Huxley-Wilberforce debate

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Since 2010, a stele in front of the Oxford University Museum of Natural History commemorates the debate on Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species held in the museum on June 30, 1860 by Thomas Henry Huxley , Samuel Wilberforce and others .

The Huxley-Wilberforce debate was a controversy over Charles Darwin 's The Origin of Species . It took place on June 30, 1860, two days after the start of the hippocampal debate , at the annual meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in Oxford . It is said to have come to a battle of words between Thomas Henry Huxley , professor at the Royal School of Mines , and Samuel Wilberforce , Bishop of Oxford, in which Wilberforce asked whether Huxley would rather descend from apes on his father's or his mother's side. Huxley is said to have replied that he was not ashamed of a monkey as an ancestor, but that he was a witty man who tried to cover up the truth.

The debate and the alleged exchange between Huxley and Wilberforce went almost unnoticed by the contemporary public. Only a few decades later, in the biographies written as a review of the life's work of their fathers, did Francis Darwin and Leonard Huxley embellish the event several times. Leonard Huxley stylized the incident as an open exchange between science and religion . It is frequently received in this distorted form up to the present day. Analysis of the history of science has not yet been able to conclusively clarify whether and in what form this exchange of words actually took place.

Typical rendition of the "legendary meeting"

Samuel Wilberforce.jpg
Thomas Henry Huxley BAAS 1860.jpg


Samuel Wilberforce and Thomas Henry Huxley on recordings in 1860

Stephen Jay Gould , in his 1986 essay on the Huxley-Wilberforce debate in Natural History , quoted what he thought was a typical rendering of what John Randolph Lucas described as a "legendary clash". Gould took from Ruth Moore's 1957 biography of Charles Darwin by Hutchinson Publishers in London:

“The bishop spoke for half an hour, definitely ridiculing Darwin and Huxley; then he turned to Huxley, who was sitting with him on the dais. With icy sarcasm he asked his famous question: What Huxley was trying to say - did he descend from the ape through his grandfather or grandmother? ... When the Bishop asked, Huxley had patted the surprised scientist who sat next to him on the knee and whispered, "The Lord has given it into my hand ..." [Huxley] pounced on the arguments that Wilberforce had made ... He worked his way up to its climax and exclaimed that he felt no shame for having an ancestral monkey, but that he was ashamed of a witty man who studied scientific questions about which he understood nothing. With that, Huxley had actually said that he preferred a monkey as an ancestor to a bishop, and there was no doubt in the audience what he had meant.

An uproar arose in the hall. Men jumped up and protested loudly against this direct insult to the clergyman. Admiral FitzRoy , the former captain of the Beagle, waved a Bible and shouted into the turmoil that this book, and not the snake he had housed on his ship, was the true and inviolable authority.

This marked the front lines. From that hour on, the dispute over the fundamental ideological question, the discussion between science and religion, should continue unabated. "

prehistory

Title page of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species , published November 24, 1859, which sparked debate

On November 24, 1859, Charles Darwin 's On the Origin of Species was published by John Murray . Thomas Henry Huxley , who had finished reading an advance copy the day before, wrote to Darwin: "As for your teaching, I am prepared to go to the stake if necessary [...]." Macmillan's Magazine and first reviews written by Huxley in the Times of London . Charles Lyell , who was initially skeptical of Darwin's views, reported to Darwin in mid-February 1860 of an argument with Wilberforce, while Wilberforce characterized Darwin's book as the “most unphilosophical he has ever read”. Wilberforce finished a lengthy review of Darwin's Origin on May 20, 1860 , which appeared anonymously in the July issue of Quarterly Review . After reading it, Darwin wrote to Hooker: “I've just read the Quarterly. The article is extremely well written, it skilfully picks out all the passages which contain the most presumptions and depicts all the difficulties well. It splendidly mocks me for having quoted the 'Anti-Jacobin' against my grandfather. You are not mentioned, and any more, which is strange, Huxley; I can also clearly see Owen's hand here and there. ”Towards the end of 1860, Darwin remarked to Huxley,“ I shall always think that those early reviews, almost entirely yours, did the cause tremendously. "

Construction of the legend

At the end of the 19th century, Francis Darwin and Leonard Huxley published typical Victorian life-and-letters biographies about their fathers Charles Darwin and Thomas Henry Huxley, in which the argument between Samuel Wilberforce and Thomas Henry Huxley was taken up.

Darwin Biographies by Francis Darwin

First appeared in 1887 the three-volume biography The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin (German title: Life and letters of Charles Darwin ) by Francis Darwin. In the second volume, Francis Darwin quoted an unnamed eyewitness who began his brief report with the words "The excitement was terrible ...". Unable to recall the wording of the crucial question, the eyewitness quoted a remark by Charles Lyell taken from a letter to Charles Bunbury published in 1881 : “The bishop asked whether Huxley was related to a monkey on the part of his grandfather or grandmother Lyell only knew what had happened by hearsay, since he was not there himself. Even with Huxley's answer, the eyewitness remained vague: "Huxley responded to the scientific argumentation of his opponent with strength and eloquence and to the personal allusion with a self-control, which gave his devastating reply a great dignity." The then student John Richard Green was more precise remember, from his letter of July 3, 1860 to William Boyd Dawkins , published in full in 1901, quoted Francis Darwin:

“I maintained, and I hereby repeat, that a person need not be ashamed if he has a monkey for his grandfather. If there is an ancestor I feel ashamed of when I remember him, it is rather a person of restless, versatile mind, who is not satisfied with a dubious success in his own field of activity and interferes in scientific questions, with which he is actually not familiar, only to obscure them with aimless rhetoric and to divert the attention of his audience from the important points at issue by eloquently digressing and appealing to religious prejudice. "

The zoologist Alfred Newton , who published his recollections of the discussion in early 1888, described it as "unforgettable", but did not add anything new to the details of the process.

