Industrial plant
An industrial plant is a crop that is grown for material use. It is therefore a renewable raw material , but differs from other renewable raw materials that are used for energy ( energy crops ).
Material use can e.g. B. find oil , starch , sugar , fiber , dye , medicinal and protein plants.
Important industrial crops in Germany are rapeseed , potatoes , grain , maize , sugar beet and others. In 2009, industrial plants were grown on around 2.4% of German arable land .
Definition and demarcation
Crop plants have served as a source of raw materials for thousands of years. The term industrial plant or factory plant was already in use in the 19th century and was defined as follows in Brockhaus' Konversationslexikon (1894–1896): “Industrial plants, including factory plants, those plants that are widely used in industry. Since in most cases large quantities of the plants in question are needed, the I. are for the most part important crops . The most important I. include the textile or fibrous fiber plants, the color plants, the food plants, the aromatic plants, the plants that supply oils and fats and the plants from which caoutchouc , gum , resins and balms are obtained, the tannin plants , the cork oak , weaver's card , various iodine-supplying algae , etc. In addition, those trees and bushes whose wood is used for building purposes, in carpentry, in machine manufacturing, etc. or as firewood must be mentioned . "
The current definition of industrial plants, on the other hand, does not include industrially processed plants for food and plants for energy use (firewood). A definition in today's sense is: “In industrial plants, ingredients (e.g. oils, fats, starch ) or the plant fibers are recycled. Use in the non-food area is a prerequisite . "
Have input into linguistic usage u. a. also the term industrial potato for potatoes for starch production (starch potato), as well as the term industrial beet for sugar beet. While sugar for food purposes is produced from so-called quota beets, industrial beets are used for non-food areas: “Sugar for drugs and pharmaceutical preparation (human and veterinary medicine), for chemical and synthetic substances (thermoplastics), for citric and amino acids (Feed industry) and for fermentation products (yeast production) ”.
Plant groups and use
- (see main article renewable raw materials )
Numerous different plants are grown for material use. The following table gives an overview of industrial plants grown and used in Germany.
| Plant groups according to uses |
Plant species | Uses |
|---|---|---|
| Oil plants | Rapeseed, sunflower , oil flax , poppy seeds , camelina , krambe |
Agriculture and forestry (hydraulic, gear or saw chain oil) Railway ( lubricating and switch lubricating oil ) Construction industry ( linoleum / flooring , formwork oil , paints, varnishes ) Cleaning ( foam inhibitors in detergents, soaps and cleaning substances ) Special plastics |
| Starch and sugar plants | Potato, common wheat , corn, sugar beet , Jerusalem artichoke |
Paper industry (increasing the tear resistance and printability of paper and cardboard ) Fine chemicals (e.g. amino acids) Construction industry (binding agents in plasterboard and mineral fiber boards, setting retarders and shuttering agents for concrete ) Compostable materials (packaging, disposable crockery / cutlery, foils, plant pots) Polymer-monomer plastics ( polyurethanes as raw materials for synthetic fibers, foam and hard plastics as well as paints) Adhesives ( wallpaper paste and glue ) Cleaning agents (soaps, washing powder , surfactants ) Pharmaceuticals and cosmetics ( flavorings and preservatives , antibiotics , vitamins , toothpastes , creams , powders ) |
| Fiber plants |
Flax fiber , hemp, kenaf fiber nettle |
Long fibers: textiles , ropes Short fibers: building materials (panels, plaster , insulation materials , nonwovens ) natural fiber reinforcement materials ( natural fiber reinforced plastic ) automotive industry ( molded parts , friction linings ) paper ( packaging material , filter material , banknotes , cigarette paper ) shives : litter , energy use |
| Dye plants | Dyer's weed , madder , Färberknöterich , woad , safflower |
Textile paint Interior paints Children's paints and colored children's toys Coloring leather , paper and food |
| Medicinal plants | Root drugs : yellow gentian, leaf and herb drugs: St. John's wort, flower drugs : real chamomile, fruit and seed drugs: milk thistle |
Ointments (e.g. from marigold blossoms for wounds / sunburn) Tea (e.g. from chamomile blossoms for inflammation) Oil (e.g. from evening primrose seeds for high blood pressure) Extracts (e.g. from autumn crocus bulbs for gout) |
| Protein plants | Broad bean , lupine , protein pea | Paper and packaging industry (increasing the mechanical strength, printability, adhesion of water-soluble printing inks) glue or glue (e.g. labeling adhesive , binding agent for plywood ) Encapsulation of pharmaceuticals Biodegradable materials |
Cultivation and use in Germany
In 2009 renewable raw materials were grown on around 17% (2 million hectares) of German arable land. Around 86% of this was used for the cultivation of energy crops, 14% for the cultivation of industrial plants (i.e. around 2.4% of the German arable land). Around 600,000 t of starch and 240,000 t of sugar are processed industrially every year. Starch is mainly used in the paper industry ( paper starch ), sugar mainly in fermentation processes for the production of chemical products. In 2004 45,000 t of vegetable oil were used in the production of lubricants and hydraulic oils, 110,000 t were used in oleochemicals .
In 1997 the area under cultivation for renewable raw materials was less than 500,000 ha and in 2003 it was around 800,000 ha. By 2007 there was a strong increase to over 2,000,000 ha, which has stagnated in this area since then.
| Cultivated area in 1,000 hectares | |
| Material use | 294 |
| Industrial strength | 130 |
| Industrial sugar | 22nd |
| technical rapeseed oil | 120 |
| technical sunflower oil | 8.5 |
| technical linseed oil | 2.5 |
| Vegetable fibers | 1 |
| Medicines and dyes | 10 |
| Energetic use | 1,701.5 |
| Rapeseed for biodiesel / vegetable oil | 942 |
| Starch / sugar for bioethanol | 226 |
| Plants for biogas | 530 |
| Permanent crops for solid fuels | 3.5 |
perspective
The importance of renewable raw materials (nawaros) has increased significantly in recent years. However, the cultivation of energy crops increased, while the cultivation of industrial crops increased only slightly. The importance of the material use of Nawaros in the German chemical industry was 8.0% in 1991 and grew over 8.9% in 1998 to 11.2% in 2005. In the future, the importance is expected to continue to increase. Important factors are the efforts to become less dependent on crude oil in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, conserve resources and become more independent of imports. In biorefineries e.g. B. in the future, biomass is to be converted into compounds that can be used in material and other ways using chemical, biotechnical and other processes. With these and other approaches, around 25% of the raw material requirements of the chemical industry in the USA with renewable resources such as B. industrial plants are covered.
Web links
- Information page for renewable raw materials , operated by the specialist agency for renewable raw materials. V. (FNR)
- Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon, Volume 9. Leipzig 1907, pp. 815–816
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Agency for Renewable Raw Materials e. V. (FNR), info graphic: Cultivation of renewable raw materials in Germany (2009) ( Memento of the original from June 23, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Entry industrial plants in: Brockhaus' Konversationslexikon , 14th edition 1894–1896, p. 586.
- ↑ Entry industrial plants in the glossary of CARMEN e. V. Archive link ( Memento of the original from March 29, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ BDP e. V .: Sugar beet Federal Association of German Plant Breeders
- ↑ a b Agency for Renewable Raw Materials e. V .: Plants for Industry (PDF; 1.6 MB)
- ↑ Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V. (FNR), info graphic: Cultivation of renewable raw materials in Germany (1997 to 2009) ( Memento of the original from June 21, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V. (FNR), info page and graphics: quantities of raw materials for material use ( memento of the original from October 4, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Biorefineries - USA and Europe go together ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Chemical News, October 2005
