Mock berries
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| Kalm ex L. |
The sham berries ( Gaultheria ), also called partridge berries , are a genus of plants in the heather family (Ericaceae).
description
Vegetative characteristics
Gaultheria species usually grow as evergreen shrubs or semi-shrubs that reach heights of less than 10 cm to 2.5 m. An exception is Gaultheria fragrantissima , which comes from the Himalayas and as a small tree can reach heights of growth of 5 to 6 m. The branches are upright to creeping. The bark of the branches is bald to hairy. The stalked leaves are arranged in a spiral on the branch and give off an aromatic scent when rubbed. The simple, egg-shaped, elliptical, more or less circular or kidney-shaped leaf blades with hairy or bald surfaces usually have a serrated, notched or ciliate leaf margin.
Generative characteristics
The flowers stand together individually or in pairs to twelve in lateral, racemose inflorescences . The hermaphrodite flowers are usually five, rarely four-fold with a double flower envelope . The rarely four, mostly five egg, delta or heart-shaped sepals are only fused together at the base to almost their entire length; sometimes they tower above the petals. The four to five mostly white, cream to pink petals are urn-shaped, bell-shaped or tubular over half to almost their entire length. There are two circles with four or five stamens each, they are significantly shorter than the petals. The widened stamens are straight. The anthers can have two to four "horns". Four or mostly five carpels are fused into a four- or mostly five-chambered, above or half below ovary.
The mostly fivefold capsule fruits are fleshy and spherical, making them look berry-like. They are usually red when ripe, but also white or blue in some species. In these pseudo-berries, the fleshy portion of the fruit is not formed by the pericarp, but by the sepals . These are strongly thickened and envelop the capsule fruit, which is comparatively very thin-walled . This is where the German common name shamberry comes from for this genus. Each fruit contains 20 to more than 80 seeds. The small seeds are egg-shaped with a smooth seed coat (testa).
The basic chromosome number is x = 11, 12, 13.
Occurrence
The distribution area of the genus Gaultheria mainly includes North and South America , as well as India , Southeast Asia , Australia and New Zealand , as well as the Himalayas and Japan .
Mock berry species usually thrive on acidic, humus-rich soils.
Systematics
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Carl von Linné first published the genus Gaultheria with the type Gaultheria procumbens in Species Plantarum , 1, p. 395 in 1753 . The genus Gaultheria was named by Pehr Kalm in his manuscript Flora Canadensis after the doctor and naturalist Jean François Gaultier (1708–1756) (spelling also Gauthier, Gautier or Gaulthier). The manuscript is now lost, but was then evaluated by Linnaeus. Synonyms for Gaultheria L. are: Brossaea L. , Brossea Kuntze orth. Var., Chiogenes Salisb. ex Torr.
The genus Gaultheria belongs to the tribe Gaultherieae in the subfamily Vaccinioideae within the Ericaceae family .
There are around 115 to 135 types of Gaultheria . Here is a selection of species:
- Gaultheria acuminata Schltdl. & Cham. (Syn .: Gaultheria nitida Benth. ): It occurs in Mexico, El Salvador and Honduras.
- Gaultheria adenothrix (Miq.) Maxim. : It occurs in Japan.
- Gaultheria amoena A.C.Sm. : It occurs in Colombia and Ecuador.
- Gaultheria anastomosans (L. f.) Kunth : It occurs in Colombia and Venezuela.
- Gaultheria antipoda G.Forst. : It occurs in New Zealand.
- Gaultheria borneensis Stapf (Syn .: Gaultheria itoana Hayata ): It occurs in the Philippines, Sabah and Taiwan.
- Gaultheria bracteata Cav. & Sleumer
- Gaultheria brevistipes (CYWu & TZHsu) RCFang : It occurs in the south-east of Xizang at altitudes between 1000 and 2800 meters above sea level.
- Gaultheria cardiosepala Hand.-Mazz. : It occurs in western Yunnan and Myanmar at altitudes between 2000 and 3800 meters above sea level.