Arguably dissatisfied with the portrayal of the incident, Francis Darwin contributed to the abridged, one-volume biography of Charles Darwin published in 1892 . His life told in an autobiographical chapter, and in a selected series of his published letters (German title: Charles Darwin. His life, presented in an autobiographical chapter and in a selected series of his published letters ) put together further reports. He had already received another eyewitness report from the then 29-year-old Oxford clergyman William Henry Fremantle in 1888 in which Richard Greswell , Robert FitzRoy and John Lubbock were the first to name other participants in the debate, and which he chose between the report of the anonymous eyewitness and Green's wording Inserted reply. He also contacted Huxley, who confirmed to him in a letter of June 27, 1891 that the descriptions of Fremantle and Green were in the main correct, with Green reproducing his speech more precisely. Huxley noted in his letter that he had to be persuaded by Robert Chambers to attend the meeting, and described his impression of Wilberforce's speech: “The bishop began his speech and, to my amazement, very soon showed that he did so What was ignorant was that he did not know how to deal with his case. My mood rose proportionally, and when he turned to me with his insolent question, I said quietly to Sir Benjamin, 'the Lord has delivered him into my hands'. "

In October 1898, Isabel Sidgwick's anonymously published article A Grandmother's Tales appeared , in which she briefly referred to the "memorable event". She mentions an evening meeting at Charles Daubeny's , at which everyone was eager to congratulate Huxley as the "hero of the day".

Huxley biography of Leonard Huxley

After Francis Darwin's biographies of Charles Darwin were published, Leonard Huxley also published a biography of his father ( Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley ) in 1900 , which contains the longest version of the debate. He complained that there was no report from his father about the "famous Oxford meeting of 1860 [which] was of no small importance in Huxley's career". In his account of the debate, Leonard Huxley referred to the Athenaeum report of July 1860; he used the descriptions in the biographies of Lyell and Darwin as well as the report by Sidgwick. Since he saw the event as a turning point in his father's career, Leonard Huxley sought more eyewitness accounts. He received this in July 1899 from the theologian Adam Storey Farrar and from the chemist Augustus George Vernon Harcourt . The end of his account was the reprint of Fremantle's report and Huxley's letter to Francis Darwin.

According to Leonard Huxley's account, the discussion was an "open clash between science and church", the meaning of which was "open resistance to authority". In this universal interpretation, the battle of words between Thomas Henry Huxley and Samuel Wilberforce was widely received in the 20th century.

Eyewitness accounts

Joseph Dalton Hooker, image from the 1860s by Henry Joseph Whitlock (1835–1918)

Three years after Huxley's death, Francis Darwin revealed to Leonard Huxley that the eyewitness account he cited went back to Hooker. This fact was first made known to the public through Leonard Huxley's biography of Joseph Dalton Hooker, published in 1918. When asked by Francis Darwin on his letter of July 2, 1860 to Charles Darwin, which contained a brief account of the incident, Hooker replied in 1887 that it contained "far too much of a boastful epistle." In it Hooker had written to Darwin: "Well, Sam Oxon [Wilberforce] got up and poisoned inimitably witty, ugly, meaningless and unfair for half an hour ... Huxley replied admirably and turned the tables, but he could do the big gathering Not drowning out with his voice and not calming the audience; nor did he pick out Sam's weak points and did not bring the matter into a form with which he could have asserted himself with the audience. ... My blood was boiling, I felt like a coward; now I saw my advantage; I swore to myself that I would mercilessly destroy that Amalekite Sam ... and then I crushed him in the midst of thunderous applause. I hit the bull's eye and later showed him that, firstly, he could never have read your book and, secondly, that he knew absolutely nothing about botany. I talked a little more on the subject of my own experience and conversion ... Sam was silenced - he couldn't utter a word in reply and the meeting was immediately disbanded. "However, he asked Francis Darwin," Do you already have a report about the Oxford meeting? If not, and if you wish, I'll see if I can bring them to life (and dissect the bishop alive) ”.

Thomas Henry Huxley's brief description of the process, which his son Leonard had missed, is contained in a letter written by Huxley to Frederick Daniel Dyster on September 9, 1860 , which was partially published in 1953: “I said, if you give me this The question asked whether, as a grandfather, I would rather have a pathetic monkey or a person who is endowed by nature and has great influence and who only uses these abilities and his influence to ridicule a significant scientific discussion - then confirmed I have no hesitation in choosing the monkey. "

In a letter kept in the Bodleian Library and addressed to Charles Henry John Anderson, 9th Baronet (1804-1891), Wilberforce made a brief report three days after the event: “On Saturday, Professor Henslow, chairman of the zoological department, and asked me to speak to the audience about Darwin's theory. So there was no excuse, and I had a long argument with Huxley. I think I gave it to him thoroughly. "

Another eyewitness account is in the University of St Andrews manuscript collection . In a letter dated July 5, 1860, the physicist Balfour Stewart wrote to James David Forbes : “Last Saturday in the great hall at Oxford there was a lively discussion of Darwin's theory with the Bishop of Oxford and Prof. Huxley as opponents ... It happened something good that I just have to mention. The bishop said he had been informed that Prof. Huxley had said he didn't care whether his grandfather was a monkey, but he [the bishop] would not like to go to the zoo and find out that the father was his Father's or his mother's mother some old-fashioned monkey. To which Prof. Huxley replied that as a grandfather he preferred an honest monkey on a low level of the development ladder to a man of brilliant mind and higher abilities who used his powers to twist the truth. "

Presentation of the debate in the contemporary press

The debate took place on the premises of the future library of the newly opened Oxford University Museum of Natural History .

The satirical magazine Punch , which otherwise liked to crack down on Wilberforce, ignored the event. The July 7, 1860 edition of the London weekly newspaper The Press reported: “The theory of Dr. Darwin… on the origin of species through natural selection caused the heatedest debate of all. ”In the only magazine covering the dispute, her reporter said that“ the Bishop of Oxford… asked Huxley if he preferred a monkey to have as a grandfather or grandmother. ”The longest report with over 2000 words appeared on July 14, 1860 in the journal Athenaeum . In charge of this report may have been Edwin Lankester , the secretary of the Section D.

