Common sulfur knight
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Common sulfur knight ( Tricholoma sulphureum ) |
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| ( Bull .: Fr. ) P. Kumm. |
The common sulfur knight ( Tricholoma sulphureum ) is a type of mushroom from the family of knight relatives that occurs in deciduous and coniferous forests in Europe, China and North America. The brownish-yellow fruiting body grows on calcareous soils from August to December. It is poisonous and has an unpleasant taste and smell.
features
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Macroscopic features
The common sulfur knight has a greenish-yellow to brown, 25-70 mm wide hat, which is initially hemispherical or spread out like an umbrella. With increasing age, it becomes irregularly bent, and the edge, which is initially rolled up or bent down, becomes increasingly wavy. The hat color will also darken over time, especially in the middle of the hat. The surface feels velvety or slightly felty in dry weather. The fruiting body has 20-40 distant, up to 10 mm long and sulfur-yellow lamellae , which are usually deeply notched. They are slightly crescent to almond-shaped and attached to the stem and bulged. Between two lamellae there are one to five lamellules . The fleshy stem is 30–70 mm long, in exceptional cases 110 mm long, 5–18 mm wide and cylindrical in shape; it is seldom thickened towards the base. At the base of the hat it is light yellow, but becomes darker and darker towards the bottom and has a greenish tinge. The lower part of the stem is mostly criss-crossed by dark longitudinal fibers, with age it becomes more and more red-brown. The smell of the sulfur knight, from which the mushroom owes its name, is particularly noticeable: it is strongly sulfur-like, also slightly floury at fresh interfaces. The same applies to the taste, which is described as floury-rancid, sour and very bitter.
Microscopic features
The common sulfur knight has 8.5–11 × 5.0–6.5 µm large spores of irregular, elongated-oval shape with a strongly developed appendage. The side view often shows a strong curvature, which can almost be referred to as a square edge. The basidia measure 39–48 × 8.0–10 mm and are 4-, more rarely 2-spore; the edge of the lamella is fertile. There are no cystids . The Pileipellis (hat skin) is trichoderm, that is, the outermost layer of the hyphae stands up like a hair. These hyphae are 3.0–5.0 µm wide and are characterized by a thickened, club-shaped element 13–40 µm long and 4.5–12 µm wide at their end. The subpellis, that is, the layer below the topmost skin, consists of round hyphae elements measuring 18–30 × 2.5–7.5 µm, which form a transition to the flesh of the hat . The pigments of the hyphae are located in the cells and have a brownish-yellow color. The skin of the stalk is a cutis of parallel, cylindrical hyphae strands 2.5–7.5 µm wide with transitions to a trichodermis. In Hymenium there are very few or no hyphae with buckles .
Species delimitation
A similar species is the green body ( T. equestre ), which was previously considered an edible mushroom , but is now classified as a poison mushroom . The difference lies in the greenish tone and the greasy skin of the green body.
ecology
The fruiting bodies of the common sulfur knight can be found from August to December mainly under oaks and beeches , but also in coniferous forests under pines , spruces and firs , with which it forms ectomycorrhiza . The subsoil consists mostly of sandy soils along streets and paths, interspersed with some clay. In the Mediterranean area, however, calcareous soils dominate with conifers as mycorrhizal partners.
distribution
The common sulfur knight is widespread throughout Europe, where it occurs from arctic regions to subtropical climates, such as in the Mediterranean area. The sulfur knight is also widespread in China, Florida and the Pacific Northwest , it is not clear to what extent the range includes other areas. In the Pleistocene , the species was evidently much more common than it is today, and there has been a decline in populations in western Central Europe since the 1970s.
Systematics
Within the tricholoma the congregation sulfur Ritterlingsartige in which is section Inamoena asked. The mushrooms of this group are characterized by their strong, unpleasant smell and their smooth, velvety hat surface, their hyphae have only a few buckles.
The internal system of the common sulfur knight is controversial. DNA analyzes showed that the purple-brown sulfur knight or toad knight ( T. bufonius ) is not an independent species, but is only a variant of the common sulfur knight, which also does not necessarily have to be a variety . This is also shown in the microscopic features in which the two mushrooms do not differ.
meaning
The common sulfur knight is slightly poisonous and also has a very bitter, unpleasant taste; it is therefore out of the question as an edible mushroom. Digestive discomfort accompanied by sweating, stomach pain or diarrhea can occur during consumption.
swell
literature
- David Arora: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Ten Speed Press, 1986. ISBN 0898151694 , p. 179.
- Cornelis Bas, ME Nordeloos, EC Vellinga (Ed.): Flora Agaricina Neerlandica. Vol. 3: Critical Monographs on Families of Agarics and Boleti Occurring in the Netherlands. CRC Press, 1995. ISBN 9-05410-616-6 , pp. 146-148.
- Ornella Comandini et al .: Uniting Tricholoma sulphureum and T. bufonium. In: Mycological Research 108/10, October 2004. pp. 1162-1171.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Ornella Comandini et al .: Uniting Tricholoma sulphureum and T. bufonium. In: Mycological Research 108/10, October 2004. pp. 1162-1171.
- ↑ David Arora: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Ten Speed Press, 1986. ISBN 0898151694 , p. 179.
- ↑ Cornelis Bas, ME Nordeloos, EC Vellinga (ed.): Flora Agaricina Neerlandica. Vol. 3: Critical Monographs on Families of Agarics and Boleti Occurring in the Netherlands. CRC Press, 1995. ISBN 9-05410-616-6 , pp. 146-148.
Web links
- Tricholoma sulphureum. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved on September 8, 2014 (in Italian, photos from Gemeiner Schwefel-Ritterling).