Isis (magazine, 1816)

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Title page of the first volume from 1817.

The Isis was an encyclopedic scale magazine , which focuses contributions to science and medicine , technology and economics , and art and history made. In addition, important articles on science policy and science organization were published in it. Isis , edited by Lorenz Oken and published by Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus , was the first interdisciplinary magazine in the German-speaking area.

The 41 volumes of the magazine named after the Egyptian goddess Isis were nominally published between 1817 and 1848. The first issue appeared on August 1, 1816, while the printing of the last issue was delayed until February 1850. Until 1832 the Isis had the title addition Encyclopädische Zeitung . After the focus of the articles published in it had changed, Oken changed the title addition in 1833 to Encyclopedic Journal, especially for natural history, comparative anatomy and physiology . The magazine, which was initially printed in Jena , was produced in the Hofbuchdruckerei of the Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt in the nearby Rudolstadt since summer 1819 after it was banned in the Grand Duchy of Saxony-Weimar-Eisenach . The original print run of 1,500 copies of the magazine fell quickly in the first few years of its existence and was still around 200 copies in the last few years.

Actually conceived as a non-political magazine, Oken felt compelled in the first years of Isis' existence to vehemently advocate guaranteeing freedom of the press . The result were numerous, sometimes overlapping, trials against Oken, which resulted in Isis' temporary bans in the Grand Duchy of Saxony-Weimar-Eisenach. In the run-up to the Carlsbad resolutions , this led to Oken's dismissal as professor at the University of Jena at the end of June 1819 under pressure from the states of the Holy Alliance .

Since 2006, the Friedrich Schiller University Jena has been studying the importance of Isis for scientific communication and the popularization of the natural sciences in the first half of the 19th century in a project funded by the German Research Foundation .

History of origin

In a letter dated April 11, 1814, Lorenz Oken first contacted the publisher Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus and offered him his work New Armament, New France, New Theutschland for printing. The printing by Brockhaus did not materialize, but Oken subsequently made contributions to Brockhaus' Conversations-Lexikon and from June 1815 at the latest he worked for the German papers published by Brockhaus after the Battle of Leipzig from October 1813 , which became the most important in 1813/1814 Developed a magazine in Central Germany. Presumably at the end of June / beginning of July 1815 Oken took over the editing of the daily history , a supplement to the Deutsche Blätter , which was devoted to daily politics and for which he wrote and edited numbers 1 to 16. With the end of the Wars of Liberation , the focus of the content of the Deutsche Blätter shifted from war reporting to general daily politics, which was associated with a considerable decrease in the circulation from the beginning of 4000 to 1100 copies. On February 22nd, 1816 Brockhaus announced that he would discontinue the Deutsche Blätter . Oken regretted this decision and repeatedly urged Brockhaus to continue the Deutsche Blätter in a different form. He presented Brockhaus with his encyclopedic concept of a new magazine, the focus of which would not be on current politics, but on the natural sciences, criticism, history and political science. Brockhaus should only bear printing and shipping costs. On March 31, 1816, Brockhaus signed a first publishing contract for the Encyclopedia . In the last issue of Deutsche Blätter , Oken presented his concept to the readers.

Conception

Title head of Isis

The creative conception of Isis was delayed until July 1816, because Oken was still working on the zoological part of his textbook on natural history . Oken negotiated with Brockhaus that a copper plate should appear in every issue and advocated a low selling price. They disagreed about the arrangement of the information in the title header and the text and image design. For the title head, Oken had a woodcut made, in the middle of which the goddess Isis is depicted on an ancient Egyptian throne chair . On the left she is flanked by her husband Osiris , who carries a vulture's head and a staff. On her right side is Anubis with a jackal head, palm branch and snake scepter. Oken won the rector of the Leipzig Art Academy , Veit Schnorr von Carolsfeld (1764–1841), for title copper and later other copper plates . There were differences as to whether foreign-language contributions should be translated into German. Oken spoke out against it because of the difficulty in translating certain technical terms. Brockhaus advocated a translation for reasons of popularization.