Lectures

Instead of the lecture room as usual, the Saturday session of Section D for Zoology and Botany, including Physiology, took place in the future library of the Oxford University Museum of Natural History . The announced speakers were George Henry Kinahan , John Obadiah Westwood , Robert MacAndrew , Cuthbert Collingwood , Francis Orpen Morris and John William Draper , with the last three lectures starting around 12 noon, according to the Literary Gazette . At the same time, the session of the Physiology Subsection would be suspended so that all participants could take part in the subsequent discussion.

Kinahan's entry was read to the assembly by MacAndrew. From the lecture announced by Morris entitled On the Permanence of Species , since Morris was also not present, only parts of his work were presented by Charles Cardale Babington in the morning . The afternoon session began with announcements from Charles Giles Bridle Daubeny , MacAndrew, and Edwin Lankester, followed by Collingwood's talk On Recurrent Animal Form and its Significance in Systematic Zoology . However, it was the following lecture by the American Draper, a proponent of the theory of descent , which, according to the Athenaeum, attracted a large audience. The Evening Star estimated that between 400 and 500 people were gathered in the auditorium. Hooker, on the other hand, estimated the number of those gathered at 700 to 1000. Draper's lecture On the Intellectual Development of Europe, considered with reference to the views of Mr. Darwin and others ... ( On the intellectual development of Europe from the point of view of the views of Mr. Darwin and others ... ) lasted between an hour and an hour and a half.

debate

The discussion that followed Draper's presentation was chaired by John Stevens Henslow . The first contribution came from Richard Greswell , who rejected any comparison between the spiritual progress of man and the physical development of the lower animals. Benjamin Collins Brodie stated that he could not subscribe to Darwin's hypothesis . Man has the ability of self-awareness , and this ability of man is identical with divine intelligence. According to Philip Pearsall Carpenter , a young clergyman made ridiculous remarks and was silenced by Henslow with the support of the audience. When Huxley was then asked by Henslow to comment, the latter refused with the remark that he would respond if there was something to argue.

According to the Evening Star report , Wilberforce then vigorously pointed out the importance of the objections raised to Darwin's theory by professionals such as Benjamin Brodie and Richard Owen . According to the presentation in the Athenaeum , it is not a correct inductive theory . All attempts to show that there is some tendency for one animal to take on the shape of another have failed. Wilberforce emphasized that there is a clear boundary between humans and the lower animals. There is no tendency on the part of the lower animals to become the self-confident intelligent being human or to degenerate in humans and to lose the high qualities of their spirit and intelligence. Darwin's conclusions are a hypothesis, philosophically highly unworthy of a causal theory. Huxley then defended Darwin's theory against the charge that it was just a hypothesis. It offers an explanation for natural historical phenomena, just as the wave theory explains the phenomena of light. She explains facts and his book is full of new facts. Without wishing to claim that every part of the theory has been confirmed, however, it offers the best explanation for the origin of the species that has been presented so far. With regard to the psychological differences between humans and animals, Huxley went on, humans themselves were once a monad , a mere atom, and no one can say at what point in the history of their development they became intelligent. The question is not so much that of a transmutation or a transition of species, but that of how forms arise that remain constant.

Robert FitzRoy , under whose command Charles Darwin had participated in the second HMS Beagle expedition from 1831 to 1836 , regretted the publication of Darwin's book and contradicted Huxley's suggestion that it was a logical sequence of facts. Lionel Smith Beale , who took the floor after FitzRoy, pointed out some difficulties that Darwinian theory must grapple with, in particular that fundamental tendency towards related species that appear to be independent of all external influences. John Lubbock expressed his willingness to tolerate the Darwinian hypothesis as long as there was no better one.

Finally, Hooker was asked by Henslow, his father-in-law, to comment on the botanical aspect of the problem. The Athenaeum gave Hooker's contribution to the discussion the widest possible space in its report, writing among other things: “First of all, in his eloquent address, it seemed to him [Hooker] that his Eminence had completely misunderstood Mr. Darwin's hypothesis: this, so have his Eminence implied, contained the doctrine of the transformation of an existing species into another, and he confused this with the gradual development of species through variation and natural selection. The first of these tenets was so opposed to the facts, reasoning, and findings in Mr. Darwin's work that he could not understand how someone reading it could make such a mistake - the whole book was in fact a single protest against one such doctrine. "

audience

Richard Owen , with whom Huxley had clashed two days earlier at the start of the hippocampal debate , was absent that day.

Some important people were absent. Charles Darwin was in Richmond to convalesce . Michael Faraday returned to London that morning with a severe headache. William Whewell and David Brewster were absent, as were Charles Lyell and Richard Owen .

The history of science professor at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, Frank AJL James, has compiled a list of those who could be identified as participants in the meeting, giving an overview of age, origin and occupation. The average age of those present was 43.3 years. A clear majority of them were from Oxford, and there were also numerous members of the Section D committee for zoology and botany, including physiology. In addition to the participants already mentioned, the physician Henry Wentworth Acland (1815–1900), the chemist Benjamin Collins Brodie jr. , the Leipzig zoologist and translator of Darwin's writings Julius Victor Carus , the Durham cleric John Dingle (1812 – around 1886), the London clergy Thomas Simpson Evans (1797–1880), the Cambridge politician Henry Fawcett , the physiologist Michael Foster , the philosopher Thomas Hill Green , Vice Chancellor Francis Jeune (1806–1868), the Dublin natural philosopher Humphrey Lloyd , the politician Richard Monckton Milnes , the Boston mathematician Benjamin Peirce , the doctor George Rolleston , the geologist Wilfred Hudleston Simpson , the Dublin natural philosopher George Johnstone Stoney , naturalist Henry Baker Tristram and Oxford principal William Tuckwell in attendance.

