree from the palace of Gardani Hissar)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Hermann Parzinger , Nikolaus Boroffka: Where did the tin of the Bronze Age in Central Asia come from? In: Archeology in Germany . Issue 3. Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2001, p. 12-17 .
  2. ↑ a b Исматулло, Рахматуллаев [Ismatullo, Rachmatullajew] (2006). История жилых комплексов согдийского города VII-VIII веков (По материалам объекта XXIII городища древнего Пенджикента)  ( page no longer available , searching web archives )  Info: The link is automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. [The history of the habitable complexes of the Sogdian city of the 7th to 8th centuries (based on the materials of the XXIII fortification of the ancient Punjakent )]. Doctoral thesis at the Institute for History, Archeology and Ethnography of the University of Dushanbe under the supervision of B. I. Mars (c) hak. (Microsoft Word file; Russian; accessed February 2, 2008)@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.ant.tj  
  3. ↑ Boris Il'ich Marshak (2003). The Archeology of Sogdiana. The Silk Road, 1 (2) , 3-8. (English; accessed February 1, 2008; PDF file; 5.3 MB)
    Klaus Pander (2005). Central Asia. Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan . DuMont Reiseverlag, Ostfildern.
  4. ↑ a b Klaus Pander (2005). Central Asia. Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan . DuMont Reiseverlag, Ostfildern.
  5. ↑ a b Boris Il'ich Marshak (2003). The Archeology of Sogdiana. The Silk Road, 1 (2) , 3-8. (English; accessed February 1, 2008; PDF; 5.6 MB)

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