The title Isis first appeared in late July, shortly before the first edition went to press, in the correspondence between Oken and Brockhaus. With regard to the title addition, both agreed based on the originally intended title of the magazine on Encyclopädische Zeitung . Oken sent the draft of the first edition produced by the printer Johann Georg Schreiber in Jena on July 13, 1816 with the comment to Brockhaus' publishing house in Altenburg that Brockhaus was free to make any changes to it. Oken introduced this first edition of Isis , which appeared on August 1, 1816, with an excerpt from the Basic Law on the constitution of the Grand Duchy of Saxony-Weimar-Eisenach . In it he presented the programmatic orientation of his new magazine. The subjects of science and medicine , mathematics , technology and economics , art and history should be the subject of Isis . Law and theology were expressly excluded . Oken wrote, “So be history as the mirror of this magazine, nature its floor, art its column wall. We leave heaven open to us. ”Anyone could send contributions to Isis for publication . Oken did not pay a fee for published articles.

Oken's fight for freedom of expression and freedom of the press

Legal dispute with Eichstädt

"Whether we really have freedom of the press, or whether it should be ridiculed as a grimace through literary privileges and arbitrary interpretation and extension of the same, the progress of Isis will teach us. - We have estates. Hopefully they will not tolerate the fact that the freedom of the press is actually abolished by literary privileges. ”From the second edition of Isis from 1816.

The ancient philologist Abraham Eichstädt learned of the planned new journal even before Isis was published. Eichstädt, who published the Jenaische Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung , had since 1803 had an exclusive right to publish reviews in Saxony-Weimar-Eisenach . Because he feared for the financial security of his paper, Eichstädt turned to the President of the State Ministry in Weimar Christian Gottlob Voigt and obtained a renewal of this privilege on July 17, 1816. Oken saw this as a violation of the freedom of the press guaranteed in the Weimar Constitution of May 15, 1816, and in the second edition of Isis sneered : “Whether we really have freedom of the press or whether it should be ridiculed as a grimace through literary privileges and arbitrary interpretation and extension of the same , the progress of Isis will teach. ”On August 1, 1816, Eichstädt filed a lawsuit against Oken and Isis . Oken was ordered to refrain from publishing reviews and political articles in an August 23 ruling. If he violated it, he was threatened with a fine of 50 thalers and the ban on Isis . Oken, who became aware of the verdict eight days later, protested to the Weimar government against this verdict on September 2nd and enclosed the first five issues of Isis in his letter to support his position . In the course of September 1816, the verdict against Oken and Isis was finally reversed. Looking ahead, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe commented on the events in his diary on July 30th, 1816 with the remark: " Isis as Hydra".

Goethe's recommendation for a ban

In order not to aggravate the disputes with Eichstädt, Oken had filled the first four issues exclusively with scientific topics and suggested to Brockhaus that he initially forego explosive political articles, since political newspapers in the Duchy of Saxony-Weimar-Eisenach are still under censorship . Brockhaus did not agree with this and delayed delivery of the first four numbers. Due to the ongoing dispute with Eichstädt, Oken finally saw himself forced to include political issues in Isis . In the sixth issue of Isis he placed a prize assignment in which he questioned the right to exist for literary privileges. In the ninth issue and the two following editions, Oken criticized the Basic Law on the constitution of the Grand Duchy of Saxony-Weimar-Eisenach that came into force on May 5, 1816 . In addition, in the third edition of Isis , Oken had printed the letter from Rostock professors Samuel Gottlieb Vogel , Wilhelm Josephi , Georg Heinrich Masius (1771-1823), Karl Ernst Theodor Brandenburg (1772-1827) from December 5, 1811 , in which she with reference to Oken's pompous natural philosophy rejected his appointment to the vacant chair for natural history at the University of Rostock . Oken illustrated the imprint with a vignette showing donkey heads.

Based on these Isis issues, Christian Gottlob von Voigt wrote an indictment on September 10, 1816 . Oken were accused of insulting the highest regent dignity of the sovereign and insulting the dignity of office, the attack of some German governments and their rulers as well as insulting foreign official authorities and the Rostock professors. A week later, Grand Duke Carl August forwarded the indictment to the regional directorate for assessment. The reports written by the chairman of the regional directorate Anton Ziegesar (1783–1843), the head of the administrative and police authority Karl Wilhelm von Fritsch and the head of the school and church system Ernst Christian August von Gersdorff were combined with the first eleven issues of Isis in one Files with the title Acta Secret State-Canzley Collected the mischief of press impudence, especially of Isis, concerning 1816 .