Modern reception

For Stephen Jay Gould, the Huxley-Wilberforce debate is one of half a dozen of the most important legends in the history of science , such as Archimedes' “ Eureka ” exclamation and the “apple fall”, which is said to have inspired Isaac Newton for his law of gravitation . According to James Moore, co-author of the 1991 biography on Charles Darwin with Adrian Desmond, the debate is the second most famous ' battle ' of the 19th century after the Battle of Waterloo .

On October 31, 1978, the BBC began broadcasting the seven-part miniseries The Voyage of Charles Darwin , the German premiere of which was titled Die Reise von Charles Darwin from July 9, 1979 on ARD . The series is based on a screenplay by Robert Reid (1933–1990) and directed by Martyn Friend (* 1942). In the final episode, broadcast by the BBC for the first time on December 12, 1978, the debate between Thomas Henry Huxley, portrayed by Joseph Blatchley (* 1948), and Samuel Wilberforce, portrayed by Robert Stephens , was re-enacted and thus brought back into the consciousness of a broad audience Moved public.

Inspired by the television presentation, the British philosopher John Randolph Lucas compiled the actually verifiable facts and analyzed them. He considered it unlikely that Wilberforce would have said such a thing about Huxley's ancestry, and noted a shift in meaning in the interpretation of the event, which in his opinion is due to the fact that the proponents of Darwin's theory of evolution at the time saw themselves in the role of an oppressed minority . John Hedley Brooke (* 1944), former professor of natural science and religion at Oxford University, saw in the presentation of the debate by Francis Darwin and Leonard Huxley all aspects of a "founding myth" were fulfilled in order to sustain a decisive moment in the emerging professionalization of science to highlight. Joseph L. Altholz (1933–2003) of the Department of History at the University of Minnesota noted that it was not the speakers but the audience that created the aftermath of the debate.

literature

About four or five offspring later . The 1874 caricature by Faustin Betbeder serves as the cover of Ian Hesketh's Of Apes and Ancestors: Evolution, Christianity, and the Oxford Debate, published in 2009.
Late 1970s / 1980s
  • Janet Browne: The Charles Darwin-Joseph Hooker correspondence: an analysis of manuscript resources and their use in biography . In: Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History . Volume 8, 1978, pp. 351-366 ( doi: 10.3366 / jsbnh.1978.8.4.351 ).
  • John Randolph Lucas : Wilberforce and Huxley: A Legendary Encounter . In: Historical Journal . Volume 22, Cambridge University Press 1979, pp. 313-330 ( doi : 10.1017 / S0018246X00016848 , online ).
  • John Randolph Lucas: Wilberforce no Ape . In: Nature . Volume 287, October 9, 1980, p. 480 ( doi : 10.1038 / 287480c0 ).
  • Richard W. Wrangham: Bishop Wilberforce: Natural Selection and the Descent of Man . In: Nature . Volume 287, September 18, 1980, p. 192 ( doi : 10.1038 / 287192a0 ).
  • Joseph L. Altholz: The Huxley-Wilberforce Debate Revisited . In: Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences . Volume 35, 1980, pp. 313-316, ( doi : 10.1093 / jhmas / XXXV.3.313 ).
  • Sheridan Gilley, Ann Loades: Thomas Henry Huxley: The War Between Science and Religion . In: The Journal of Religion . Volume 61, 1981, pp. 285-308 ( doi : 10.1086 / 486872 ).
  • Sheridan Gilley: The Huxley-Wilberforce Debate: A Reconstruction . In: Keith Robbins (ed.): Religion and Humanism . Studies in Church History, Volume 17, Blackwell, Oxford 1981, ISBN 0-631-19270-0 , pp. 325-340.
  • Edmund R. Leach: Men, bishops and apes . In: Nature . Volume 293, September 1981, pp. 19-21 ( doi : 10.1038 / 293019a0 )
  • Stephen Jay Gould : Soapy Sam's Logic. A True Scoundrel but with Redeeming Value . In: Natural History . Volume 95, Number 4, 1986, pp. 16-18.
  • Stephen Jay Gould: Knight takes Bishop? The Facts about the Great Wilberforce-Huxley Debate Don't Always Fit the Legend . In: Natural History . Volume 95, Number 5, 1986, pp. 18-33.
  • John Vernon Jensen: Return to the Wilberforce-Huxley debate . In: British Journal for the History of Science . Volume 21, 1988, pp. 161-179 ( doi : 10.1017 / S0007087400024742 ).
1990s
  • “Debate” with Bishop Wilberforce, 1860 . In: John Vernon Jensen: Thomas Henry Huxley: Communicating for Science . Associated University Presse, 1991, ISBN 0-87413-379-3 , pp. 63-86.
  • Edward Caudill: The Bishop-Eaters: the publicity campaign for Darwin and On the Origin of Species . In: Journal of the History of Ideas . Vol. 55, Number 3, 1994, pp. 441-460 ( JSTOR 2709849 ).
  • Edward Caudill: Darwinian Myths: The Legends and Misuses of a Theory . 1st edition, University of Tennessee Press, 1997, ISBN 0-87049-984-X .
from 2000
  • Keith S. Thomson: Huxley, Wilberforce and the Oxford Museum . In: American Scientist . Volume 88, number 5, 2000, pp. 210–213 ( doi: 10.1511 / 2000.3.210 , online )
  • JH Brooke: The Wilberforce-Huxley Debate: Why did it happen? . In: Science & Christian Belief Volume 13, 2001, pp. 127–141, ( online , PDF ).
  • Frank AJL James: An 'Open Clash between Science and the Church' ?: Wilberforce, Huxley and Hooker on Darwin at the British Association, Oxford, 1860 . In: David M. Knight, Matthew Eddy (Eds.): Science and Beliefs. From Natural Philosophy to Natural Science, 1700-1900 . Hamshire / Burlington 2005, ISBN 0-7546-3996-7 , pp. 171-193.
  • "Ape theory" Huxley versus Wilberforce . In: Thomas Gondermann: Evolution and Race: Theoretical and Institutional Change in Victorian Anthropology . transcript Verlag, 2007, ISBN 978-3-89942-663-2 , pp. 100-104.
  • David J. Depew: Darwinian Controversies: An Historiographical Recounting . In: Science & Education . Springer, 2009, pp. 323-366 ( doi : 10.1007 / s11191-009-9202-x ).
  • Ian Hesketh: Of Apes and Ancestors: Evolution, Christianity, and the Oxford Debate . University of Toronto Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-8020-9284-7 .

