Chamber of Crafts Bremen
The Bremen Chamber of Crafts is in the legal form of a corporation under public law in the area of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, the competent Chamber of Crafts as a self-governing interest group and service provider for the local craft.
In Bremen and Bremerhaven, it represents over 4900 companies with around 31,000 employees in the 3059 craft businesses that require a license, the 900 craft businesses that do not require a license and the 939 craft-like businesses with 1268 training centers and 3,310 apprentices (966 of them female) (as of 2009).
The Bremen Chamber of Crafts is based in the commercial building in Bremen, Ansgaritorstr. 24.
history
The way to the Chamber of Commerce
The idea of merchants and tradespeople helping themselves by merging goes back to the Middle Ages. In 1451 the parents in Bremen (Olderlüde des Koopmanns) had given the Bremen merchants a statute. This facility existed until 1849. It was the - later called Collegium Seniorum - recognized and powerful representation of interests vis-à-vis the city council.
The efforts of the craftsmen in the early 19th century to create a separate organization for the emerging industry met with the efforts in the Senate to limit the functions and excessive demands of the Collegium Seniorum .
In a draft constitution for Bremen from 1837, a chamber for trade and commerce was planned in addition to the Collegium Seniorum . 115 members were envisaged in the citizenship , including 12 seats for the Chamber of Commerce and Industry , others for the Collegium Seniorum , the scholarly class, the church and only 30 seats for elected Bremen citizens. A trade court was also planned in addition to the commercial court. The draft constitution failed and the privileges of the merchants remained.
At the few convent assemblies (later called citizenship) in Bremen only a few and docile craftsmen were invited. Dissatisfaction grew. In 1845, the trade emancipated itself through the establishment of the trade association for the promotion of the commercial economy, in which the eloquent master carpenter Cord Wischmann - later Vice President of the Chamber - played a leading role. The Bremen Citizens' Association was founded on January 17, 1848, initially with 204 members, chaired by Wischmann and with the participation of many craftsmen.
Changes occurred during the German Revolution of 1848/49 . On March 7, 1848, after previous riots, thousands of angry citizens gathered in front of the Bremen town hall on the initiative of the citizens' association and a catalog of demands was decided in the Krameramtshaus. On March 8, 1848, Wischmann represented the so-called Sturmpetition before the Senate , in which six new rights were demanded: Real representation of the people, public negotiations at the convention, freedom of the press, public court and jury, separation of justice and administration, representation of the people at the federal level. The Senate accepted and on April 19, 1848 a new citizenship was elected.
The North German Crafts Congress of June 2, 1848 was directed against the conservative Prussian trade policy: freedom and self-determination rights were demanded. A new constitution was introduced Bremer on 21 March 1849 which included the freedom of trade and provided for in § 160 that the State Institute (corporation today) next to the Bremen Chamber of Commerce a commercial Bremen Chamber should be established; the special status of the Collegium Seniorum was broken. In addition, on April 2, 1849 according to Section 88 of the Constitution passed the Chamber of Commerce Act, which provided for the Trade Convention and the Chamber of Commerce. The law was changed - initially through drastic backward developments - in 1854, 1875, 1894, 1906, 1911 and 1921.
Chamber of Commerce from 1849 to 1897
On September 24, 1849, the trade convention met for the first time with 124 of 138 elected representatives, chaired by Senator Mohr and with Senator Smidt taking minutes in the upper hall of the stock exchange. In December 1849 lawyer JG Theodor Berck was appointed as chamber consultant and, after his death in 1850, L. Christian A. Heineken.
The Chamber of Commerce first met from 1849 in house no.15 on the Domshof . She initially participated in the trade regulations issued in 1851 .
During the restoration after 1851, the Bremen constitution was also changed in 1854. In place of general and direct suffrage, the eight-class suffrage, which existed until 1918, was introduced. The tradespeople with the right to vote in a trade chamber were able to send 24 members to the Bremen citizenship in third grade . The amended Chamber of Commerce Act of 1854 provided for 99 individual trades - i.e. guilds, societies and free trades. The trade convention with 144 members and the trade chamber with 21 members jointly elected the 24 third-class representatives for the citizenship.
In 1855 Hermann Bayer became President of the Chamber and Wischmann his deputy. The chamber now resided in the trade school on Sögestraße . In 1860, at the request of the Chamber of Commerce and against the Chamber of Commerce with a narrow majority of the citizens, the introduction of freedom of trade in Bremen was decided. The structures of the handicrafts with their guilds dissolved and serious disadvantages had to be accepted, which were compounded by the lifting of the customs barriers to the surrounding area. In 1861 the trade and industry association was established at the suggestion of the Chamber of Commerce .