Grand Duke Carl August sent these files to Goethe at the end of September and asked him for his judgment. As can be seen from his diary notes, it took Goethe several days to reconsider the issue of Isis . In his reply of October 5, Goethe recommended the Grand Duke not to prosecute Oken personally, but to take action against the printer of Isis and thus enforce a printing ban on the magazine. Carl August did not follow Goethe's advice but stopped prosecuting.

The Wartburg Festival and the confiscated number 195 of the Isis

The list of books burned at the Wartburg Festival from the confiscated number 195 of Isis from 1817

Before the end of 1816, Isis was banned in Austria. Meanwhile, Oken continued to advocate freedom of the press and, for example, published a report on the assembly of the Dutch estates under the title Against the restriction of freedom of the press . In a letter dated 11 June 1817, the Prussian police minister complained Wilhelm Ludwig Georg Prince of Wittgenstein at Carl August via the Opposition Journal published derogatory criticism of a Prussian Regulation of 1811 and a small note in the Isis in which Oken over Prussia's arrogance complained of wanting to interfere even in insignificant matters such as that of the Vienna Agricultural Society. Six days later, the publisher of the opposition newspaper Friedrich Justin Bertuch and Oken received a serious warning with the note that "if the sovereign resp. official orders will be advanced with the suppression of this magazine ”.

During the Wartburg Festival , in which Oken and other Jenenser professors took part, there was a car dairy on the evening of October 18, 1817 , during which parts of a Prussian lancan uniform , a Hessian soldier's pigtail and an Austrian corporal cane , as well as several books by authors who were considered reactionary , including Karl Albert von Kamptz , Theodor Schmalz , Karl Ludwig von Haller and August von Kotzebue , were burned. A fortnight later, Oken published a report on the meeting at the Wartburg, which also contained a list of the burned books and objects with mockery marks.

The chief director of the police ministry in Berlin Kamptz, whose codex of the Gensd'armerie was one of the burned books, railed in a letter dated November 9, 1817 to Grand Duke Carl August about the “bunch of profane professors and seduced students” and continued: “If True freedom of thought and the press really flourishes in Your Royal Highness States, so censorship practiced by fire and pitchforks, by enthusiasts and minors and a terrorist procedure against freedom of thought and press in other countries is certainly not compatible with it. ”The following day exonerated a report by Weimar State Minister Karl Wilhelm von Fritsch Oken and the other professors, in which it was stated that they had not participated in the cremation. Nevertheless, on November 27, 1817, the number 195 was confiscated and a provisional printing ban on Isis was issued, which was lifted on December 15. From December 2nd, a commission made up of members of the Weimar state government investigated the Isis incident . Oken was interviewed several times in Weimar. The commission submitted its report to the state government on December 20th. This was willing to surrender the confiscated copies of the Isis if the offending parts were removed. Oken did not enter into this deal. Oken was sentenced to six weeks' imprisonment on January 24, 1818 for offenses against the highest regent dignity of the sovereign, offenses against the official dignity of the upper regional authorities and the academic senate of Jena, denigration of German rulers and governments and insulting foreign official authorities. Together with his statement published by the Bremer Zeitung at the end of March 1818 , Oken had the judgment printed in full in Isis . Oken appealed the judgment to the Jena Higher Appeal Court and was acquitted on April 29, 1818.

The August von Kotzebue incident

By indiscretion of Jena history professor came Heinrich Luden mid-December in 1817 in the possession of one of the many by the Russian Consul General Kotzebue written and for the Tsar I. Alexander specific bulletins . He wrote a biting comment about it for the magazine Nemesis , the appearance and distribution of which was prevented by a court order of January 15, 1818 by Kotzebue. Oken nevertheless published Luden's article in the first issue of Isis from 1818. After the publication of the edition, the remaining copies were confiscated. The Isis was banned again on January 31, 1818 and could not appear again until the end of April. Luden and Oken were sentenced to three months' imprisonment and a fine of 60 thalers each by the Royal Saxon Schöppengericht in Leipzig. Oken chose the fine and republished the files relating to the trial in Isis . On March 23, 1819, Kotzebue was murdered in Mannheim by the Jenenser fraternity and theology student Karl Ludwig Sand .