- Gaultheria codonantha Airy Shaw : It occurs in northeastern India and in southeastern Xizang.
- Chinese wintergreen ( Gaultheria cuneata (Rehder & EHWilson) Bean ), Syn .: Gaultheria pyroloides var. Cuneata Rehder & EHWilson : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan.
- Gaultheria depressa Hook. f. : It occurs in New Zealand.
- Gaultheria dolichopoda Airy Shaw : It occurs in Myanmar and in southeastern Xizang at altitudes between 3000 and 4400 meters above sea level.
- Gaultheria dumicola W.W.Sm. : It occurs in five varieties in Myanmar and Yunnan at altitudes between 1400 and 3200 meters above sea level.
- Gaultheria erecta Vent. : It is distributed from Mexico across Central to South America.
- Gaultheria foliolosa Benth.
- Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall. non auct. (Syn .: Gaultheria forrestii Diels ): It occurs in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Vietnam, Malaysia, Tibet and Yunnan.
- Gaultheria glomerata (Cav.) Sleumer (Syn .: Gaultheria brachybotrys DC. ): It occurs in Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru and Bolivia.
- Gaultheria griffithiana Wight : It occurs in two varieties in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Vietnam and China.
- Gaultheria heteromera R.C. Fang : It occurs in southeastern Xizang at an altitude of 3900 meters above sea level.
- Gaultheria hispida R.Br. : This endemic occurs only in Tasmania .
- Gaultheria hispidula (L.) Muhl. : It occurs in the US states of Wisconsin, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania and West Virginia.
- Gaultheria hookeri C.B. Clarke (Syn .: Gaultheria veitchiana Craib ): It occurs in Sikkim, Bhutan, Myanmar and China.
- Gaultheria humifusa (Graham) Rydb. : It occurs in western Canada, New Mexico, and the western United States.
- Gaultheria hypochlora Airy Shaw : It occurs in Bhutan, Assam, Myanmar, in western Sichuan and in northwest and southeast Yunnan at altitudes between 3000 and 3600 meters above sea level.
- Gaultheria insana (Molina) DJMiddleton
- Gaultheria insipida Benth.
- Gaultheria japonica (A.Gray) Sleumer : This endemic occurs only on the Japanese island of Honshu .
- Gaultheria jingdongensis R.C. catch : It occurs in Yunnan at altitudes between 2000 and 3000 meters above sea level.
- Gaultheria Lanigera Hook.
- Gaultheria leucocarpa flower (Syn .: Gaultheria cumingiana S.Vidal , Gaultheria yunnanensis (Franch.) Rehder ): It comes in five varieties in Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, in the Philippines, in Malaysia, in Indonesia, in Taiwan and in China before.
- Gaultheria longibracteolata R.C. catch : It occurs in Thailand and Yunnan at altitudes between 1000 and 2700 meters above sea level.
- Gaultheria longiracemosa Y.C. Yang : It occurs in Sichuan at altitudes around 3000 meters above sea level.
- Gaultheria megalodonta A.C. Smith
- Gaultheria mundula F. Muell. : It occurs in Papua New Guinea.
- Gaultheria notabilis J.Anthony : It occurs in Yunnan at altitudes around 2,400 meters above sea level.
- Gaultheria nummularioides D.Don : It occurs in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Indonesia and China.
- Gaultheria oppositifolia Hook. f. : It occurs in New Zealand.
- Gaultheria oreogena A.C.Smith
- Gaultheria ovatifolia A.Gray : It is found in British Columbia and the western United States.
- Gaultheria perplexa Kirk
- Gaultheria phillyreifolia (pers.) Sleumer : It occurs in Chile.
- Gaultheria poeppigii DC. : It occurs in Chile.
- Gaultheria praticola C.Y.Wu : It occurs in southeastern Xizang and northwestern Yunnan at altitudes between 3200 and 3900 meters above sea level.
- Lower shamrock ( Gaultheria procumbens L. ): It is found in Canada and the United States.
- Gaultheria prostrata W.W.Sm. : It occurs in northwestern Yunnan at altitudes around 4600 meters above sea level.