Primary sources

Contemporary

Diary entries and letters
  • Samuel Wilberforce, diary entry June 30, 1860? Bodleian MS Wilberforce dep. e.327.
  • Benjamin Peirce: [Diary entry June 30, 1860]. In: Nathan Reingold: Science in Nineteenth-Century America. A documentary history . New York 1964, pp. 197-198.
  • Joseph Dalton Hooker to Charles Darwin, letter dated July 2, 1860. Letter 2852 in The Darwin Correspondence Project, (accessed October 7, 2009).
  • Samuel Wilberforce to Charles Anderson, letter of July 3, 1860? Bodleian MS Wilberforce d.29, f.30-31.
  • John Richard Green to W. Boyd Dawkins, letter of July 3, 1860. In: Leslie Stephen: Letters of John Richard Green . Macmillan & Co., London / New York 1901, pp. 42-45 ( online ).
  • Antonia Draper to her family, letter of July 3, 1860. Library of Congress, Draper papers, box 45.
  • Balfour Stewart to James David Forbes, letter of July 5, 1860. St Andrews University, MS JDF 1860/133.
  • John William Draper to his family, letter of July 6, 1860. Library of Congress, Draper papers, box 44.
  • Hugh Falconer to Charles Darwin, letter dated July 9, 1860. Letter 2863 in The Darwin Correspondence Project (accessed October 9, 2009).
  • Philip Pearsall Carpenter to Joseph Henry, July 1860. In: Russell Lant Carpenter (Ed.): Memoirs of the Life and Work of Philip Pearsall Carpenter: Chiefly Derived from His Letters . 2nd edition, C. Kegan Paul & Co., London 1880, pp. 243-249 ( online ).
  • Alfred Newton to Edward Newton, letter of July 25, 1860. In: Alexander Frederick Richard Wollaston: Life of Alfred Newton . J. Murray, London 1921, pp. 118-120 ( online ).
  • Thomas Henry Huxley to Frederic Daniel Dyster, letter of September 9, 1860. Imperial College MS HP 15, f.115-118; Excerpt from: DJ Foskett: Wilberforce and Huxley on Evolution . In: Nature . Volume 172, 1953, p. 920 ( doi: 10.1038 / 172920a0 ).
Reports in newspapers and magazines
  • [Anonymous]: The Evening Star . July 2, 1860, p. 3, column 2.
  • [Anonymous]: The Guardian . July 4, 1860, p. 593.
  • [Anonymous]: The Athenaeum . Number 1706, July 7, 1860, pp. 19, pp. 25-26, ( pp. 18-32 ).
  • [Anonymous]: The Press . July 7, 1860, p. 656.
  • [Anonymous]: The Literary Gazette. A weekly journal of literature, science, and the fine arts . New Series, Volume 5, July 7, 1860, p. 807, p. 812 ( pp. 807-813 ).
  • [Anonymous]: John Bull . July 7, 1860, p. 422.
  • [Anonymous]: The Inquirer . July 7, 1860, p. 566.
  • [Anonymous]: Oxford University Herald . July 7, 1860, p. 8.
  • [Anonymous]: Oxford Chronicle . July 7, 1860, p. 2, column 5.
  • [Anonymous]: Jackson's Oxford Journal . Number 5593, July 7, 1860, p. 2, column 6.
  • [Anonymous]: Illustrated London News . July 7, 1860, p. 3.
  • [Anonymous]: The Athenaeum . Number 1707, July 14, 1860, pp. 64-65, ( pp. 59-69 ).
  • Henry Fawcett: A Popular Exposition of Mr. Darwin on the Origin of Species . In: Macmillan's Magazine . Volume 3, pp. 81-92, London December 1860 ( online ).
Hearsay reports
  • Arthur J. Munby: [Diary entry July 1, 1860]. In: Derek Hudson: Munby: Man of Two Worlds . Gambit, London 1972, ISBN 0-87645-066-4 , pp. 64-65.
  • Charles Lyell to Charles Bunbury, letter of July 4, 1860. In: Mrs. Lyell: Life of Sir Charles Lyell . J. Murray, London 1881, Vol. 2, pp. 334-336 ( online ).
  • Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff: [Diary entry July 4, 1860]. In: Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff: Notes from a Diary, 1851–1872 . 2 volumes, J. Murray, London 1897, volume 1, p. 139 ( online ).
  • William Whewell to James David Forbes, letter dated July 24, 1860. St. Andrews University, MS JDF 1860/145 (a).