Oken's dismissal

Oken for his friends . Engraving by Moritz Steinla (1819)

The attacks from the states of the Holy Alliance on Okens Isis did not end. Due to a malicious remark about the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm III. , which was printed in the twelfth issue of 1818, Karl August von Hardenberg filed a complaint with Grand Duke Carl August on January 29, 1819, but this time without consequences for Oken and Isis .

At the Aachen Congress in the autumn of 1818, the Russian Tsar Alexander I distributed an anonymously written memorandum by Alexander Skarlatowitsch Sturdsas (1791–1854) entitled Memoire sur l'état actuel de l'Allemagne , in which Sturdsa spoke about the dangerous activities German universities expressed. Oken's replies caused another sensation. At the pressure of the Russian envoy at the Saxon court Wassili Wassiljewitsch Chanykow (1759–1829), the Weimar state tax authority Carl August Constantin Schnauß (1782–1832) was forced to file charges against Oken on April 20, 1819. Grand Duke Carl August von Weimar and Duke August von Gotha instructed the Senate of the University of Jena on May 11th to present Oken with the alternative of either terminating Isis or resigning his professorship. The Senate tried to give in, but had to present Oken with this election eleven days later. After three days to think about it, Oken reacted evasively: “I have no answer to the request made to me. Perhaps this has led to other views that an answer is unnecessary. ”In its reply to the dukes, the Senate again pointed to Oken's outstanding reputation as a teacher and researcher, but to no avail. On June 1, 1819, Duke Karl Friedrich, on behalf of and on behalf of his father, ordered Oken to be dismissed and his salary withheld from June 15. The same order from the Duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg followed six days later. On June 26, 1818, the printing of Isis was provisionally prohibited.

In order to circumvent the ban, Oken evaded the pressure of the Isis in nearby Rudolstadt in the Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt . There, Carl Popo Froebel (1786-1824), stepbrother of the pedagogue Friedrich Froebel and since 1815 owner of the Hofbuchdruckerei, took over the printing of Isis from August 1819 . After Fröbel's death in 1824, the print shop was initially taken over by Fröbel's widow and finally continued from 1832 by his son Günther Fröbel, who produced the last Isis issues in 1850 . A small part of the Isis was produced in Eisenberg until 1824/25 .

After the Carlsbad resolutions of September 1819, it became increasingly difficult to deal with political issues. Their share of the articles in Isis sank sharply. After Brockhaus' death, Oken announced in the first edition of 1824 that Isis would no longer print political articles.

content

In addition to Oken, numerous scientists and humanities scholars, writers and artists contributed to the content of Isis . The authors who published articles in the first year of Isis include Alexander von Humboldt , Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland , Madame de Staël , August Wilhelm Schlegel , Georges Cuvier and Johannes Peter Müller . There were reviews of Goethe's From My Life. Poetry and Truth , Luigi Valentino Brugnatellis (1761-1818) circle table of chemical equivalents , Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck's system of mushrooms and sponges , Leopoldo Cicognaras (1767-1834) Of the four Venetian artificial horses , Charles Robert Cockerells on the original application of Niobe and her children and Ludwig Wachler's Germany's future in the present . In the Isis , the conditions at the German universities were reported, their course catalogs were published and price tasks were also regularly set.

From the beginning, the contents and summaries of publications published in foreign scientific and academic journals took up a large part of the Isis . Initially, the associated magazines came from the United Kingdom, France, Italy and Switzerland. Later these were supplemented by magazines from Scandinavia, Belgium, the Netherlands, Russia and the United States. When preparing the articles, Oken proceeded very differently. Sometimes Oken's texts consisted of an abbreviated translation of the relevant article, usually summarizing its main content in one paragraph. As a rule, the majority of the articles were only listed with their title - mostly translated into German.

In 1821, Oken published the first call for a meeting of German natural scientists in Isis , which led to the establishment of the Society of German Natural Scientists and Doctors in September 1822 . Until recently, detailed reports on the annual meetings of the society were published regularly.

From 1833 the Isis had the new title addition Encyclopädische Zeitschrift, excellent for natural history, comparative anatomy and physiology . This change reflected the change in the focus of the contributions over time. The already small number of articles dealing with mathematics and physics continued to decline.

