Grupos de Resistencia Antifascista Primero de Octubre

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The Grupos de Resistencia Antifascista Primero de Octubre , GRAPO for short , in German  `` Groups of the Antifascist Resistance of October 1st '' was an armed communist underground group in Spain that was active from 1976 to 2007 and during this time numerous attacks on representatives of the Spanish state and perpetrated on civilians.

The Council of the European Union has the organization on its list of terrorist groups .

history

GRAPO is considered the armed arm of the Partido Comunista de España (reconstituido) (PCEr) founded in 1975 , a Marxist-Leninist party whose predecessor organization split off from the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) in 1968 . The name GRAPO derives from the date when four members of the Guardia Civil were murdered by members of the PCEr on October 1, 1975.

From 1977 to 2006, GRAPO carried out attacks and bank robberies in Spain at irregular intervals.

Quote from Kai Lemler:

“As part of the attempt to form an anti-imperialist front in Europe, the RAF entered into cooperation with the French Action Directe , the Belgian Cellules Communistes Combattantes (CCC) and the Italian Brigate Rosse . There were also connections to the Spanish GRAPO and the Palestinian PLO and the PFLP . The desired national and international front never really came about. "

When the socialist government distributed the GRAPO prisoners to several prisons during an anti-terrorism campaign, the GRAPO held a hunger strike in 1990/91. After fourteen months it ended unsuccessfully for GRAPO, including death. GRAPO murdered a doctor who had sued the court for force-feeding.

Since 2000, many GRAPO members have been arrested in Spain and France. In 2003 the PCE (r) was banned as a party because it was believed that it and GRAPO would form a joint organization. At the beginning of June 2007, according to the Spanish authorities, the only remaining terrorist cell of the GRAPO was broken up by the arrest of six alleged members, whereby the organization was dissolved, since no member of this group is now at liberty.

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ List of the EU Council on terrorist organizations from May 29, 2006 , accessed on February 20, 2015
  2. ↑ a b Eta and Grapo were arrested after threats to fight. In: Der Tagesspiegel . June 7, 2007, accessed February 20, 2015 .
  3. ↑ Spanish police smash left-wing extremist GRAPO cell. In: Basler Zeitung . September 27, 2007, archived from the original ; accessed on February 20, 2015 .
  4. ↑ Kai Lemler: Security Concepts in Asymmetrical Conflicts . Tectum Wissenschaftsverlag, Marburg 2017, ISBN 978-3-8288-3902-1 , p. 413 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  5. ↑ Christian Lütnant: "In the head of the beast": The RAF and their internationalist self- image . Tectum Wissenschaftsverlag, Marburg 2014, ISBN 978-3-8288-3322-7 , p. 157 ff . ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  6. ↑ Alexander Straßner: The third generation of the "Red Army Fraction": emergence, structure, functional logic and disintegration of a terrorist organization . Springer, Wiesbaden 2013, ISBN 978-3-531-14114-5 , pp. 315 ff . ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  7. ↑ Jan-Hendrik Schulz: Unyielding behind bars: The hunger strikes of the RAF after the German autumn . Campus, Frankfurt 2019, ISBN 978-3-593-50681-4 , pp. 354 ff . ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  8. ↑ Grapo hunger strike in the cul-de-sac , by Antje Bauer, taz April 27, 1990
  9. ↑ Grapo hunger strike ended , by Antje Bauer, taz March 19, 1991