Hodschij Muin

Hodschij Muin ( Tajik Ҳоҷӣ Муин Шукруллозода Hodschij Muin Schukrollosoda , Uzbek Hoji Muin Schukrullo o'g'li , Cyrillic Ҳожи Муин Шукрулло ўғли; also Hadji Muin ibn Schukrullo or Haji Muin ibn Shukrullah * 1883 , † 1942 ) was an enlightened educator, writer and journalist on Russian Turkestan or early Soviet Uzbekistan. According to his ethnic Tajik self-image, he was committed to the Uzbek and Tajik culture and can be regarded as the most famous founder of the Uzbek-language drama.

life and work

Hodschi Muin, born on March 19, 1883 in a Tajik petty trader family in central Samarkand , was orphaned at the age of twelve and then lived with his grandfather, the Imam of the Ruhobod Mosque, whom the young Muin accompanied on the Hajj . In 1902 he also lost his grandfather. After his first attempts as a beautiful writer and lyricist in the traditional style, Hodschi Muin turned to early national-Enlightenment modernism from 1906. Together with his mentor Mahmudxoʻja Behbudiy, the leader of the Central Asian Islamic Enlightenment, as well as Nusratulla Qudratulla oʻgʻli , Saidahmad Siddiqiy and Abduqodir Shakuriy , Hodschi Muin formed the core of the Djarkandid movement in the 1900s and 1910s.

From 1901 Hodschi Muin earned his life as a teacher at a maktab (Islamic elementary school), which he transformed into a school of the New Method in 1903 . He remained active as a primary school teacher until 1917; in the young Soviet Union he devoted himself particularly to adult literacy. He published several school books in Tajik and Uzbek languages: Rahnamoyi savod ("Guide to literacy", 1908), Aqidayi islomiya ("The Islamic Faith", 1910, transl .), Oʻqitgʻuchi ("The Teacher", 1925), Rahbari besavodon ( "Guide for Illiterate Adults", 1925).

In the 1910s, Hodschi Muin wrote regularly for the bourgeois-Enlightenment Tatar and Central Asian press, contributed significantly to Behbudiys magazine Oyina ("Spiegel", 1913-1915) and published in the official Russian Turkish newspaper Turkiston Viloyatining Gazeti . After the February Revolution of 1917, he supported anti-Bolshevik demands for Turkestan autonomy in the newspaper Hurriyat (“Freedom”, 1917). From the October Revolution of 1917, Hodschi Muin came to terms with the Soviet power and until 1935 wrote for pro -government, satirical and military newspapers ( Mehnatkashlar tovushi “Voice of the Working People ”, Ovozi Tojik “Voice of the Tajiks”; Tayoq “The Beat ” and Mashrab (satir .); Qizil Yulduz "Red Star" and others).

Hodschi Muin published several translations from and into Persian / Tajik and Uzbek, the most important of which in 1913 was Abdurauf Fitrat's Persian Munozara ("Dispute", author 1911).

After Mahmudxoʻja Behbudiy was able to celebrate successes with the first Uzbek theatrical work Padarkush (“The Father Murderer ”, written in 1911, first performed in 1914), in which Hodschi Muin appeared in the role of a businessman, Hodschi Muin shifted his focus to writing socially critical dramatic works . In 1916 Eski maktab, yangi maktab (“old school, new school”) appeared, in which he portrayed the traditional school as not really interested in the education of the pupils, but presented the new school as cosmopolitan. In his work Mazluma xotin ("The Oppressed Woman", 1916), Hodschi Muin speaks out against polygyny . Juvonbozlik qurboni (“A victim of boyish love”, 1916) is about pederasty . The humorous play Ko'knori ("The Opium Smokers ", 1916) gave him many enemies in the local drug scene. In Nusratulla Qudratulla oʻgʻlis Toʻy ("The Feast", 1914), a critical play about lavish circumcision festivals, he worked as a co-author and editor.

In several articles in the Jadidist magazine Oyina , Hodschi Muin advocated bringing the literary language closer to the vernacular and "purifying" it of loan elements. In doing so, he made an important contribution to the debate about the development of the Uzbek literary language, inspired by Tatar models. In the 1920s, Hodschi Muin worked alongside numerous other personalities on the Uzbek and Tajik language and orthography reforms and implemented his ideas in this regard in journalism and as a proofreader and editor.

As a prominent supporter of Central Asian Jadidism and a willing to cooperate but critical activist in early Soviet cultural development, Hodschi Muin was increasingly targeted by the State Security from 1923. In 1927 he was supposed to be recruited under the code name Yozuvchi ("writer"), but largely refused. Serious editorial errors in the newspaper Ovozi Tojik were blamed on him as subversion in 1929 and resulted in his exile to Siberia (until 1932). A similar incident in 1937 brought Hodji Muin to trial again; Sentenced to 10 years in camp on charges of espionage and decomposition, Hodschi Muin died on July 21, 1942 in Solikamsk .

literature

• Edward Allworth: Uzbek Literary Politics . Mouton & Co., The Hague 1964
• Adeeb Khalid : The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform. Jadidism in Central Asia . University of California Press; Berkeley, Los Angeles, London 1998. ISBN 0-520-21356-4
• Sigrid Kleinmichel: A departure from oriental poetry traditions. Studies of Uzbek drama and prose between 1910 and 1934 . Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1993. ISBN 963-05-6316-9
• Begali Qosimov: Milliy uygʻonish: Jasorat, maʼrifat, fidoyilik . Maʼnaviyat; Tashkent 2002.
• Begali Qosimov: Uygʻongan millat maʼrifati . Maʼnaviyat; Tashkent 2011.
• Shuhrat Rizayev: Jadid dramasi . Sharq; Tashkent 1997.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Shuhrat Rizayev: Jadid dramasi , Tashkent (Sharq) 1997, p. 127f.
2. ↑ Begali Qosimov: Milliy uygʻonish: Jasorat, Maʼrifat, fidoyilik , Tashkent (Maʼnaviyat) 2002, p. 318.