- Gaultheria pseudonotabilis H.Li ex RCFang : It occurs in northwestern Yunnan at altitudes between 1000 and 2000 meters above sea level.
- Gaultheria punctata flower (Syn .: Gaultheria fragrantissima auct. Non Wall. ): It occurs in Indonesia.
- Gaultheria purpurea R.C. catch : It occurs in southeastern Xizang at altitudes between 2000 and 3400 meters above sea level.
- Gaultheria pyroloides Hook. f. & Thomson ex Miq. (Syn .: Gaultheria pyrolifolia Hook. F. Ex CBClarke , Gaultheria miqueliana Takeda ): It occurs in Japan, on the Kuril Islands, on Sakhalin and in Alaska.
- Gaultheria reticulata Kunth : It occurs in Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru.
- Gaultheria rigida H.BK
- Gaultheria rupestris (L. f.) D.Don : It occurs in New Zealand.
- Gaultheria sclerophylla Cuatrec.
- Gaultheria semi-infera (CBClarke) Airy Shaw : It occurs in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, in Xizang and Yunnan.
- Shallon shamrock ( Gaultheria shallon Pursh ): It is found in Alaska, British Columbia, and the western United States.
- Gaultheria sinensis J.Anthony : It occurs in two varieties in Bhutan, Assam, in northern Myanmar, in Sikkim, in northwestern Sichuan, in southeastern Xizang and in Yunnan at altitudes between 3000 and 4300 meters above sea level.
- Gaultheria sphagnicola Rich.
- Gaultheria stereophylla A.C. Smith
- Gaultheria straminea R.C. catch : It occurs in southeastern Xizang at altitudes between 600 and 2100 meters above sea level.
- Gaultheria strigosa Benth. : It occurs in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela.
- Gaultheria suborbicularis W.W.Sm. : It occurs in northwestern Yunnan at altitudes between 3000 and 3900 meters above sea level.
- Gaultheria taiwaniana S.S.Ying : It occurs in Taiwan.
- Gaultheria tetramera W.W.Sm. : It occurs in southeastern Xizang and in western Yunnan at altitudes between 1000 and 3200 meters above sea level.
- Gaultheria tomentosa Kunth : It occurs in Ecuador and Peru.
- Gaultheria trichophylla Royle : It occurs in three varieties in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Xizang, Sichuan and Yunnan.
- Gaultheria trigonoclada R.C. catch : It occurs in southeastern Xizang at altitudes between 2000 and 2300 meters above sea level.
- Gaultheria vaccinoides Griseb. ex Wedd.
- Gaultheria wardii C. Marquand & Airy Shaw : It occurs in two varieties in northern India, in Myanmar, in southeastern Xizang and in northwestern Yunnan at altitudes between 1000 and 3100 meters above sea level.
The following species previously classified here are currently assigned to other genera (selection):
- Gaultheria mucronata (L. f.) Hook. & Arn. is now Pernettya mucronata (L. f.) Spreng.
use
Individual species of pseudo-berries and their varieties are also planted as ornamental plants in the temperate latitudes , mostly as ground cover .
Winter green
Originally the name for all evergreen plants in English (today: evergreen), wintergreen became the name for a group of aromatic plants with essential oils . It is named after the "American Wintergreen" ( Gaultheria procumbens ) and other species of this group ( Gaultheria humifusa - "Alpine Wintergreen"; Gaultheria ovatifolia - "Western Teaberry" (Oregon spicy wintergreen); Chimaphila maculata - "Striped Wintergreen"). These plants contain methyl salicylate and are used as mint-like flavorings.
Ingredients and extraction
The Gaultheria varieties all produce Wintergreen oil. This is pale yellow or pink and strongly aromatic with a sweet, woody odor that gives the plants their characteristic “medicinal” smell as soon as they are injured. The components are methyl salicylate (~ 98%), α-pinene , myrcene , 3-carene , limonene , 3,7-guaiadienes , and delta-cadinene . Salicylate intolerance often leads to defense reactions with allergic symptoms, up to and including asthma .
