Humboldtmühle
The Humboldtmühle (also: Humboldt-Mühle ; ) in the Berlin district of Tegel ( Reinickendorf district ) was a large mill that dates back to a historic mill first mentioned in 1361. Between 1989 and 1992 the buildings were converted into a hotel and office complex and expanded. They are used today as a specialist clinic. The building ensemble is a listed building as a whole .
location
The Humboldtmühle is located on the northern edge of Alt-Tegel, southeast of Tegel Castle , directly at the confluence of the Tegeler Fliess in the Tegeler See . The Tegeler Fließ passes under the main building of the mill.
history
13th to 19th centuries
The Tegel watermill (molendium) was first mentioned in a document in 1361, but was probably built as early as the 13th century. Because of the sovereign mill compulsion , it was of great economic importance for Tegel; In 1375 almost half of Tegel's tax revenue came from the mill. It could be reached via paths - usually called "Mühlenweg" - from Heiligensee , Hermsdorf , Dalldorf (today: Wittenau ) and Reinickendorf . The margrave sold the mill in 1361 to the Berlin citizen Johann Wolf, who sold it to the Benedictine convent Spandau in the same year . After the abolition of the monastery as a result of the Reformation, Elector Joachim II attached the mill to Gut Tegel in 1552, and around 1580 the mill was expanded to include a cutting mill .
In 1693 the mill and the estate were separated, Elector Friedrich III. bought the mill and auctioned it. There were several changes of ownership, in 1776 it came back into the possession of the manor, then Alexander Georg von Humboldt . When in 1810 the mill obligation was abolished in Prussia and the freedom of trade introduced, the economic situation of the Tegeler Mühle also deteriorated due to the competitive situation, although it was one of the largest of the eleven water mills in the Niederbarnim until then . The consequence was further changes of ownership. In 1834 the buildings burned down and were rebuilt in the same place by the owner Treskow.
A new economic foundation received the mill after the purchase by the mill Johann Gottfried Thiessen and his partner Karl Friedrich Henning 1847. It was in 1848 with a 20 PS strong steam engine to steam mill and obtained in 1851 with the deepening of the little river, a navigable link to Lake Tegel.
"Humboldt-Mühle" from 1887
From 1887 onwards, the entrepreneurs Cohn & Rosenberg expanded the facility into a large mill, which they called the “Humboldt Mill”, from 1893 on in the legal form of the Humboldtmühlen AG . The cutting mill was probably given up around 1910. A major fire destroyed many of the buildings in 1912, so that in 1913 the mill building, which is still preserved today, was built above the Tegeler Fließ along Schlossstrasse (today: An der Mühle ). The mill house built in 1906 was equipped with a 100 hp steam engine that increased the daily milling capacity to 180 tons . The Humboldtmühle was one of the medium-sized mills in Berlin. There was now a siding to the Tegel freight station, which had to be abandoned in 1978/1980. From 1924 the Victoria mills took part in the Humboldtmühlen-AG and incorporated them into their company in 1930. They operated the mill until it ceased operations in 1988.
Another major fire in 1937 destroyed the granary, which was rebuilt in 1939/1940 and which still exists today.
The mill survived the Second World War without being damaged. After the war it took on an important role in supplying the population of West Berlin . The daily output could be doubled to 360 tons through multi-shift operation, the workforce also increased to 105 employees, but was reduced to 60 through rationalization until the 1960s. The power supply was switched to external power. Until now, the flour had been dispensed in units of 50 or 100 kilograms, but from 1964 onwards, a fully automatic, electrically controlled flour silo and a packaging system with a capacity of 3,500 kilograms of flour per hour made it possible to dispense loose or packaged in smaller units. The grain was delivered by truck and ship. Barges in the European standard of 1000 tons could reach the mill through a branch canal to the Tegel harbor built in 1987.
Before it was shut down in 1988, the Humboldtmühle had a daily output of 350 tons of grain, which could be ground in 21 wheat and 11 rye mills. In the new bag egg, 6100 bags of one kilogram could be filled per hour.