In 1861 the Chamber of Commerce bought the commercial building (name since 1863) for 35,000 gold coins, which was planned and built by Johann Nacke from 1616 to 1621 in the Weser Renaissance style and was the seat of the Krameramt from 1685 to 1862. The house was renovated, almost completely destroyed in 1944, rebuilt from 1951 to 1959 and renovated in 1999.
In 1862 the chamber joined the newly founded German Craftsmen's Day. Since 1864 traders from Bremerhaven and Vegesack were also represented in the convent . However, only since 1882 have representatives of Bremerhaven been a permanent part of the convention . Bremen's connection to the German Customs Union was also delayed by the influence of the Chamber of Commerce and did not take place until 1888, under pressure from Reich Chancellor Otto von Bismarck .
In 1883 there were 2,838 self-employed traders in the city of Bremen and 66 in Vegesack. 22 guilds and three trade associations existed. 1106 members were organized in the chamber with 2191 journeymen and assistants and 782 apprentices.
The technical institute for tradespeople - a forerunner of today's craft training centers - was able to begin work in an extension to the trade building in 1873 after preparations by the chamber. It became state-owned in 1880, moved to the building of the closed commercial bank in 1884 and was renamed the Gewerbemuseum, which later became the Focke Museum .
In 1885 the chamber's proposal for a trade school was implemented. Attending school was welcome but still voluntary. In 1892, the amended trade regulations stipulated that attendance at advanced training schools had to be granted. In 1908 the Chamber was finally able to legally introduce compulsory schooling for male workers under the age of 18.
The re-establishment of voluntary guilds , as a counterweight to the trade union associations of journeymen, should take place after 1872, after the trade convention had adopted rules of procedure for the guilds based on the trade regulations of the North German Confederation . The Chamber of Commerce saw this as "a solid base for order in bourgeois life [...] to create a solid middle-class middle class and thus a strong defense against the danger of social democracy". In addition to the trade and industry association, the Bremen local association of the General German Crafts Association existed for a short time from 1874 , and an association of independent craftsmen and manufacturers from 1875 .
From 1884 guild health insurance funds were established , the Bremen association of which had an office in the commercial building. The labor office of the united guilds was also located in the commercial building. In 1878 the Senate set up a trade court as an arbitration board. In 1877 the first Syndicus of the Johannes Jacobi Chamber of Commerce could be hired in place of the consultant.
The increasing strengthening of the labor movement also bothered the Chamber of Commerce when it stated at the Trade Convention in 1891 “[...] that the social democratic movement made itself felt in the furthest and most remote corners of the great economic organism of the Reich and had a threatening and disruptive effect everywhere. Crafts also suffer from it; the widespread terrorism of the professional associations has repeatedly caused him serious damage [...] "
Introduction of the chambers of crafts
In 1886 the representatives of the Chambers of Commerce introduced a German Chamber of Commerce. They demanded an empire-wide trade chamber and rejected pure tanning chambers to the exclusion of industry because of the difficult delimitation problems. The Reichstag dealt with the subject of the Chamber of Crafts from 1892. The 13th German Chamber of Commerce in 1897, chaired by Bremen Chamber President Gottfried Bergfeld, called for the establishment of compulsory guilds. The Reichstag decided to change the trade regulations, which formed the basis for compulsory craft chambers and voluntary guilds. The guilds were reorganized, some as compulsory guilds. The Senate transferred on 20/23. March 1900 the Chamber of Commerce the rights and obligations of a Chamber of Crafts for Bremen.
In the dispute over responsibility for industry, the Senate decided in 1906 that the Chamber of Commerce should represent the commercial concerns of industry and the Chamber of Commerce those of commerce.
In 1908 the Chamber set up its own department in Bremerhaven, and from 1912 an office was responsible.
In 1921 the chamber set up an advisory and collection office that helped traders with the difficult tax laws and the collection of outstanding debts, as well as keeping their business documents with the booking office from 1923 onwards. This became the trade promotion office . 1924 was the central office for trade and industry as a precursor of Kreishandwerkerschaft . These organizations had their headquarters as a federation of guilds and commercial associations in the commercial building.
In 1930 the handicrafts register in Bremen contained 7267 handicraft businesses, of which 6267 were in the city of Bremen, 236 in the Bremen rural communities, 597 in Bremerhaven and 167 in Vegesack.