The oil is usually obtained by steam distilling the leaves after the plants have been macerated in warm water . Salicylic acid methyl ester is only produced from a glycoside in the leaves through enzymatic processes . Wintergreen oil is from a few Birken types, and Spiraea ( Spiraea prepared TYPES). the oil has a strong, “mint-like” taste, even if the Gaultheria plants do not belong to the same family as the real mint ( mentha ).
use
Especially the berries of Gaultheria procumbens are used in medicine. Even the Indians brewed tea from the leaves to relieve rheumatic symptoms, headaches, fever, sore throats and various other pains. The ingredients act as metabolites for acetylsalicylic acid . During the American Revolution , the leaves were used as a tea substitute.
Today is Wintergreen often use in food products such as chewing gum , mint sweets, as well as for Smokeless Tobacco as Dipping Tobacco (American "dip" snuff) and snus . It is also used for toothpaste , mouthwash and original American root beer .
The oil is diluted or used in aromatherapy and is considered in folk medicine as a remedy for muscle and joint pain, arthritis , cellulite , obesity , edema , poor circulation , headache , cardiovascular disease , arterial hypertension , rheumatism , tendinitis , cramps , Inflammation , dermatitis , psoriasis , gout , ulcer , as well as in hair care. The liquid salicylate diffuses into the tissue and the capillaries . Side effects are similar to those of acetylsalicylic acid .
Wintergreen oil is also used in art print processes to transfer a color copy or a laser print onto an art paper (with a high percentage of cotton fibers , e.g. hot-press watercolor paper ). To do this, the print is first coated with Wintergreen oil, then placed upside down on the target paper and embossed with a conventional etching press.
Wintergreen oil is also a component in lubricants and is used to clean weapons (Seal1, Frog Lube). These lubricants have the advantage over mineral oil- based products that they are non-toxic and biodegradable . Another area of application is rust removal and degreasing of machines.
Artificial winter green oil, pure salicylic acid methyl ester , is used in microscopy due to its high refractive index .
toxicity
30 ml of oil is equivalent to 55.7 g of aspirin, or approximately 171 aspirin tablets (US). Small amounts of winter green oil are correspondingly toxic.
Mock berries are considered to be slightly poisonous.
swell
- Debra K. Trock: Gaultheria in the Flora of North America. Volume 8, 2009, p. 512: Online. (Section description)
- Fang Ruizheng (方 瑞 征 Fang Rhui-cheng), Peter F. Stevens: Gaultheria. , P. 464 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China , Volume 14: Apiaceae through Ericaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2005, ISBN 1-930723-41-5 . (Section description)
- TR Beck, JB Beck: Elements of Medical Jurisprudence, ed 11 . JB Lippincott, Philadelphia 1963.
- CA Stevenson: Oil of winter green poisoning. In: Med Sci. 1937, 193: 772-788.
- MA McGuigan: A two-year review of salicylate deaths in Ontario. In: Arch Intern Med. 1987, 147: 510-512.
Individual evidence
- ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org
- ↑ Bernard Boivin: GAULTIER (Gautier, Gauthier, or Gaulthier, but he signed Gaultier), JEAN-FRANÇOIS . In: Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj Gaultheria in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Fang Ruizheng (方 瑞 征 Fang Rhui-cheng), Peter F. Stevens: Gaultheria Kalm ex Linnaeus , p. 464 - Text same online as printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China. Volume 14: Ericaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2005, ISBN 978-1-930723-41-2 .
- ↑ Khilendra Gurung: Analysis of winter green oil. Ecology Agriculture and Rural Development Society, Dolakha, Nepal 2007.
- ↑ Essential Oil Profile of Wintergreen by Ingrid Krein ( Memento of the original from March 9, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Prescription for Herbal Healing By Phyllis A. Balch, Robert Rister .
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ Cecilia W. Lo: Developmental Biology Protocols , Volume 1, Springer in google books 2000.
- ↑ Johnson PN: Methyl salicylate / aspirin equivalence: Vet Hum Toxicol 1985; 26: 317-318