Since the operation of the mill was no longer profitable due to increased personnel costs and outdated operating technology, it was discontinued in 1988. The land and buildings were acquired by the entrepreneur Ernst Freiberger , who converted the ensemble into an “office and hotel center” with 15,000 m² of office space and 125 hotel rooms in close coordination with the responsible authorities and the state curator new building.
building
19th century building
In the mill, which was newly built after Brand in 1834, was the stone-built and brick-covered grinding mill to the northwest of the Tegeler River, and the wooden cutting mill to the southeast, with the large undershot mill wheel in between . In the course of the conversion to steam power, a boiler house with a chimney was built in 1847/1848 , which was expanded and raised in 1875. In the same year a second, three-storey flour store and in 1879 a three-storey third in timber frame construction was built, in 1878 an office and warehouse with flour was built on the opposite side of the road to Kremmen , which was destroyed in the fire in 1912 and not rebuilt. The existing building stock was repeatedly modified. When Cohn & Rosenberg took over the business in 1887, they built a four-story brick-faced mill building along the road to Kremmen and a machine and boiler house with a chimney parallel to the river. They bridged the river to the south at the rear with a footbridge, which was replaced by an iron gangway in 1911. The buildings were carried out by H. Simon & Co. in Berlin.
To the west of the mill building there is a preserved late classicist "civil servant's house" with a mansion tower for senior management members in mansion and castle style, which was probably built in 1848 and is therefore the oldest preserved building of the Humboldtmühle. It shows stylistic features of the Berlin Schinkel School .
20th century building
The boiler and machine house with horse stable and transmission house built in 1906 (architects: Baugeschäft Feit and Hallert, Berlin) initially formed a single-storey assembly of brick-faced masonry in the formal language of the Brandenburg brick Gothic , which was later increased in several stages. The roof girders were made of iron framework, the buildings had a longitudinal ventilation hood. In 1911/1912, a five-storey flour store with storage cellar was built immediately east of the river at the site of the power plant from 1887, the chimney of the machine house was preserved and was increased from 39 to 50 meters in 1927. The existing storage building, designed by the Berlin architects H. Enders and Julius Lichtenstein, is a functional building in reinforced concrete skeleton construction with brick infills, a flat, sloping monopitch roof and large-format, almost square windows with bars. Inside, two rows of polygonal reinforced concrete pillars, which are founded on groups of wooden piles with concrete slabs under the pillars, allow a ceiling load of 1220 kg / m². In 1912 the flour storage facility on the south side was given a covered concrete loading ramp to the siding.
After the fire of 1912, in 1912/1913 the elongated four-story mill building on Schlossstrasse was erected in masonry faced with red bricks; the architects were again H. Enders and Julius Lichtenstein. It is a 17-axis wall pillar construction that is clearly structured horizontally and vertically. The upper storey is accentuated by a belted cornice and arched window. Three frontispieces (gable triangles) - two on the street side, one on the narrow western side - give the building a certain representativeness in the direction of the nearby Tegel mansion.
The mill building contained several functional areas: in the western side wing the grain silo cells and the grain cleaning, in the longitudinal building on the street the mill rooms and to the east the mixing rooms with flour and bran silo cells .
