Hermann Josef Paragraph

This article covers the German bank manager. For the educational scientist see Hermann Josef Abs (educational scientist) .

Hermann Josef Abs in the 1970s

Hermann Josef Abs (born October 15, 1901 in Bonn ; † February 5, 1994 in Bad Soden am Taunus ) was a German banker and a member of the management board from 1938 to 1945, from 1957 to 1967 board spokesman and from 1967 to 1976 chairman of the supervisory board of Deutsche Bank AG . In the “ Third Reich ” entrusted with the robbery of Jewish property, played down as “ Aryanization ”, Abs worked very closely with Konrad Adenauer as a “financial diplomat” and advisor after the Second World War . He was also a member of numerous supervisory boards of various industrial groups and was considered an influential patron of the arts .

Life

Memorial plaque on the birthplace of Hermann Josef Abs in Bonn, Thomas-Mann-Straße 44

Hermann Josef Abs, born as the son of the lawyer Josef Abs (* December 6, 1862 in Euskirchen ; † May 24, 1943 in Bonn ), member of the board of the lignite company Hubertus, lignite mining in Brüggen an der Erft, member of the supervisory board of the lignite and Briquette works Roddergrube and Chairman of the Supervisory Board of Erft AG, and his wife Katharina, b. Lückerath grew up in a devout Catholic family. His grandfather had already been a lawyer and notary in Bonn and had made it to the royal Prussian judicial council, which had connections in the Catholic Center Party and in the Rhenish lignite industry . After graduating from the municipal (humanistic) high school in Bonn, today's Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Gymnasium , Abs completed a banking apprenticeship at the Bonn private bank Louis David and then began to study economics and law at the University of Bonn . After one semester he broke 1921 study from because his family could give him the study no longer finance in order to 1923 the private bank Delbrück, von der Heydt & Co in Cologne, then for a short time each at banks in Amsterdam , England , the USA and Latin America to work as forex traders.

On February 15, 1928, he married Inez Schnitzler (1908–1991), who came from a respected Cologne family. The marriage had two children: Thomas Vincent (1929–2001) and Marion Claude (* 1930). The couple then went to France and Spain for a few months before Abs started working for Bank NV Rhodius Koenigs Handelmaatschappij in Amsterdam in 1928 . In 1929 he moved to the renowned Berlin private bank Delbrück Schickler & Co. , a sister institution of the Cologne bank Delbrück, from Heydt & Co.

Joined Deutsche Bank in 1937

As the successor to a Jewish partner, Abs became a “junior partner” at Delbrück Schickler & Co. in Berlin in 1935 after the Nuremberg Laws came into force . In 1937 Abs accepted the offer to replace the deceased board member Gustaf Schlieper at Deutsche Bank . In 1938 he was appointed to the board of directors, of which he remained until the end of the war in 1945.

Due to his international experience and knowledge of foreign languages ​​(he spoke fluent English, Dutch, French and Spanish), he was on the board responsible for international business and industrial finance. Here he campaigned in neutral countries for the drawing of war loans from National Socialist Germany .

War economy and slave labor

From 1937 Abs was also a member of the IG Farben supervisory board . In 1941 he became a member of the supervisory board of Kontinentale Öl AG and chairman of the supervisory board of Pittler Werkzeugmaschinenfabrik AG , a mechanical engineering company in Leipzig- Wahren . In autumn 1944 Abs was the supervisory board chairman of Mechanik GmbH Rochlitz , a hydraulics manufacturer for war production, which operated an underground concentration camp sub-camp (camouflage name “Kali-Werk Georgi”) with around 1,000 forced laborers and prisoners in Wansleben near Halle (Saale). Shortly after the attack on the Soviet Union , Abs welcomed the war against the Soviet Union as a struggle "against the greatest enemy of all freedom and humanity" in a flaming personal letter to the leading Finnish banker Rainer von Fieandt . It is still unclear what Abs, as a supervisory board member of IG Farben, saw from the Auschwitz extermination camp and the IG Farben construction site there. IG Farben built a Buna plant near the extermination camp for 900 million Reichsmarks, in its largest construction project ever . 25,000 prisoners died on the construction site or in the Monowitz subcamp , which was operated by the SS for IG Farben. In view of the large sums of money for the facility, the historian Tim Schanetzky suspects that Abs had extensive knowledge.