Later

Reproduction of the debate from 1880 to 1921
  • Russell Lant Carpenter (Ed.): Memoirs of the Life and Work of Philip Pearsall Carpenter: Chiefly Derived from His Letters . 2nd edition, C. Kegan Paul & Co., London 1880, pp. 243-249 ( online ).
  • Reginald Garton Wilberforce: Life of the Right Reverend Samuel Wilberforce: With Selections from his Diaries and Correspondence . Volume 2, J. Murray, London 1880, pp. 450-451 ( online ).
  • Katherine Murray Lyell: Life of Sir Charles Lyell . J. Murray, London 1881, Vol. 2, pp. 334-336 ( online ).
  • Edward Burnett Tylor: Life of Dr. Rolleston . In: William Turner (Ed.): Scientific Papers and Addresses by George Rolleston . Clarendon Press London 1884, Volume 1, pp. IX-XV , pp. XXXIII-XXXIV .
  • Leslie Stephen: Life of Henry Fawcett . Smith, Elder & Co., London 1885, p. 99 ( online ).
  • Francis Darwin: The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin . 3 volumes, John Murray, London 1887, Volume 2, pp. 320-323 ( online ).
    • Life and Letters of Charles Darwin . 3 volumes, translated from English by J. Victor Carus, Schweizerbart, Stuttgart 1887, Volume 2, pp. 312–317 ( online ).
  • Alfred Newton: Early days of Darwinism . In: Macmillan's Magazine . Volume 57, February 1888, pp. 241-249 ( online ).
  • Francis Darwin: Charles Darwin. His life told in an autobiographical chapter, and in a selected series of his published letters . John Murray, London 1892, pp. 236-243 ( online ).
    • Charles Darwin. His life, presented in an autobiographical chapter and in a selected series of his published letters . Authorized German edition, translated from English by J. Victor Carus, Schweizerbart, Stuttgart 1893, pp. 269–276 ( online )
  • Edward Bagnall Poulton: Charles Darwin and the theory of natural selection . London 1896, pp. 153-156 ( online ).
  • John Eyton Bickersteth Mayor: Memorials, journal and botanical correspondence of Charles Cardale Babington . Macmillan & Bowes, Cambridge 1897, pp. XX, pp. XXXI ( online ).
  • [Isabel Sidgwick]: A Grandmother's Tales . In: Macmillan's Magazine . Volume 78, Number 468, October 1898, pp. 425-435 ( online ).
  • Leonard Huxley: Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley . 2 volumes, Macmillan, London 1900, Volume 1, pp. 179-189 ( online ).
  • William Tuckwell: Reminiscences of Oxford . London 1901, pp. 50-54 ( online ).
  • Leslie Stephen: Letters of John Richard Green . Macmillan & Co., London / New York 1901, pp. 42-45 ( online ).
  • James Beresford Atlay: Sir Henry Wentworth Acland, regius professor of medicine in the University of Oxford. A memoir . Smith, Elder & Co., London 1903, pp. 302-303 ( online ).
  • James Bryce: Personal Reminiscences of Charles Darwin and of the Reception of the Origin of Species . In: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Volume 48, Number 193, September 1909, pp. III-XIV, XI-XII ( online ).
  • Leonard Huxley: Life & Letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker . 2 volumes, J. Murray, London 1918; Volume 1, pp. 520-527 ; Volume 2, pp. 303-304 .
  • Alexander Frederick Richard Wollaston: Life of Alfred Newton . J. Murray, London 1921, pp. 118-120 ( online ).
  • Reginald Garton Wilberforce: Life of the Right Reverend Samuel Wilberforce: With Selections from his Diaries and Correspondence . Volume 2, J. Murray, London 1880, pp. 450-451 ( online ).
  • Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff: Notes from a Diary, 1851–1872 . 2 volumes, J. Murray, London 1897, volume 1, p. 139 ( online ).
Letters
  • Julius Victor Cams to Francis Darwin, letter [approx. 1886]. In: Francis Darwin: The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin . 3 volumes, John Murray, London 1887, Volume 2, p. 322 ( online ).
  • Joseph Dalton Hooker to Francis Darwin. Letter dated October 30, 1886. In: Leonard Huxley: Life & Letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker . 2 volumes, J. Murray, London 1918; Volume 2, p. 303 ( online ).
  • [Joseph Dalton Hooker] to Francis Darwin, letter circa November 21, 1886. In: Francis Darwin: The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin . 3 volumes, John Murray, London 1887, Volume 2, pp. 321-323 ( online ).
  • Joseph Dalton Hooker to Francis Darwin, letter dated November 21, 1886. In: Leonard Huxley: Life & Letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker . 2 volumes, J. Murray, London 1918; Volume 2, p. 303 ( online ).
  • Joseph Dalton Hooker to Francis Darwin, letter 1887. In: Leonard Huxley: Life & Letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker . 2 volumes, J. Murray, London 1918; Volume 2, p. 303 ( online ).
  • Joseph Dalton Hooker to Francis Darwin, letter of March 10, 1887. In: Leonard Huxley: Life & Letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker . 2 volumes, J. Murray, London 1918; Volume 2, p. 304 ( online ).
  • Reginald Wilberforce to The Times, letter dated November 28, 1887. In: The Times . November 29, 1887, p. 10, column 4.
  • Thomas Henry Huxley to The Times, letter dated November 30, 1887. In: The Times . December 1, 1887, p. 8, column 4.
  • William Henry Fremantle to Francis Darwin, letter [approx. 1888]. In: Francis Darwin: Charles Darwin. His life told in an autobiographical chapter, and in a selected series of his published letters . John Murray, London 1892, pp. 238-239 ( online ).
  • William Henry Fremantle to Francis Darwin, letter of July 28, 1888. CUL MS DAR 107, pp. 21-22 (CUL MS DAR = The Darwin Papers, Manuscripts Room, Cambridge University Library).
