Huánuco Quechua

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Huánuco Quechua (Wanuku Runashimi)

Spoken in

Peru
speaker 150,000  
Linguistic
classification
Official status
Official language in Peru (regional)
Language codes
ISO 639 -1

qu

ISO 639 -2

que

ISO 639-3

qvl (Cajatambo / North Lima), qxa (Chiquián / Ancash), qvm (Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha), qxh (Panao / Huánuco), qub (Huallaga / Huánuco), que (macro language)

Huánuco-Quechua or AP-AM-AH ( Alto Pativilca - Alto Marañón - Alto Huallaga , Quechua : Wanuku Runashimi ) is a group of varieties of the Quechua language family that are found in the Peruvian Huánuco department and in smaller neighboring areas in the south of the Ancash department ( Bolognesi Province ) and in the north of the Lima Department ( Cajatambo Province ).

Features and classification

The Quechua of Huánuco is counted as Quechua I ( Waywash ), because it has its typical characteristics such as the vowel lengthening for the 1st person, -ma for "me" (1st person in the transition in the verb), -chaw and -pita for in and out / from etc. It has not participated in the phonetic changes of Wanka-Quechua or Ancash-Quechua . The plural in the verb is expressed as in Wanka and in Yaru-Quechua with -paaku , which is why Alfredo Torero 1974 classified it as a "supralect" or a Quechua language Yaru-Huánuco on the basis of mutual intelligibility with the Yaru .

standardization

Despite the clear differences to Wanka and Ancash, neither Huánuco-Quechua nor Yaru or a common standard of these two were included in the Quechua varieties officially recognized under Juan Velasco Alvarado (grammars and dictionaries 1976). As part of the implementation of the Language Law (Ley 29735) drafted by María Sumire and passed in 2011, Huánuco Quechua (Wanuku qichwa) is now also a recognized variety. In 2014 and 2015, an official standard was created for the Quechua varieties spoken in the Huánuco Department with two regional ordinances (Ordenanza Regional Nº 100-2014-CR-GRH , Ordenanza Regional Nº 020-2015-CR-GRH) . In addition to the three vowel graphemes a, i, u and the consonant graphemes ch, j, k, l, ll, m, n, ñ, p, q, r, s, sh, t, which are also used in other Quechua varieties in Peru , w, y, according to the 2015 ordinance, the characters ä, ï, ü are used for long vowels and the digraph ćh for retroflexes ch .

Sociolinguistic situation

Huánuco-Quechua is threatened in parts of its language area because it is rarely passed on to children, and in others - where it is the first language the children learn - is still vital. Schooling in Huánuco-Quechua did not exist until the beginning of the 2010s, but due to the Language Act (Ley 29735) there are 641 schools (as of 2013) in the Department of Huánuco for intercultural bilingual education (IZE, Spanish EIB) with Huánuco after 2011 -Quechua intended as the first language for students. These are almost all primary schools; only in the province of Marañón (districts of Huacrachuco and San Buenaventura) there are five secondary schools with Huánuco-Quechua. According to the Ministry of Education, Huánuco-Quechua (Wanuku qichwa) is used as the standard throughout the Huánuco Department , including in Ambo Province, where the Ambo-Pasco ( Yaru-Quechua ) variety is spoken. In the province of Cajatambo (Departamento Lima) 6 primary schools are planned for IZE with Quechua as first language.

In the official standard of the Wanuku qichwa , among other things, a translation of the language law has appeared. This official standard competes with Spanish-based spellings as used in the Bible translations (one complete and two New Testaments) of the Wycliff translators. In 1923, a translation of the four Gospels into a Waywash dialect, namely Huánuco-Quechua , appeared for the first time in Peru . A complete translation of the Bible into Huallaga Quechua has been available since 2010 . Translations of the New Testament also appeared in the 2000s in Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha-Quechua and Panao-Quechua, each with its own spelling based on Spanish.

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Perú, Ministerio de Educación, Dirección General de Educación Intercultural, Bilingüe y Rural: Documento Nacional de Lenguas Originarias del Perú Relación de variantes del quechua, Huánuco, Lima , 2013, p. 84, p. 340ff., P. 410 .
  2. ↑ Normas Legales: Ordenanza Regional N ° 100-2014-CR-GRH . El Peruano, July 14, 2015.
  3. ↑ Ordenanza Regional Nº 020-2015-CR-GRH . El Peruano, July 14, 2015.
  4. ↑ Apunchic Jesucristoc Chuscu Evangeliocuna o sea los cuatro Evangelios traducidos al Quechua de los departamentos de Huanuco-Ancash, junto con el correspondiente Castellano. London and New York, 1923. Translator: Rev. T. Webster Smith and Lazaro Chocano, Evangelical Union of South America.