In his capacity as one of the leading bankers of Germany and board member in more than 40 banks and industrial groups in Germany and abroad, he has maintained intensive business relationships with the top of the OKW - Office foreign / defense . There was particularly close contact with the head of Department I (secret reporting service responsible for foreign espionage and intelligence gathering), Colonel Hans Piekenbrock . This contact was mutually beneficial, because Abs was active both as an agent of the defense and as its client.

"Aryanization" and the NSDAP

Abs was entrusted with the " Aryanization " (forced sale) of Jewish companies and banks on the board of directors of Deutsche Bank . Some "Aryanizations" were the subject of US investigations after the end of World War II ( OMGUS report). The Mendelssohn banking house and the Adler & Oppenheimer leather group should be mentioned here . "A&O" was the largest Aryanization of Deutsche Bank AG in relation to an industrial company. Abs became a member of the supervisory board in 1938. The "Aryanization" consisted in a consortium led by Deutsche Bank AG taking over 75% of the shares. The bank made a profit of around 2.75 million Reichsmarks on the sale of the company renamed “Norddeutsche Lederwerke”.

The British historian Harold James concludes that Deutsche Bank has been involved in cases such as that of Adler & Oppenheimer mainly because of the complex international economic ties. Abs' personal contacts also played a central role in the “Germanization” of A&O. After the restitution of the owners after 1947, Abs remained chairman of the supervisory board.

In 1939, the newly founded Erft-Bergbau AG, in which the Abs family held 50% of the shares, took over the business operations of Hubertus AG, the majority of which was owned by the Aussiger Petscheks . His father Josef Abs had been associated with the company since it was founded and held 12% of the shares. The old Hubertus AG was liquidated in 1941. In 1939, Deutsche Bank took over the Bohemian Union Bank in occupied Czechoslovakia , which handled the takeovers and transactions involved in the “Aryanization” of Jewish assets. A direct involvement of Abs in these processes is controversial. The historian Lothar Gall sees no direct involvement, as Abs was only the deputy of the board member responsible for the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia , Oswald Rösler . Rösler himself, who was also chairman of the supervisory board of the Böhmische Union-Bank, judged the activities of the responsible employee Walter Pohle extremely critically in a memo distributed among the board in 1943 . Abs was a member of the Russian Committee of German Business and the Advisory Board of the German Reichsbank .

James sums up a number of cases he has examined:

“Abs made use of an unusually wide range of contacts - from foreign corporations such as Unilever, the Vatican, to German business leaders, to the criminals who led the takeovers and expropriations in Austria and Czechoslovakia, to the SS and Gestapo. While he helped some of the great German-Jewish dynasties - the Mendelssohns, the Hirschlands, the Oppenheimers and the Adlers - or the German-Czech Petscheks, he was also earning money for his bank and expanding his contacts and interests. "

At the end of the 1990s, an international commission of historians, on behalf of the Historical Institute of the Deutsche Bank, dealt with the question of whether Abs had knowledge of the origin of certain gold stocks during the Nazi era that the Deutsche Bank continuously acquired from the Reichsbank for gold melted by Degussa from murdered Jews from the extermination camps in the east. The commission found a number of reliable indications for Abs' knowledge of the origin of the gold, but could not unequivocally clarify the initial question in the absence of clear evidence.

Hermann Josef Abs never belonged to any political party. In 1943, in the course of the discussion about the reform of the banks , the NSDAP unsuccessfully urged the dismissal of the Catholic board members Clemens Plassmann and Abs .

End of the war and reconstruction

Abs in the credit institute for reconstruction in 1949

Partial bond for DM 100 from KfW dated December 31, 1949 with the signature of Hermann Josef Para

Abs with Adenauer during the visit of Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru in 1956

After the war, as directed by the Allies , Abs was suspended from his post on the board and imprisoned for about three months. He was then used as a financial advisor in the British zone of occupation. In the later denazification process , he was classified in category V (exonerated).

