Global care chain
In sociology, a global care chain is a transnational redistribution of care tasks within population groups. The term was coined by Arlie Russell Hochschild and is best known in its English-language form global care chain .
In the global care chain, female migrant workers (according to Hochschild, almost exclusively women) take on care, care and household tasks in the destination country, while at the same time their own children remain in their home country and are cared for by family members or employees.
These care chains are seen as a factor in globalization .
description
The migrants take on tasks in the area of care work and reproductive work . For example, they work in institutions such as hospitals, for example Filipino doctors work as nurses in the USA. They also work in private households as domestic help , nanny or geriatric nurse . The traditional distribution of roles between a male breadwinner and a housewife and mother is changed to a hierarchical distribution of roles among women from different classes or regions.
According to Hochschild, emotional work is the focus of the global care chain .
In the home country, too, the care chain consists almost exclusively of female caregivers: in the home country, studies show that the mother who works abroad remains primarily responsible for looking after her own children by arranging for a substitute in her home country, for example by the eldest daughter or against payment another relative. There is therefore no redistribution of care tasks between the sexes, but the tasks are redistributed globally within the female sex. This creates a care chain made up of three or more women, with the monetary value of the care decreasing at each level and the last carer often working unpaid.
In the rarer case that the children remain in the father's care in their country of origin, they are often gradually placed with other relatives.
Gray area
In the case of illegal migration , female migrants are generally denied the right to family reunification from the outset. At the same time, there is a gray area with illegally immigrated families and, at least in part, also single mothers with children who work without a work permit, especially in private households, care for the elderly or in the catering trade. In Germany, they usually do not send their children to kindergarten or school because they do not have a residence permit.
causes
With regard to the causes of care chains, a distinction is made between push and pull factors .
Among the pull factors, i.e. factors that take effect in the target country, there is above all an increased demand for household and nursing services in industrialized countries. It is related to the increasing participation of women in gainful employment there, while at the same time female attribution of reproductive tasks continues .
The push factors that take effect in the country of origin include economic crises , unemployment and poverty, and in some cases ethnic or sexual discrimination and wars in the countries of origin. Some authors point out that labor migration can be a way for women to escape patriarchal control in the family and society in the country of origin.
Effects
The maternity manifested in the supervisors less by physical proximity to their own children rather than primarily through financial support, particularly to pay for the education of children. For migrant women, the strategy of labor migration to an industrialized country often proves to be successful for the economic and social prosperity of the family and at least prevents immediate poverty. However, the long-term separation of mothers from their children and the resulting psychological consequences of alienation between mother and children are cited as the primary problem of global care chains. If the family structure has to be changed several times, there is also talk of traumatization of the children in individual cases .
Families in which at least one member of the close family lives abroad are also referred to as transnational families . Both positive and negative effects of this life situation on the children are observed. Various studies indicate that children from transnational families have significantly better school results than their classmates, which can in part be explained by their better socio-economic status. Studies among Mexican families show that mothers express more guilt and pain about the separation from their children than fathers, but that this expression of suffering is expected by mothers and otherwise they would be held responsible for abandoning the family. Results from several studies show greater negative effects on children when the mothers worked abroad than when the fathers did it; This effect can be explained by the fact that the mothers are better prepared for bringing up children and devoted more attention to this task than the fathers.