In the last year of 1848, among others, Christian Ludwig Brehm published with Ueber the gradual advancement of birds , Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Siedhofs (1803 - approx. 1867) with natural history from the United States of North America , Johann Jakob Kaup with overview of the owls (Strigidae) and Christian Gottfried Giebel with The Subhercynian Basin around Quedlinburg in a geognostic-paleontological relationship Original contributions in the Isis . Some of the publications discussed in this volume were Sebastian Eggers (1803–1866) On Duties Against Animals , Franz von Kobell's Mineralogy , Christian Gottfried Giebel's Fauna der Vorwelt , Mauro Rusconi's (1776–1849) Riflessioni sopra il sistema linfatico dei rettili , Johann Malfatti's New Healing Attempts , Karl Bernhard Stark's Art and School and Joseph Hippolyt Pultes (1805–1869) Organon of World History .

In the last issue, Oken ended Isis with the words: "This closes the whole of Isis ."

Edition size

In the initial period from August 1816 to February 1817, the Isis, which cost eight talers a year, had a circulation of 1500 copies. On March 4, 1817, Brockhaus reduced the circulation to 1,100 copies due to a lack of sales, and a week later reduced it by a further 100 copies. When the actual sales figures were established in June 1817, there was a further drastic reduction of 650 pieces. In the years 1825/1826 only 400 copies were printed. After that there was a slight increase to up to 500 pieces for the next few years until 1830. Subsequently, the circulation decreased continuously and in the last ten years of the existence of the Isis was around 200 copies. This relatively small number of copies was nothing unusual. For example, that of the yearbooks for scientific criticism , one of the most important journals for scientific reviews, was around 500 copies in the years from 1827 to 1846 and that of the medical annals published by Johann Friedrich Pierer was between 500 and 700 copies.

research

In 2001, the German historian of science Dietrich von Engelhardt characterized Isis as “a first-rate scientific and cultural-historical document from that transition period from idealism and romanticism to positivism and realism”, the analysis of which is still pending. Since 2006, the by Olaf Breidbach led Institute for the History of Medicine, Science and Technology of the University of Jena in one of the German Research Foundation funded project the importance of Isis for scientific communication and the popularization of science in the first half of 19th century and its economic structure. In a three-year project started in July 2006, Claudia Taszus initially focused on evaluating the company documents found in the Fröbelschen Hofbuchdruckerei. In 2009 a project followed, with which the correspondence between Oken and the Brockhaus publishing house should be opened up. Activities funded by the German Research Foundation also include those of the Thuringian University and State Library and the Weimar-Jena Special Research Area . Culture around 1800 the University of Jena carried out digitization, indexing and online presentation of the Isis .