Abs played a key role in the development of the Federal Republic of Germany , including from 1948 to 1952 as Chairman of the Board of the Reconstruction Loan Corporation (KfW): During his fellow board member and "manager" at Deutsche Bank, Karl Ritter von Halt , he was a former NSDAP member for five years Spent in Soviet detention in special camp No. 2 Buchenwald , Abs had used the waiting time to maintain contacts with the economic experts at the headquarters of the military administration in the British occupation zone in Bad Oeynhausen as well as with experts of the American military administration in Frankfurt am Main and as a witness of the To make charges available at the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg. The Marshall Plan was linked to the establishment of KfW as the most important post-war bank in West Germany, which had to administer this money. Abs became the financial advisor to German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer and negotiated with the US over commercial loans. In 1952 he headed the Federal Republic's delegation in London to negotiate the settlement of German foreign debts . In early 1953 ended the talks with the London Debt Agreement , which the repayment of 14 billion DM in small monthly installments and a moratorium of the reparations to a peace treaty ended. A side effect of the London debt agreement was ignored for a long time from the German point of view, because at that time reparations also meant compensation for foreign victims of the Nazi regime. Forced laborers from abroad were refused compensation by German companies and courts until the 1990s, with reference to the London debt agreement.

The then Federal President Heinrich Lübke pushed for Abs' to be appointed Foreign Minister of Germany. However, Abs acted rather hesitantly towards Adenauer. After a statement by Paragraph for “close, trusting cooperation with the opposition” on foreign policy issues, Lübke gave up his plan. However, Adenauer wrote the banker a friendly letter in which he thanked him “warmly” for his “willingness to make himself available in the event of a serious escalation”. Perhaps Abs the job of the "world banker" seemed more interesting from the start; Against this background, his actions in 1961 opened up as an influence on the Bonn cabinet composition at the time in favor of Adenauer or the younger successor Foreign Minister Gerhard Schröder (CDU) .

In 1955 he tried in the USA to release the German assets that had been frozen there since the Second World War , but was ultimately unsuccessful. Abs cultivated an ironic, distant relationship with the "father of the German economic miracle" Ludwig Erhard .

Deutsche Bank in post-war Germany

Abs with his successor speakers Karl Klasen (left) and Franz Heinrich Ulrich (right) on April 12, 1967

In 1952 Abs resumed his official work at Deutsche Bank, Berlin-Düsseldorf, initially as spokesman for the board of directors at Süddeutsche Bank AG , Munich, one of Deutsche Bank's successor institutions. However, his place of work and residence remained in Frankfurt am Main. In 1957 he also became the spokesman for the board of the reunited Deutsche Bank in Frankfurt am Main. According to statements from the former Lockheed seller Paul White, Hermann Josef Abs and the then Federal Minister Franz Josef Strauss received funds in connection with the sale of Lockheed Super Constellation and Electra aircraft to Lufthansa .

“White told the FMOD (Foreign Ministry of Defense) that Lockheed had hired Frank Fahle at the suggestion of Herman Abs, that Abs and Strauss had received money in connection with the sale of Constellations and Electras to Lufthansa and that the same pattern of dealing was continuing on the 104 sale. "

With up to 30 supervisory board mandates, 20 of which as chairman, he was a key figure in the German economy and the most influential banker in Germany in the 1960s. After leaving the board of directors of Deutsche Bank, he was elected chairman of the supervisory board in 1967. In 1976 he ended his supervisory board mandate and remained Honorary Chairman of Deutsche Bank until his death in February 1994.

From 1968 to 1970 he was chairman of the supervisory board of Friedrich Krupp GmbH . Due to the large number of supervisory board mandates, the number of supervisory board mandates a person can hold was limited to a maximum of ten when the Stock Corporation Act was amended in 1965 (Section 100 (2) sentence 1 of the Stock Corporation Act). This restriction was popularly known as Lex Abs . Abs was able to influence important economic and financial policy measures in the Federal Republic (first foreign loan, D-Mark revaluation) or laws (Bundesbank law, the law on major German banks).