“The grain silo consists of 26 rectangular cells of the same size and two larger cells, which are separated from one another by reinforced concrete walls and are used to hold wheat or rye. The two end cells as well as 3 pairs of adjoining small cells are led from the ground floor through all floors, while the others only lead through 2 floors. [...] The 14-cell flour and bran silo extends from the 1st floor, in which the funnels are located, through the 2nd and 3rd floors and 2.0 m into the attic. It is divided into 14 [rectangular] cells by 6 transverse and one longitudinal partition. […] The four-cell flour silo consists of four rectangular cells of the same size, whose funnels are located on the ground floor of the mixing room. The walls of the silo start from the ceiling above the ground floor and extend through the 1st, 2nd and 3rd floors and two meters to the top floor. "
An office building in the style of a rural single-family house was built on the eastern corner in 1913. In the following years there were minor changes and modifications. When the three-storey granary from 1879/1880 burned down in 1937, it was replaced in 1939/40 by an eight-storey reinforced concrete building with a wall thickness of 20 cm and brick facing, which is based on traditional Hanseatic storage buildings. On an area of 18.60 x 32.10 meters, it reaches a ridge height of 34.40 meters with an eaves height of 20 meters . The building, which is now used as the hotel wing, has a three- story pitched roof with a plain tile roof and originally only had windows on the gable ends that simulated floors. Inside, 7,000 tons of heavy grain could be stored in 24 concrete silo cells. The war preparations carried out by the Nazi regime also provided for the storage of large stocks of bread grain, so that the construction of the storage facility at the Humboldtmühle proceeded at an accelerated pace after planning by architect Erich Kitzing using the sliding form process. Only five months passed between the issuance of the building permit in April 1939 and the acceptance of the building shell. The building was approved for use in mid-1940. , Sack elevator, sack slide through all floors, lifting and distribution equipment, weighing and cleaning machines, drying and fumigation system for grain beetle infestations - came from MIAG Mühlenbau. The storage facility received a bulwark on the water side for delivery by ship, which was reinforced in 1946 with rammed steel girders; the unloading took place with a pneumatic suction system. The granary was connected to the grain cleaning in the mill building by an underground conveyor channel.
After the Second World War , the office building to the east of Tegel was expanded and a two- to three-story office, workshop and social building was added to the southeast corner. After the steam engine was shut down in 1961 and the operation switched to electric drive, the machine house was demolished in 1906 and replaced by a 19 meter high 20-cell flour silo, which was attached to the flour storage bin from 1912 with a flat pent roof; the architect was Erich Kitzing. It made it possible to load the flour loosely into container wagons, as has been requested by bread factories in the meantime. The silo was severely damaged in a heavy flour explosion in the roof area in 1980 and had to be thoroughly repaired - now without windows in the roof area. In 1979/1980 the large grain silo was expanded to the west by a capacity of 4960 tons, which could be stored in 16 steel silos with a capacity of 310 tons.
Redesign 1989–1992
After Ernst Freiberger had acquired the facility, the contract for the renovation was given to the architects Karl-Heinz D. Steinebach and Friedrich Weber, who between 1989 and 1992 built the mill building from 1912/1913, the monolithic grain silo from 1939/1940 and the civil servants' residence from 1848 restored and supplemented with new architecture. Other smaller buildings and the chimney were demolished.
A new six-storey cube-shaped structure made of prefabricated concrete with red brick masonry in front and a rotunda set up as a point de vue in the line of sight of Berliner Straße. The rotunda at the same eaves height as the grain silo is an in-situ concrete construction that is clad with a glass facade held by a post-and-rail construction made of aluminum . The cube has two three-storey wings: a short one facing the lake, which ends in an indoor pool and sauna area, and a longer one, bent in the middle, facing Karolinenstrasse, which ends on this side in a five-storey transverse building. The rhythm of the windows takes up the structure of the mill building. On the side of the Tegeler Fließ, opposite the grain silo, there is a sheltered terrace belonging to the restaurant on the ground floor. A striking edge of the city has emerged on the city and park side, which, together with the Humboldt Library opposite, which opened in 1989, characterizes the landscape.
The grain silo was given a new, functional interior construction in an elaborate process, ceilings were drawn in across the silo tubes and square window openings were cut into the concrete facade, behind which the box windows were placed without bars. The grid of 77 hotel rooms (today: clinic rooms) of four by five meters corresponds to the previous cell structure of the silo. A further 30 rooms were created in a new three-storey western extension to the civil servants' residence, with which it forms an attractive courtyard. The suction devices to the east of the silo, with which the barges were unloaded, were preserved in memory of the original use of the mill complex. It is connected to the other buildings via a closed glass corridor with which the Tegeler Fließ is crossed.
