Indjīl
Indschīl ( Arabic إنجيل, DMG inǧīl [ ɪnˈʤiːl ], in other transcriptions Injil or Indjil ) is an Arabic expression for the Greek εὐαγγέλιον , eu-angelion ( gospel ) and refers to the revelation transmitted by Jesus of Nazareth .
In the Koran the word Indjil is mentioned twelve times. There it refers to the revelation which God sent Isa ibn Maryam (Jesus of Nazareth) and which was proclaimed by him. The word also denotes the scriptures that Christians read in the time of Muhammad. According to a widespread Islamic view, the four Gospels are regarded as modified, "falsified" ( taḥrīf ), especially with regard to the divinity of Jesus and Trinitarian ideas. The similarity between the traditions of the Bible and the Koran cannot yet be clearly attributed to the fact that Arabic translations of the Bible existed before Muhammad's contemporaries; Oral tradition should be thought of, for example by Yemeni Christians and Syrian Nestorians (from al-Ḥīra). This is confirmed in South Arabian and Ethiopian terms in the relevant passages (there was close contact between the Yemeni and Ethiopian communities). Some hadiths can also be explained through knowledge of biblical tradition. Since the earliest hadiths were recorded one to two centuries after Muhammad's death and were only made as transcripts centuries later, this should be viewed with caution. Later Islamic theologians such as al-Masʿūdī and al-Bīrūnī document an increasing exact knowledge of the Bible, but both lived 300 years after the beginnings of Islam. A polemical dispute between Islamic and Christian positions was postponed further by the Gospel of Barnabas, which was translated into Arabic in 1908 , as it ascribes a partly or essentially Islamic teaching to Jesus.
In addition to its use in an Islamic context, Arabic-speaking Christians also use the term Indschil to denote the content of the message of Jesus Christ (Gospel - “good news”). At the same time, Indschil is used here to denote the four Gospels of the New Testament: Gospel according to Matthew (إنجيل البشير متىor Greek εὐανγέλιον κατά Ματθαίον ) etc. (The equation of Indschil and New Testament, which can sometimes be found, is an error; in Arabic the term al-ʿahd al-dschadīd /العهد الجديد / al-ʿahd al-ǧadīd used.) The Arabic term is used in the same sense as a loan word in a number of Islamic cultures, for example in Swahili , Turkish and Indonesian .
literature
- Jacques Jomier: Bible and Koran , 1962.
- Hava Lazarus-Yafeh: Intertwined Worlds. Medieval Islam and Bible Criticism , 1992.
- Heinrich Speyer: The biblical stories in the Qoran , 1931 (reprinted several times).
- B. Carra de Vaux: Indjīl , in: Encyclopaedia of Islam , 2nd A., Vol. 3, 1205.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Sura: Verse: 3: 3, 3:48, 3:65, 5:46, 5:47, 5:66, 5:68, 5: 110, 7: 157, 9: 111; 48:29, 57:27
- ↑ Source studies on this, e.g. B. E. Fritsch: Islam and Christianity in the Middle Ages , Breslau 1930
- ↑ de Vaux, lc (the only indications of early translations into Arabic are a passage from Muḥammad b.Isḥāḳ (Sprenger, Das Leben und die Lehr des Mohammed, Vol. 1, 131 ff.) And a reference to Bar Hebraeus , according to which the Monophysit Johannes made a translation for ʿAmr b.Saʿd around 631-640)
- ↑ de Vaux, lc
- ↑ de Vaux refers to Sura 5, 112f
- ↑ J. Jomier: L'Evangile selon Barnabé , in: MIDEO 6 (1959-61), 137-226