Chambers of Crafts at the time of National Socialism
The equalization and centralization of the handicrafts in the time of National Socialism took place through the NS-handicrafts, trade and trade organization , which ensured that all management positions were filled with NSDAP members by June 1933 . The law on the provisional development of the German craft of 1933 with ordinances of 1934 and 1935 corresponded in part to the earlier ideas of the chambers of commerce (compulsory guilds). All craft and trade associations were dissolved. All craft chambers were subject to the technical supervision of the Reich Ministry of Economics . The chambers were responsible for supervising the district craft associations. The management from top to bottom was the responsibility of the empire master craftsman who appointed the state master craftsman . Courts of honor should judge violations of professional honor. The large certificate of proficiency - an old requirement of the chambers of crafts - was introduced in 1935 and remained after 1945. This meant that the master craftsman's certificate was required to train apprentices.
In 1936 the Reich Ministry of Economics ordered the establishment of the Bremen Chamber of Crafts on January 1, 1937 and the dissolution of the Bremen Chamber of Commerce. 1942/43 were chambers of commerce and chambers of crafts by the Gauwirtschaftskammern replaced to the Second World War to join regional forces of the economy.
After 1945
In 1945 the Bremen Chamber of Commerce was brought back to life by the Senate. The craft was initially only represented by a department of the Chamber of Commerce, which had its offices at Contrescarpe 20 and whose managing director was the future Senator Ulrich Graf . Businesses with more than nine employees required a license from the US military government and from 1947 to 1949 that of the Senator for Economic Affairs. In 1947 the Chamber of Skilled Crafts in Bremen became independent again. In 1948, the American directive temporarily ended compulsory membership in the chamber, with the consequence that the public-law tasks of the chamber were transferred to the state authorities (1949). The number of member companies was reduced from 8,000 to around 7,500. The chamber contributions could no longer be collected together with the trade tax , but separately. The by-laws had to be adjusted.
In 1949 the Chamber of Crafts elected its first post-war board. The North German Crafts Bulletin with Bremen supplement came out in 1949/50 and from 1953 the monthly Bremen Craftsmen magazine . In 1948 the Contrescarpe chamber domicile was confiscated by the military government for the US consulate ; They moved into rented office space at Am Wall 177. In 1951 the chamber moved into the repaired rear building of the war-torn commercial building, which was renovated and rebuilt in phases in the 1950s and moved into in 1956. In 1959 ownership was transferred by the Senate to the Chamber.
In 1953 the German Bundestag passed the law on the regulation of the craft . The large certificate of competence was reintroduced and the chambers of crafts and the district craftsmen's associations were confirmed as public self-governing bodies. The guilds as legal persons under private law had voluntary membership.
In 1955, the guarantee association of Bremen's Handwerks GmbH was created to make it easier for them to take out investment loans.
In 1962 the Lower Saxony Chamber of Crafts met in the commercial building with the participation of the heads of government Georg Diederichs (SPD) of Lower Saxony, Kai-Uwe von Hassel (CDU) of Schleswig-Holstein, Paul Nevermann of Hamburg and Wilhelm Kaisen of Bremen.
The Bremen Technical School was founded in 1966 by the Chamber of Commerce, Crafts, Employees and Labor.
The Gewerbeförderungsanstalt (GFA), which opened in 1965, was built on Doventorsteinweg according to plans by Martin Zill .
With the construction of the vocational training center of the Chamber of Craftsmen in the Bayernstrasse industrial area in Findorff (Schongauer Strasse) according to plans by architects Walter Henn and Wiechmann, GFA was able to considerably expand its educational offer as a competence center from 1980. The technical school was also housed here. The craft today, a subsidiary of the Chamber of Crafts Bremen uses the center.
The craft meal has been held regularly since 1969; first in the Stadtwaage and since the late 1980s in the Sparkasse Bremen Am Brill .
In 1990/91 the chamber supported the Rostock Chamber of Crafts during reunification .
Members and organs
Compulsory members of the Chamber of Crafts are the owners of the craft businesses or craft-like trades as well as the journeymen and the apprentices.
The Bremen Chamber of Crafts is currently represented by the President Jan-Gerd Kröger and the General Manager nn
The chamber's supervisory authorities are the Senator for Economics and Ports and the Senator for Education and Science.
Assembly members are 20 self-employed and 10 employee representatives (as of 2009).
The Chamber of Crafts is financed through membership fees, fees for individual services and public grants for specific purposes.
Task of the Chamber of Crafts
tasks
The task of the Chamber of Crafts in Bremen is to represent the interests of the entire craft and to regulate the concerns of the craft itself in the course of self-administration and to support the Senate and the authorities with suggestions and expert opinions. The Chamber of Crafts has legal supervision over the guilds .
The tasks also include: leading the craft and apprenticeship roles, monitoring vocational training, the examination regulations and the examination committees for journeyman, master craftsman and advanced training examinations, the advanced training of master craftsmen and journeymen.
Among other things, matters of business administration, environmental protection, occupational safety, start-ups, technology, the EU and export, business-related legal issues, training and personnel management are discussed in depth.