  • Thomas Henry Huxley to Francis Darwin, letter of June 27, 1891. In: Francis Darwin: Charles Darwin. His life told in an autobiographical chapter, and in a selected series of his published letters . John Murray, London 1892, pp. 240-241 ( online ).
  • George Johnstone Stoney to Francis Darwin, letter dated May 17, 1895. CUL MS DAR 107, pp. 36-39.
  • George Johnstone Stoney to Francis Darwin, letter of May 18, 1895. CUL MS DAR 107, pp. 40-41.
  • John Lubbock to Francis Darwin, letter, Jan. 2, 1896. CUL MS DAR 107, p. 30.
  • Isabel Sidgwick to Leonard Huxley, letter [late 1890s]. In: Leonard Huxley: Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley . 1900, Vol. 1, pp. 185, 188-189 ( online ).
  • Augustus George Vernon Harcourt to Leonard Huxley, letter of July 9, 1899. In: Leonard Huxley: Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley . 1900, Volume 1, p. 185 ( online ).
  • Adam Storey Farrar to Leonard Huxley, letter dated July 12, 1899. In: Leonard Huxley: Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley . 1900, Vol. 1, pp. 182-183, pp. 183-184 ( online ).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Stephen Jay Gould: Secularity and Spirituality . In: Bravo, Brontosaurus. The winding paths of natural history . Hoffmann and Campe, 1994, ISBN 3-455-08555-5 , p. 447.
  2. ↑ This is an allusion to a word from the Bible: David called out to Saul, who was persecuting him: “Today the Lord has given you into my hand” ( 1 Sam 26.23  EU ), after David had had the - consciously not used - opportunity To kill Saul.
  3. ↑ Thomas Henry Huxley to Charles Darwin, November 23, 1859, Letter 2544 in The Darwin Correspondence Project, (accessed September 3, 2012).
  4. ^ Life and Letters of Charles Darwin , Volume 2, p. 225 ( online ).
  5. ↑ Thomas Henry Huxley: Time and Life: Mr. Darwin's "Origin of Species" . In: Macmillan's Magazine . Volume 1, December 1859, pp. 142-148 ( online ).
  6. ^ [Thomas Henry Huxley]: Darwin on the Origin of Species . In: The Times . December 26, 1859, pp. 8-9 ( online ).
  7. ↑ Charles Lyell to George Ticknor , letter dated January 9, 1860. In: Mrs. Lyell: Life of Sir Charles Lyell . J. Murray, London 1881, Volume 2, p. 329 ( online ).
  8. ↑ Charles Lyell to Charles Darwin, [13. – 14. February 1860], Letter 2694 in The Darwin Correspondence Project, (accessed September 3, 2012).
  9. ^ Reginald Garton Wilberforce: Life of the Right Reverend Samuel Wilberforce: With Selections from his Diaries and Correspondence . Volume 2, J. Murray, London 1880, p. 449 ( online ).
  10. ↑ [Samuel Wilberforce]: [Review of] On the Origin of Species, by Means of Natural Selection; or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life. By Charles Darwin, MA, FRS In: Quarterly Review Volume 108, [18] July 1860, pp. 225-264 ( online ).
  11. ↑ Charles Darwin. His life, presented in an autobiographical chapter ... pp. 274–275 ( online ).
  12. ↑ Charles Darwin to Joseph Dalton Hooker, [20? July 1860], Letter 2875 in The Darwin Correspondence Project, (accessed September 4, 2012).
  13. ^ Charles Darwin to Thomas Henry Huxley , November 22 [1860], Letter 2994 in The Darwin Correspondence Project (accessed September 4, 2012).
  14. ^ Life and Letters of Charles Darwin , Volume 2, p. 342 ( online ).
  15. ^ Francis Darwin: Life and Letters of Charles Darwin . Swiss Beard, Stuttgart 1887, Volume 2, p. 313 ( online )
  16. ^ Francis Darwin: The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin . John Murray, London 1887, Volume 2, p. 321 ( online ).
  17. ^ Charles Lyell to Charles Bunbury, letter of July 4, 1860. In: Mrs Lyell: Life of Sir Charles Lyell . J. Murray, London 1881, Volume 2, p. 335 ( online ).
  18. ^ Francis Darwin: Life and Letters of Charles Darwin . Schweizerbart, Stuttgart 1887, Volume 2, pp. 313-314 ( online )
  19. ^ Francis Darwin: The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin . John Murray, London 1887, Vol. 2, pp. 321-322 ( online ).
  20. ^ Francis Darwin: Life and Letters of Charles Darwin . Swiss Beard, Stuttgart 1887, Volume 2, p. 314 ( online )
  21. ^ Francis Darwin: The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin . John Murray, London 1887, Volume 2, p. 322 ( online ).
  22. ^ A b John Richard Green to W. Boyd Dawkins, letter of July 3, 1860. In: Leslie Stephen: Letters of John Richard Green . Macmillan & Co., London / New York 1901, p. 45 ( online ).
  23. ↑ German translation quoted from Stephen Jay Gould: Weltlichkeit und Geistlichkeit . In: Bravo, Brontosaurus. The winding paths of natural history . Hoffmann and Campe, 1994, ISBN 3-455-08555-5 , p. 455.
  24. ^ Alfred Newton: Early days of Darwinism . In: Macmillan's Magazine . Volume 57, February 1888, p. 248 ( online ).
  25. ↑ William Henry Fremantle to Francis Darwin, letter [approx. 1888]. In: Francis Darwin: Charles Darwin. His life told in an autobiographical chapter, and in a selected series of his published letters . John Murray, London 1892, pp. 238-239 ( online ).
  26. ↑ Charles Darwin. His life, presented in an autobiographical chapter ... pp. 272–273 ( online ).
  27. ↑ [Isabel Sidgwick]: A Grandmother's Tales . In: Macmillan's Magazine . Volume 78, Number 468, October 1898, pp. 433-434 ( online ).
  28. ↑ [Isabel Sidgwick]: A Grandmother's Tales . In: Macmillan's Magazine . Volume 78, Number 468, October 1898, p. 434 ( online ).
  29. ^ A b c Frank AJL James: An 'Open Clash between Science and the Church' ?: Wilberforce, Huxley and Hooker on Darwin at the British Association, Oxford, 1860 . In: David M. Knight, Matthew Eddy (Eds.): Science and Beliefs. From Natural Philosophy to Natural Science, 1700-1900 . Hampshire / Burlington 2005, ISBN 0-7546-3996-7 , p. 186.