Although the global care chain on the one hand leads to a constant flow of money into the countries of origin , there is but at the same qualified for the shrinkage nurses ( Care drain ) responsible and is primarily used as a trigger for new social inequality and dependency rates.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Arlie Russell Hochschild : The nanny chain. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved November 22, 2009 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Helma Lutz : From the world market to the private household, The new maidservants in the age of globalization , Opladen 2007. Therein: Chapter 6. Quoted from Helma Lutz: Intime Strangers. Migrant women as domestic workers in Western Europe. (No longer available online.) Eurozine, August 31, 2008, archived from the original on October 13, 2007 ; Retrieved November 22, 2009 (First published in: L'Homme , 1/2007). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Petra Rostock: Equality obstacle reproductive work: Does the employment of domestic workers solve the compatibility dilemma? (PDF; 300 kB) (No longer available online.) In: gender politik online. April 2007, formerly in the original ; Retrieved November 22, 2009 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. S. 8 f ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ A b c Tine Rostgaard: The equal sharing of care responsibilities between women and men. (PDF; 77 kB) In: EGM / ESOR / 2008 / EP.6. United Nations, September 19, 2008, accessed November 22, 2009 . P. 4 f
- ↑ Helma Lutz: Intimate Strangers. Migrant women as domestic workers in Western Europe. (No longer available online.) Eurozine, August 31, 2008, archived from the original on October 13, 2007 ; Retrieved November 22, 2009 (First published in: L'Homme 1/2007). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Julia Paz de la Torre: Latin American immigrants and their integration in the German service sector. (PDF) Retrieved on November 22, 2009 (Published in: Traumwelt. Migration und Arbeit , Aktiongemeinschaft Solidäre Welt (Ed.), Berlin, pp. 37–43). P. 4
- ↑ Barbara Eritt: Statistically not verifiable - but real. Women in illegality. (PDF; 23 kB) In: near and far. A Materials and Information Service for Ecumenical Work with Foreigners, No. 20 September 1996, accessed November 22, 2009 .
- ↑ Without papers. In: Greenpeace Magazin 6/2006. Retrieved November 22, 2009 .
- ↑ a b c Dagmar Vinz: Do countries of the “First World” import love and childcare today? www.no-racism.net, January 28, 2005, accessed on November 22, 2009 (first published in ZAG No. 45, 2004 (PDF; 76 kB)).
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^ NN Sorensen: Narratives of longing, belonging and caring in the Dominican diaspora . In: J. Besson, K. Fog Elwig (eds.): Caribbean narratives of belonging: fields of relations, sites of identity , 2005, pp. 222-241, Caribbean: Macmillan, p. 227;
P. Gardiner Barber: Envisaging power in Philippine migration . In: J. Parpart, S. Rai, K. Staudt (Eds.): Rethinking empowerment , pp. 41-60, London: Routledge, 2002;
JH Bayes, ME Hawkesworth, RM Kelly: Globalization, democratization and gender regimes . In: RM Kelly, JH Bayes, M. Hawkesworth & B. Young (Eds.): Gender globalization and democratization , pp. 1–14. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Lanham 2001, p. 4.
All three quoted from Katharine Laurie: Gender and transnational migration: Tracing the impacts 'home'. (PDF) (No longer available online.) In: Atlantic Metropolis Center, Working Paper Series, Working Paper No. 17. Formerly in the original ; Retrieved November 22, 2009 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. P. 7 ( page can no longer be accessed , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. - ↑ Katharine Laurie: Gender and transnational migration: Tracing the impacts 'home'. (PDF) (No longer available online.) In: Atlantic Metropolis Center, Working Paper Series, Working Paper No. 17. Formerly in the original ; Retrieved November 22, 2009 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. P. 13 f ( page can no longer be accessed , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
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↑ J. Dreby: Honor and virtue: Mexican parenting in the transnational context , Gender and Society, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 32-59, 2006;
RS Parreñas: Children of global migration: Transnational families and gendered woes , Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005;
Both quoted from Katharine Laurie: Gender and transnational migration: Tracing the impacts 'home'. (PDF) (No longer available online.) In: Atlantic Metropolis Center, Working Paper Series, Working Paper No. 17. Formerly in the original ; Retrieved November 22, 2009 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. P. 10 ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. and p. 16 ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. - ↑ Katharine Laurie: Gender and transnational migration: Tracing the impacts 'home'. (PDF) (No longer available online.) In: Atlantic Metropolis Center, Working Paper Series, Working Paper No. 17. Formerly in the original ; Retrieved November 22, 2009 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. P. 17 ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Tine Rostgaard: The equal sharing of care responsibilities between women and men. (PDF; 77 kB) In: EGM / ESOR / 2008 / EP.6. United Nations, September 19, 2008, accessed November 22, 2009 . P. 4 f and p. 10