In 1970 Abs sued the GDR historian Eberhard Czichon and his publisher Manfred Pahl-Rugenstein for claiming, among other things, in a biography published by him that Abs had enriched himself through Aryanization, held a "position of power in the fascist system" and was for Nazi forced labor of concentration camp prisoners and even children responsible. Originally he had wanted to let the matter rest, but when Czichon threatened to sue Deutsche Bank for defamation , he asked his lawyers to intervene. Accompanied by considerable media attention in East and West, which was not least related to the simultaneous 100th anniversary of Deutsche Bank, the trial was brought before the Stuttgart Regional Court . In June 1972 Czichon and his publisher were sentenced to pay damages of 20,000 DM in 32 cases for false assertions of facts; the book was no longer allowed to be distributed. The court ruled in a purely right-wing positivistic manner ; Abs' active participation in the racist politics of the Nazi regime was not assessed . Abs waived the enforcement of the sum that would have ruined Pahl-Rugenstein, as his lawyer reached an out-of-court agreement with the Czichons (and thus with the SED ) that further attacks on him and Deutsche Bank, namely a publication of the OMGUS reports which contained incriminating material about him, were omitted.

Abs lived in Kronberg im Taunus from 1953 until his death in 1994 in a villa built in 1936 for Fritz ter Meer , member of the IG Farben board, with 1200 square meters of living space, garden room, music room and dressing room.

Abs died on February 5, 1994 at the age of 92 in Bad Soden am Taunus. In an obituary, Der Spiegel quoted the American banker David Rockefeller as saying that Abs was "the world's leading banker". His grave is in the St. Gertrud von Oedingen cemetery chapel , a district of Remagen .

Patronage

• Beethoven Archive : In 1987 he donated DM 1 million for the Beethoven House in Bonn.
• Abs had the chapel at the Oedingen (Remagen) cemetery renovated at his own expense . In 1952 he received the right from the diocese of Trier to have a crypt in the chapel for himself and his wife.
• Coin collection of the Welfenhaus : In 1983 Abs took over the mediation for the sale of the coin collection of the Welfenhaus with around 40,000 coins and medals from the owner at the time, Ernst August von Hannover, to the state of Lower Saxony.
• Henry the Lion's Gospel Book : In August 1983 he bought the Lion's Gospel Book, an important 12th century manuscript , which was offered by officially unknown owners in the London auction house Sotheby’s . The book was auctioned by Abs on December 6, 1983 for 32.5 million D-Marks for the Federal Republic of Germany and was the most expensive book in the world until Bill Gates acquired a manuscript by Leonardo da Vinci (“ Codex Leicester ”) .
• German National Foundation : In 1993 Abs founded the German National Foundation together with Helmut Schmidt , Michael Otto and Gerd Bucerius .
• Melos Quartet : Hermann Josef Abs was a long-time friend and supporter of the Melos Quartet.

Memberships

In 1955 he was appointed Knight of the Order of Knights of the Holy Sepulcher by Cardinal Grand Master Nicola Cardinal Canali and invested on May 7, 1955 by Lorenz Jaeger , Grand Prior of the German Lieutenancy . He was the Knight of the Knights of the Knights of the Knights of the Knights of the Knights and, from 1971 to 1985, as successor to Alois Hundhammer, governor of the German Lieutenancy of the Order of Knights of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem.

Abs was a co-founder of the German Society for Foreign Policy (DGAP) in 1955 .

The Gospel of Heinrich the Lion was auctioned by Abs on December 6, 1983 for 32.5 million D-Marks for the Federal Republic of Germany.

From 1968 to 1971 Abs was a member of the Central Committee of German Catholics . He was a permanent representative of the Holy See at the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). He was Vice President of the German section of the International Christian Leadership Network . In 1963 he was a senator of the Max Planck Society .

honors and awards

• 1953: Large Cross of Merit with Star of the Federal Republic of Germany
• 1965: Bavarian Order of Merit
• 1966: Large Cross of Merit with a star on the shoulder ribbon of the Federal Republic of Germany
• 1967: Jabach Medal from the City of Cologne
• 1968: Bernhard Harms Prize from the Kiel Institute for the World Economy.
• 1969: Grand Cross of the Order of Gregory by Pope Paul VI.
• 1975: Large silver medal on ribbon for services to the Republic of Austria
• 1977: Honorary Citizenship of Argentina
• 1979: Gran Oficial de la Orden de Bernardo O'Higgins
• 1979: Order of Good Hope of the Republic of South Africa
• 1980: Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau of the Netherlands
• 1982: Ring of Honor of the Görres Society
• 1984: Order of Al Hussein bin Ali of the Kingdom of Jordan
• 1988: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
• 1990: Hessian Order of Merit
• 1991: Honorary citizen of the city of Frankfurt am Main
• 1992: State Prize of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia

literature

• Konrad Fuchs:  Hermann Josef Abs. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 16, Bautz, Herzberg 1999, ISBN 3-88309-079-4 , Sp. 2-6.
• National Council of the National Front of Democratic Germany. Documentation center of the State Archive Administration of the GDR: "Brown Book". War and Nazi criminals in the Federal Republic and West Berlin. State, economy, administration, army, justice, science . State publisher of the German Democratic Republic. Berlin 1968
• Reichs Handbuch der Deutschen Gesellschaft - The handbook of personalities in words and pictures. First volume, Deutscher Wirtschaftsverlag, Berlin 1930, p. 4 ( microfiche edition: Saur, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-598-30664-4 ).
• Lothar Gall : A man for all seasons? Hermann Josef Abs in the Third Reich. In: Journal of Company History. 43, 1998, pp. 1-53. ISSN  0342-2852 .
• Tim Schanetky: Entrepreneurs: Profiteers of injustice. In: Norbert Frei (Ed.): Careers in the Twilight - Hitler's Elites after 1945. Campus Verlag, Frankfurt / Main 2001, ISBN 3-593-36790-4 .
• Lothar Gall: The banker Hermann Josef Abs. A biography. Beck, Munich 2004. ISBN 3-406-52195-9 .
• Josef Niesen : Bonn Personal Lexicon. Bouvier, Bonn 2007, ISBN 978-3-416-03159-2 .
• Christopher Kopper : Bankers under the swastika. DTV, 2008, ISBN 978-3-423-34465-4 .

Films, film contributions

• Gerolf Karwath: Hitler's elites after 1945. Part 3: Entrepreneurs - Profiteers of injustice. Director: Holger Hillesheim. Südwestrundfunk (SWR, 2002).

Web links

Commons : Hermann Josef Abs  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Literature by and about Hermann Josef Abs in the catalog of the German National Library
• Newspaper article about Hermann Josef Abs in the 20th century press kit of the ZBW - Leibniz Information Center for Economics .
• Biography of the Historical Society of Deutsche Bank
• Abs, Hermann Josef. Hessian biography. (As of January 6, 2020). In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
• Abs, Hermann J. in the Frankfurt personal dictionary
• Crypt of the Abs family in the St. Gertrudis cemetery chapel in Oedingen
• Der Spiegel : Article dossier on Hermann Josef Par
• Die Zeit : Article dossier on Hermann Josef Par
• Estate of Hermann Josef Abs