proof

literature

  • Oken's "Isis" . In: Heinrich Eduard Brockhaus : Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus. His life and work according to letters and other records . Part 2. Brockhaus, Leipzig 1876, pp. 165–201 (online) .
  • Heinz Degen: Lorenz Oken and his Isis around the founding time of the Society of German Natural Scientists and Doctors . In: Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau . Volume 8, 1955, pp. 145-150, 180-189.
  • Dietrich von Engelhardt: Lorenz Oken and the Wartburg Festival 1817 with an imprint of the confiscated booklet 195 of Isis . In: NTM Journal for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine . Volume 11, number 1, 2003, pp. 1-12 ( DOI: 10.1007 / BF02908582 ).
  • GA Kertesz: Notes on Isis von Oken, 1817-1848 . In: Isis . Volume 77, Number 3, 1986, pp. 497-503 (JSTOR) .
  • Lorenz Okens "Isis" . In: Claudia Schweizer: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Kaspar Maria von Sternberg. Naturalists and like-minded people . LIT Verlag Münster, 2004, ISBN 3-8258-7579-2 , pp. 179-198.
  • Claudia Taszus: Okens Isis. Freedom of the press, restrictions and censorship in Central Germany in the first half of the 19th century . In: Olaf Breidbach, Stefano Poggi (Hrsg.): Yearbook for European Science Culture . Volume 4, Steiner, Stuttgart 2009, pp. 205-241.
  • Claudia Taszus: Lorenz Okens Isis (1816-1848). For the conceptual, organizational and technical realization of the magazine . In: Leaves of the Society for Book Culture and History . 12./13. Volume, Rudolstadt 2009, pp. 85–154.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Claudia Taszus: Lorenz Okens Isis (1816-1848). For the conceptual, organizational and technical realization of the magazine . 2009, pp. 88-89.
  2. ↑ a b Claudia Taszus: Lorenz Okens Isis (1816-1848). For the conceptual, organizational and technical realization of the magazine . 2009, p. 93.
  3. ↑ Claudia Taszus: Lorenz Okens Isis (1816-1848). For the conceptual, organizational and technical realization of the magazine . 2009, pp. 97-98.
  4. ↑ Claudia Taszus: Lorenz Okens Isis (1816-1848). For the conceptual, organizational and technical realization of the magazine . 2009, p. 99.
  5. ^ Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus: Preliminary announcement. In: German sheets . New series, volume 3, number 33, Leipzig / Altenburg 1816, p. 528 (online) .
  6. ^ Heinrich Eduard Brockhaus: Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus. His life and work according to letters and other records . Part 2, 1876, p. 166 (online) .
  7. ↑ Claudia Taszus: Lorenz Okens Isis (1816-1848). For the conceptual, organizational and technical realization of the magazine . 2009, pp. 102-103.
  8. ↑ Lorenz Oken: Announcement of the Encyclopädischen Blätter. In: German sheets . New series, volume 3, number 40, Leipzig / Altenburg 1816, pp. 633–636 (online) .
  9. ↑ Claudia Taszus: Lorenz Okens Isis (1816-1848). For the conceptual, organizational and technical realization of the magazine . 2009, pp. 104-110.
  10. ↑ Claudia Taszus: Lorenz Okens Isis (1816-1848). For the conceptual, organizational and technical realization of the magazine . 2009, p. 106.
  11. ↑ Claudia Taszus: Lorenz Okens Isis (1816-1848). For the conceptual, organizational and technical realization of the magazine . 2009, p. 111.
  12. ^ Heinrich Eduard Brockhaus: Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus. His life and work according to letters and other records . Part 2, 1876, p. 167 (online) .
  13. ↑ At the Gesammtakademie to Jena. The publication of a critical literary daily newspaper on Jena . Weimar, July 17, 1816. Printed in: Alexander Ecker: Lorenz Oken. A biographical sketch . E. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart 1880, p. 62.
  14. ^ Claudia Schweizer: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Kaspar Maria von Sternberg. Naturalists and like-minded people . 2004, p. 185.
  15. ↑ Alexander Ecker: Lorenz Oken. A biographical sketch . E. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart 1880, pp. 61-70 and p. 73.
  16. ^ [Entry from July 30, 1816]. In: Goethe's works. Diaries . III. Department, Volume 5, Herman Böhlau, Weimar 1893, p. 259 (online) .
  17. ↑ Claudia Taszus: Lorenz Okens Isis (1816-1848). For the conceptual, organizational and technical realization of the magazine . 2009, p. 113.
  18. ↑ Basic Law on the Constitution of the Grand Duchy of Saxony-Weimar-Eisenach . May 5, 1816 (accessed March 4, 2012).
  19. ^ Claudia Schweizer: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Kaspar Maria von Sternberg. Naturalists and like-minded people . 2004, pp. 186-187.
  20. ^ Letters between Grand Duke Carl August von Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach and Goethe between 1775 and 1828 . Volume 2, Landes-Industrie-Comptoir, Weimar 1863, p. 88 (online) .
  21. ^ [Entries from October 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 6th, 1816]. In: Goethe's works. Diaries . III. Department, Volume 5, Herman Böhlau, Weimar 1893, pp. 275-276 (online) .
  22. ^ Letters between Grand Duke Carl August von Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach and Goethe between 1775 and 1828 . Volume 2, Landes-Industrie-Comptoir, Weimar 1863, pp. 88-97 (online) .
  23. ↑ Another disgruntlement of Goethe through Okens Isis (1816/1817) . In: Rudolph Zaunick, Max Pfannenstiel: From the life and work of Lorenz Oken: the founder of the German meetings of naturalists. Second section: Lorenz Oken and JW von Goethe . In: Sudhoff's archive for the history of medicine and the natural sciences . Volume 33, Issue 3/4, 1941, pp. 127-143 (JSTOR) .