District craft associations
The district craftsmen's associations as corporations under public law in Bremen and Bremerhaven-Wesermünde are the amalgamation of guilds and guild specialist companies. They too have the task of representing the overall interests of the trade and the member companies that are members of the guilds. You are in close association with the Chamber of Crafts.
The district trade association in Bremen has its seat in Martinistr. 53-55. The area of the district handicrafts includes the city of Bremen.
The Bremerhaven-Wesermünde District Craftsmen's Association is based in the Haus des Handwerks (vocational training and technology center) Columbusstrasse 2 in Bremerhaven. The area of the district handicrafts includes the urban area of the seaside town of Bremerhaven and the former district of Wesermünde.
Newsletter
The monthly journal Handwerk in Bremen is the official newsletter of the Bremen Chamber of Crafts and is available to the Bremen and Bremerhaven district handicrafts and all guilds based or represented in the state of Bremen for information and communications. It provides information on craft policy, management and craft topics.
Personalities of the Chamber of Crafts
The President (also called Praeses) is the chairman of the Presidium. He calls the General Assembly and chairs it and the Board of Directors. The following personalities (selection) are to be named:
The chairmen were: Senator Carl Friedrich Gottfried Mohr , lawyer (1849–1854) • Senator Christian Friedrich Feldmann , educator (1854–1855)
Preses were u. a .: Hermann Bayer, master saddler (1855–1857) • Johann Peter Hagens, cigar manufacturer (1866) • Heinrich Moritz Hauschild , Hauschild Verlag (1870–1873 and 1876–1877) • Wilhelm Below, master builder (1878–1880, 1884–1886 and 1890–1893) • Alfred Feldmann , mineral water manufacturer (1881–1883, 1887–1889 and 1898–1911) • Gottfried Bergfeld, Koch & Bergfeld silverware factory (1893–1897) • Senator Carl Stichnath , master chimney sweep (1913, 1915, 1917, 1919 , 1931, 1933) • Senator Hermann Ritter , tobacco manufacturer (1916, 1918, 1920, 1922) • Georg Stichnaht , master chimney sweep (1947–1952 †) • Hermann Schlüter , master baker (1952–1979) (CDU) • Adolf Kupke, master heating engineer ( 1979–1989) • Kurz Siedow, master baker (1989–1999) • Dieter Dasenbrook, master painter (1999–2005) • Joachim Feldmann, master dental technician (2005–2013) • Jan-Gerd Kröger, building contractor (from 2014)
The following were important as legal consultants or as Syndizi: Carl Theodor Oelrichs (1856–1871) • Jasper Oelerichs (1871–1878) (later Senator) • Johannes Jacobi (1878–1897 †) • Heinrich Michaelis (1900–1911) • Hanns Flügge ( 1906–1914) • Heinrich Lange (since 1912)
After 1945, Ulrich Graf (1947–1959) • Jürgen Stahlmann (1959–1964) • Franz Flacke (1965–1967) • Wolfgang Schmolitzky (1968–1986) • Hans Meyer-Heye (1986–2002) should be named as managing director / chief executive officer. • Peter Keck (2002–2005) • Michael Busch (2005–2011) • Markus Mertsch (2012 / 13–2014) Martina Jungclaus (2014–2019) since 2019 Andreas Meyer
literature
- Johannes Jacobi: The Bremen Chamber of Commerce in the years 1849-1884, a historical account . Self-published Chamber of Commerce, Bremen 1884.
- Review of the fifty years of activity of the Bremen Chamber of Commerce from 1849 to 1899 . Printed by A. Guthe, Bremen 1899.
- For the 75th anniversary of the Bremen Chamber of Commerce 1849/1924 . Printed by G. Hunkel, Bremen 1924.
- Ulrich Graf: 100 years of the Bremen Chamber of Crafts 1849-1949 . Self-published Chamber of Crafts, Bremen 1949.
- Ursula Branding: The introduction of freedom of trade in Bremen and its consequences . Issue 19 of the publications from the State Archives of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, Carl Schünemann Verlag, Bremen 1951
- Dieter Meinhardt: 1849-1974, 125 years of the Bremen Chamber of Crafts, chronicle and balance sheet . Edited by the Bremen Chamber of Crafts, printed by Georg Appel, Bremen 1974
- Hans Meyer-Heye: To promote craft and trade ... From the 150-year history of the Bremen Chamber of Crafts. Hauschild Verlag , Bremen 1999, ISBN 3-89757-030-0 .
- Dieter Riemer : The Bremen Chamber of Crafts and its commercial building - 150 years . Published by the Bremen Chamber of Crafts, Bremen 2011