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Abs, Josef. In: Georg Wenzel: German business leader . Life courses of German business personalities. A reference book on 13,000 business figures of our time. Hanseatic Publishing House , Hamburg / Berlin / Leipzig 1929, DNB 948663294 .
2. ↑ ^{a b c} Bernt Engelmann: My friends, the managers. dtv, Munich 1969, p. 57.
3. ↑ ^{a b c d} Hermann Josef Abs. In: WHO is WHO. Retrieved December 11, 2006 . 
4. ↑ ^{a b} Bernt Engelmann: My friends, the managers. dtv, Munich 1969, p. 58.
5. ^ Annual report for 1937 (PDF) Deutsche Bank , April 6, 1938, p. 15 , accessed on January 26, 2016 . 
6. ^ Pittler AG share
7. ↑ Christoph Pauly, Nico Wingert: Secret concentration camp in the underground . In: Der Spiegel . No. 19 , 2006, pp. 70-71 ( online ).
8. ↑ Sven Röbel, Nico Wingert: The forgotten secret . In: Der Spiegel . No. 38 , 2005, p. 46-50 ( online ).
9. ^ Dietrich Eichholtz : War for Oil, An oil empire as a German war goal . Leipzig 2006, p. 62.
10. ↑ Tim Schanetzky : Entrepreneurs: Profiteurs of injustice . In: Norbert Frei (Ed.): Careers in the twilight. Hitler's elites after 1945 . Campus, Frankfurt am Main 2001, p. 100 f.
11. ↑ Julius Mader : Hitler's espionage generals testify. Berlin 1970, p. 36 ff.
12. ↑ OMGUS: Investigation against Deutsche Bank. Published by Hans Magnus Enzensberger . Greno Verlagsgesellschaft, Nördlingen; 544 pages
13. ↑ Harold James: The Deutsche Bank and the "Aryanization". CH Beck, 2001, p. 90 ff.
14. ↑ Christopher Kopper: Bankers under the swastika. DTV, 2008, ISBN 978-3-423-34465-4 .
15. ↑ Deutsche Bank wants to rob . In: Der Spiegel . No. 36 , 1985, pp. 68-72 ( online ).
16. ^ Harold James: The Deutsche Bank and the Nazi Economic War against the Jews. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2001, pp. 215-216.
17. ^ Zeit-online: The Deutsche Bank Secret - Germany made the wrong picture of its chief banker. January 13, 1998.
18. ↑ Bernt Engelmann: My friends, the managers. dtv, Munich 1969, p. 60.
19. ↑ Klaus Wiegrefe : The fear of the F-word . In: Der Spiegel . No. 9 , 2015, p. 26-27 ( Online - Feb. 21, 2015 ).
20. ↑ Bernt Engelmann: My friends, the managers. dtv, Munich 1969, p. 65.
21. ↑ Tim Schanetzky: Entrepreneurs: Profiteurs of injustice. P. 99.
22. ^ Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . December 21, 2007, p. 9.
23. ↑ final communiqué of 4 March 1955 deposited in Ticket: 2,012,073,010,005,395 .
24. ^ "Arms Sales in Germany" (Nov. 6, 1975). United States Department of State , November 6, 1975, accessed December 12, 2010 . 
25. ↑ “Arms Sales in Germany (January 6, 1976)”. United States Department of State , January 6, 1976, accessed December 12, 2010 . 
26. ↑ ^{a b} Harenberg's personal dictionary ^, 20th century. Harenberg Lexikon Verlag, Dortmund 1992, p. 11.
27. ^ SOCIETY / ABS: folder on the organ . In: Der Spiegel . No. 45 , 1965 ( online - Nov. 3, 1965 ).
28. ↑ Harold James : The Deutsche Bank and the "Aryanization". CH Beck, Munich 2001, p. 130, footnote 187; Martin Sabrow : Writing contemporary history. From understanding the past in the present . Wallstein, Göttingen 2014, p. 41 f .; Sebastian Brünger: History and Profit. How German corporations deal with their Nazi past . Wallstein, Göttingen 2017, pp. 164–194.
29. ^ Kronberg: Ex-Abs-Villa is sold: Living like a banker In: Frankfurter Rundschau. December 12, 2010.
30. ^ Obituary: Hermann Josef Abs, 1901-1994 . In: Der Spiegel . No. 7 , 1994 ( online - Feb. 14, 1994 ).
31. ↑ Abs, Hermann J. in the Frankfurter Personenlexikon
32. ↑ knerger.de
33. ↑ Abs crypt on knerger.de
34. ↑ See the report of the then Lower Saxony Minister for Science and Art Johann-Tönjes Cassens on the auction of the manuscript: Rescue of two cultural treasures from the Guelph holdings (PDF).
35. ^ Hermann Voss: pecking orders in the square. Pencil drawings by Hermann Voss. Res Novae Verlag, Aulendorf 2017, p. 62, ISBN 978-3981825510
36. ↑ The history of the DGAP. In: dgap.org. Retrieved February 25, 2016 . 
37. ^ Jeff Sharlet, The Family, The Secret Fundamentalism at The Heart of American Power. Harper Perennial, 2008, ISBN 978-0-06-056005-8 , p. 166.
38. ^ Ernst Klee: The dictionary of persons on the Third Reich. S. Fischer Verlag, 2003, p. 10.
39. ↑ HF: Not an inheritance from the princes . Citizens awarded the Jabach Medal as patrons of the museums. In: Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger . M. DuMont Schauberg, Cologne April 21, 1967.
40. ↑ Bernhard Harms Prize. ifw-kiel.de , archived from the original on June 14, 2013 ; Retrieved June 15, 2013 . 
41. ↑ List of all decorations awarded by the Federal President for services to the Republic of Austria from 1952 (PDF; 6.9 MB)

predecessor	Office	successor
Alois Hundhammer	Governor of the German Lieutenancy of the Order of the Knights of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem 1971–1985	Johannes Binkowski