  24. ^ [Oken to Brockhaus, January 18, 1817]. In: Heinrich Eduard Brockhaus: Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus. His life and work according to letters and other records . Part 2, 1876, p. 179 (online) .
  25. ↑ Quoted from: Rudolph Zaunick, Max Pfannenstiel: From the life and work of Lorenz Oken: the founder of the German natural scientist assemblies: A collection of sources on behalf of the Society of German Natural Scientists and Doctors. Second section: Lorenz Oken and JW von Goethe. In: Sudhoff's archive for the history of medicine and the natural sciences. Volume 33, Issue 3/4, 1941, p. 144.
  26. ↑ Claudia Taszus: Okens Isis. Freedom of the press, restrictions and censorship in Central Germany in the first half of the 19th century . 2009, p. 217.
  27. ^ Günter Steiger: Departure. Original fraternity and Wartburg festival . Urania-Verlag, Leipzig / Jena / Berlin 1967, pp. 115–116.
  28. ^ Karl Albert von Kamptz to Grand Duke Carl August, Berlin November 9, 1817 . In: Gustav von Struve (Ed.): Correspondence between a former and a current diplomat . J. Bensheimer, Mannheim 1845, pp. 260-264 (online) .
  29. ^ [Oken to Brockhaus, November 29, 1817]. In: Heinrich Eduard Brockhaus: Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus. His life and work according to letters and other records . Part 2, 1876, pp. 179-181 (online) .
  30. ↑ Quoted from: Rudolph Zaunick, Max Pfannenstiel: From the life and work of Lorenz Oken: the founder of the German meetings of natural scientists. Second section: Lorenz Oken and JW von Goethe . In: Sudhoff's archive for the history of medicine and the natural sciences . Volume 33, Issue 3/4, 1941, p. 149.
  31. ^ The trade for Oken and Goethe in the years 1817 and 1818 . In: Rudolph Zaunick, Max Pfannenstiel: From the life and work of Lorenz Oken: the founder of the German meetings of naturalists. Second section: Lorenz Oken and JW von Goethe . In: Sudhoff's archive for the history of medicine and the natural sciences . Volume 33, Issue 3/4, 1941, pp. 143-153.
  32. ↑ Claudia Taszus: Okens Isis. Freedom of the press, restrictions and censorship in Central Germany in the first half of the 19th century . 2009, pp. 217-220.
  33. ^ Klaus Ries: Lorenz Oken as political professor at the University of Jena (1807–1819) . In: Olaf Breidbach, Hans-Joachim Fliedner, Klaus Ries (eds.): Lorenz Oken (1779–1851). A political natural philosopher . 2001, p. 103.
  34. ↑ Interlude: Oken and the pressing process in the Kotzebues affair (1818) . In: Rudolph Zaunick, Max Pfannenstiel: From the life and work of Lorenz Oken: the founder of the German meetings of naturalists. Second section: Lorenz Oken and JW von Goethe . In: Sudhoff's archive for the history of medicine and the natural sciences . Volume 33, Issue 3/4, 1941, pp. 153–156.
  35. ↑ [Alexander Skarlatowitsch Sturdsa]: Memoire sur l'état actuel de l'Allemagne . Paris 1818 (online) .
  36. ↑ Quoted from: Rudolph Zaunick, Max Pfannenstiel: From the life and work of Lorenz Oken: the founder of the German meetings of natural scientists. Second section: Lorenz Oken and JW von Goethe . In: Sudhoff's archive for the history of medicine and the natural sciences . Volume 33, Issue 3/4, 1941, p. 159.
  37. ↑ Claudia Taszus: Okens Isis. Freedom of the press, restrictions and censorship in Central Germany in the first half of the 19th century . 2009, pp. 221-223.
  38. ^ Oken's release in 1819 . In: Rudolph Zaunick, Max Pfannenstiel: From the life and work of Lorenz Oken: the founder of the German meetings of naturalists. Second section: Lorenz Oken and JW von Goethe . In: Sudhoff's archive for the history of medicine and the natural sciences . Volume 33, Issue 3/4, 1941, pp. 156-163.
  39. ↑ Claudia Taszus: Lorenz Okens Isis (1816-1848). For the conceptual, organizational and technical realization of the magazine . 2009, pp. 137-145.
  40. ↑ a b c d G. A. Kertesz: Notes on Isis von Oken, 1817-1848 . In: Isis . Volume 77, Number 3, 1986, pp. 502-503.
  41. ↑ a b Dietrich von Engelhardt: Lorenz Oken and the Wartburg Festival 1817 with an imprint of the confiscated booklet 195 of Isis . 2003, pp. 4-5
  42. ↑ Claudia Taszus: Lorenz Okens Isis (1816-1848). For the conceptual, organizational and technical realization of the magazine . 2009, pp. 126-137.
  43. ^ Dietrich von Engelhardt: Lorenz Oken (1779-1851) . In: Michael Schmitt, Ilse Jahn (eds.): Darwin & Co. A history of biology in portraits . Volume 1, CH Beck, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-406-44638-8 , p. 293.
  44. ↑ entry in the GEPRIS database of the DFG (accessed on 1 March 2012).
  45. ↑ Ute Schönfelder: The business with knowledge . Science historians from the University of Jena start a DFG-funded research project on "Isis". Press release from Friedrich Schiller University Jena from June 16, 2006
  46. ↑ The Knowledge Business - Lorenz Oken and Isis. Commercialization, politicization and popularization of knowledge in the first half of the 19th century . (accessed March 1, 2012).
  47. ↑ Ute Schönfelder: How a science newspaper becomes a bestseller . Science historians at the University of Jena work on correspondence between publisher Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus and Lorenz Oken - DFG supports research project . Press release of the Friedrich Schiller University Jena of October 8, 2009 (accessed on March 1, 2012).
  48. ^ Edition, commentary, evaluation and analysis of the correspondence between Lorenz Oken and the Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus publishing house in the years 1814–1850 . (accessed March 1, 2012).
  49. ^ ISIS in the Universal Multimedia Electronic Library (UrMEL) of the Thuringian University and State Library Jena (accessed on March 1, 2012).