  30. ^ Leonard Huxley: Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley . 1900, Volume 1, pp. 192-193 ( online ).
  31. ^ Leonard Huxley: Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley . 2 volumes, D. Appleton & Co., New York 1901, Volume 1, p. 194 ( online ).
  32. ^ Leonard Huxley: Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley . 2 volumes, D. Appleton & Co., New York 1901, Volume 1, p. 204 ( online ).
  33. ↑ Janet Browne: The Charles Darwin-Joseph Hooker correspondence: an analysis of manuscript resources and their use in biography . In: Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History . Volume 8, 1978, p. 362.
  34. ↑ a b c Joseph Dalton Hooker to Francis Darwin, letter 1887. In: Leonard Huxley: Life & Letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker . 2 volumes, J. Murray, London 1918; Volume 2, p. 303 ( online ).
  35. ↑ Joseph Dalton Hooker to Charles Darwin, letter of July 2, 1860. 2852 in The Darwin Correspondence Project (accessed September 3, 2012).
  36. ↑ German translation quoted from Stephen Jay Gould: Weltlichkeit und Geistlichkeit . In: Bravo, Brontosaurus. The winding paths of natural history . Hoffmann and Campe, 1994, ISBN 3-455-08555-5 , pp. 454-455.
  37. ↑ a b German translation quoted from Stephen Jay Gould: Weltlichkeit und Geistlichkeit . In: Bravo, Brontosaurus. The winding paths of natural history . Hoffmann and Campe, 1994, ISBN 3-455-08555-5 , p. 460.
  38. ^ DJ Foskett: Wilberforce and Huxley on Evolution . In: Nature . Volume 172, 1953, p. 920 ( doi: 10.1038 / 172920a0 ).
  39. ↑ German translation quoted from Stephen Jay Gould: Weltlichkeit und Geistlichkeit . In: Bravo, Brontosaurus. The winding paths of natural history . Hoffmann and Campe, 1994, ISBN 3-455-08555-5 , p. 456.
  40. ↑ German translation quoted from Stephen Jay Gould: Weltlichkeit und Geistlichkeit . In: Bravo, Brontosaurus. The winding paths of natural history . Hoffmann and Campe, 1994, ISBN 3-455-08555-5 , pp. 449-450.
  41. ↑ Stephen Jay Gould: Secularity and Spirituality . In: Bravo, Brontosaurus. The winding paths of natural history . Hoffmann and Campe, 1994, ISBN 3-455-08555-5 , p. 451.
  42. ^ The Press . July 7, 1860, p. 656.
  43. ↑ Quoted from John Vernon Jensen: Return to the Wilberforce-Huxley debate . In: British Journal for the History of Science . Volume 21, 1988, p. 161.
  44. ↑ Quoted from John Vernon Jensen: Return to the Wilberforce-Huxley debate . In: British Journal for the History of Science . Volume 21, 1988, p. 168.
  45. ^ Frank AJL James: An 'Open Clash between Science and the Church' ?: Wilberforce, Huxley and Hooker on Darwin at the British Association, Oxford, 1860 . In: David M. Knight, Matthew Eddy (Eds.): Science and Beliefs. From Natural Philosophy to Natural Science, 1700-1900 . Hamshire / Burlington 2005, ISBN 0-7546-3996-7 , p. 183.
  46. ↑ [Anonymous]: The Athenaeum . Number 1707, July 14, 1860, pp. 64-65.
  47. ^ Frank AJL James: An 'Open Clash between Science and the Church' ?: Wilberforce, Huxley and Hooker on Darwin at the British Association, Oxford, 1860 . In: David M. Knight, Matthew Eddy (Eds.): Science and Beliefs. From Natural Philosophy to Natural Science, 1700-1900 . Hamshire / Burlington 2005, ISBN 0-7546-3996-7 , p. 174.
  48. ↑ John William Draper: On the Intellectual Development of Europe, Considered with reference to the views of Mr. Darwin and others ... . In: Report of the thirtieth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science held at Oxford in June and July 1860 . John Murray, London 1861, pp. 115-116. ( online ).
  49. ↑ German translation quoted from Stephen Jay Gould: Weltlichkeit und Geistlichkeit . In: Bravo, Brontosaurus. The winding paths of natural history . Hoffmann and Campe, 1994, ISBN 3-455-08555-5 , p. 452.
  50. ^ Frank AJL James: An 'Open Clash between Science and the Church' ?: Wilberforce, Huxley and Hooker on Darwin at the British Association, Oxford, 1860 . In: David M. Knight, Matthew Eddy (Eds.): Science and Beliefs. From Natural Philosophy to Natural Science, 1700-1900 . Hamshire / Burlington 2005, ISBN 0-7546-3996-7 , pp. 176-177.
  51. ^ Frank AJL James: An 'Open Clash between Science and the Church' ?: Wilberforce, Huxley and Hooker on Darwin at the British Association, Oxford, 1860 . In: David M. Knight, Matthew Eddy (Eds.): Science and Beliefs. From Natural Philosophy to Natural Science, 1700-1900 . Hamshire / Burlington 2005, ISBN 0-7546-3996-7 , pp. 192-193.
  52. ↑ Stephen Jay Gould: Secularity and Spirituality . In: Bravo, Brontosaurus. The winding paths of natural history . Hoffmann and Campe, 1994, ISBN 3-455-08555-5 , p. 446.
  53. ↑ James Moore: The Post-Darwininan Controversies: a Study of the Protestant struggle to come to terms with Darwin in Great Britain and America 1870-1900 . Cambridge 1979, ISBN 0-521-21989-2 , p. 60.
  54. ^ David Leff: All about the BBC mini-series on Charles Darwin . (accessed December 28, 2012).
  55. ↑ The Voyage of Charles Darwin in the Internet Movie Database (English)
  56. ^ The Voyage of Charles Darwin. Episode 7 in the Internet Movie Database (English)
  57. ↑ John Randolph Lucas: Wilberforce and Huxley: A Legendary Encounter . In: Historical Journal . Volume 22, Cambridge University Press 1979, pp. 327-329.
  58. ^ John Hedley Brooke: The Wilberforce-Huxley Debate: Why did it happen? . In: Science & Christian Belief Volume 13, 2001, p. 129.
  59. ^ Joseph L. Altholz: The Huxley-Wilberforce Debate Revisited . In: Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences . Volume 35, 1980, p. 316.
This article was added to the list of excellent articles on December 16, 2012 in this version .