The main entrance to the reception leads from the street An der Mühle towards the rotunda. The former boiler and machine house, which later became the heating center in the southern courtyard area, was torn down and replaced by a two-storey structure, which is reminiscent of the previous industrial architecture with the courtyard-side facade, the gable design and the profile structure. However, the two gable ends have been redesigned as a glass and steel structure at building height and make it clear that this is a reconstruction. A courtyard situation arose in which the edges of old buildings and new components constantly overlap in changing visual axes.
Medical Park Berlin Humboldtmühle Specialist Clinic
The Medical Park Berlin Humboldtmühle has been located in the buildings at Tegeler Fließ since February 2009 . It belongs to the Medical Park group of companies, which is operated by the owner and investor of Humboldtmühle, Ernst Freiberger . The company mainly owns health clinics in Bavaria .
The Medical Park Humboldtmühle is a specialist clinic for neurology , orthopedics and internal medicine / cardiology , as well as a stroke center with eight intensive care beds.
The building on the street An der Mühle with the side wings along the Tegeler Fließ is known as the Humboldthaus . It contains the reception, therapy and administration rooms and a radiological practice. The neighboring civil servants' residence is Villa Schinkel with offices for administration and medical management. The area with the patient rooms in the grain silo and the attached new building is named after the Humboldt tutor Joachim Heinrich Campe Campehaus , the eastern new building block Stefan-Hesse-Haus ( posthumously named after the former head physician, before that Liebermannhaus ) with the stroke center and on the ground floor the Restaurant and the baths and wellness department ( Königin-Luise- Bad) .
literature
- Helmut Engel (ed.): The Humboldt mill. Medieval watermill - large mill - office and hotel center. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-05-002480-1 .
- Wolf-Borwin Wendlandt: Humboldtmühle Tegel, An der Mühle 5–9. In: repairing, renovating, restoring. Exemplary monument preservation in Berlin. Berlin 1998, p. 82 f.
Web links
- The Humboldtmühle. In: berlin.de
- Medical Park Humboldtmühle website
Individual evidence
- ↑ to no. 09011810 the monument database. In: stadtentwicklung.berlin.de
- ↑ Source for the historical part: The Tegeler Mühle. A documentation. In: Helmut Engel (Ed.): The Humboldt Mill. Medieval watermill - large mill - office and hotel center. Berlin 1993, pp. 15-19 (slightly edited version by: Dipl.-Ing. Jürgen Tomisch: Die Victoria Mühlenwerke, formerly Die Humboldt-Mühle in Berlin-Tegel (Reinickendorf). Building history. 1988).
- ↑ Ernst Freiberger: The Humboldtmühle in the field of tension between old and new. In: Helmut Engel (Ed.): The Humboldt Mill. Medieval watermill - large mill - office and hotel center. Berlin 1993, p. 9 ff.
- ↑ Jürgen Lampeitl, Wolf-Borwin Wendlandt: Preservation of monuments as a mediator between past and future. In: Helmut Engel (Ed.): The Humboldt Mill. Medieval watermill - large mill - office and hotel center. Berlin 1993, pp. 82-95, here pp. 85 ff.
- ↑ Construction file chamber of the building. and housing supervisory authority of the Reinickendorf district, quoted by: Helmut Engel (Ed.): Die Humboldt-Mühle. Medieval watermill - large mill - office and hotel center. Berlin 1993, p. 23.25, note 9-11.
- ↑ Source for the historical building history: The Tegeler Mühle. A documentation. In: Helmut Engel (Ed.): The Humboldt Mill. Medieval watermill - large mill - office and hotel center. Berlin 1993, pp. 19-40 (slightly edited version by: Dipl.-Ing. Jürgen Tomisch: Die Victoria Mühlenwerke, formerly Die Humboldt-Mühle in Berlin-Tegel (Reinickendorf). Building history. 1988).
- ^ Source for the redesign: Karl-Heinz D. Steinebach, Friedrich Weber: The new architecture. In: Helmut Engel (Ed.): The Humboldt Mill. Medieval watermill - large mill - office and hotel center. Berlin 1993, pp. 99-105.
Coordinates: 52 ° 35 ′ 37.2 " N , 13 ° 16 ′ 47.1" E