Posts in Isis

  1. ↑ In: Isis . Volume 1, Issue I, Number 1, 1816, Sp. 5-6 (online) .
  2. ↑ In: Isis . Volume 1, Book I, Number 2, 1816 (online) .
  3. ↑ Prize submission to all law faculties around the world . In: Isis . Volume 1, Issue I, Number 6, 1816, Col. 43-44 (online) .
  4. ↑ About the Basic Law on the Constitution of the Grand Duchy of Saxony - Weimar - Eisenach . In: Isis . Volume 1, Issue I, Numbers 9-11, 1816, Col. 65-84 (online) .
  5. ↑ In: Isis . Volume 1, Book I, Number 3, 1816, Col. 22 (online) .
  6. ↑ Against the restriction of the freedom of the press . In: Isis . Book III, number 38, 1817, col. 297-304 (online) .
  7. ↑ Isis . Book VIII, number 138, 1817, column 1097 (online) .
  8. ^ The student peace at the Wartburg . In: Isis . Booklet XI / XII, number 195, 1817, col. 1553–1559 (online) .
  9. ↑ About Oken's judgment from Oken: (From the Bremer Zeitung, March 26th, 18th) . In: Isis . Book IV, 1818, Col. 748-761, (online) .
  10. ↑ Judgment . In: Isis . Volume IV, 1818, Col. 739-748, (online) .
  11. ^ [Heinrich Luden]: The (alleged) bulletins of Mr. von Kotzebue: a contribution to the knowledge of the time . In: Isis . Book I, 1818, Col. 202-215 (online) .
  12. ↑ The cause . In: Isis . Book II, 1818, Col. 404 (online) .
  13. ↑ Reasons for the decision . In: Isis . Book IV, 1818, Col. 762-765 (online) .
  14. ↑ Stourdza . In: Isis . Booklet XI, 1818, Col. 1941-1944 (online) .
  15. ↑ Also a memorandum on the current state of Germany, or appreciation of the memorandum of Mr. von Stourdza in juridical, moral, political and religious respect / from Professor Krug in Leipzig. - Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1819 . In: Isis . Book II, 1819, Col. 361-362 (online) .
  16. ^ Oken's dismissal . In: Isis . Issue V, 1819, inserted unnumbered after column 800 (online) .
  17. ^ Assembly of German naturalists . In: Isis. Literary indicator . 1821, col. 196-198 (online) .
  18. ↑ In: Isis . Book XII, 1848, Col. 1077-1078 (online) .

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This article was added to the list of excellent articles on July 22, 2012 in this version .