Judeo-Babylonian Aramaic

Judeo-Babylonian Aramaic
Spoken in	Babylonia in the 2nd to 12th centuries
speaker	none ( language extinct )
Linguistic ; classification	Afro-Asian languages Semitic languages Western Semitic languages Northwest Semitic languages Aramaic languages East American languages Southeast Aramaic Judeo-Babylonian Aramaic ;
Official status
Official language in	-
Language codes
ISO 639 -1	-
ISO 639 -2	-
ISO 639-3	tmr

Judeo-Babylonian Aramaic was the form of Aramaic used by scribes in Babylonia between the 2nd and 12th centuries AD. It is particularly known as the language of the Babylonian Talmud (which was completed in the seventh century) and geonic literature, which are considered to be the most significant cultural assets of the Babylonian Jews . The most important epigraphic sources for the dialect are hundreds of Aramaic magic bowls .

classification

The language is closely related to other Eastern American dialects such as B. Mandaean and Syriac (Edessen-Syriac). Judeo-Babylonian Aramaic is the form of language spoken by the Jewish population group in the historical region of Babylonia (today southern and central Iraq) around the first millennium AD. Like many Jewish languages , it is interspersed with Hebrew loanwords . In the Babylonian Talmud, the Gemara is written in this language , the oldest commentary column, which consists of the recorded dialogues of the rabbis in Surah and Pumbedita . Due to the Gemara of the Babylonian Talmud, Jewish-Babylonian Aramaic has been passed down particularly well. Other parts of the structure of the Talmud , the Mishnah that was originally to be commented on , the more recent commentary columns by Rashi and the remaining commentaries ( Tosafot ) are written in Hebrew.

The original pronunciation is uncertain and has been reconstructed with the help of related dialects, the reading tradition of the Yemeni Jews and, where available, the Iraqi , Syrian and Egyptian Jews . The importance of the Yemeni reading tradition has been questioned by some scholars. The pronunciation of Aramaic texts from the Bible and the Jewish prayer book commonly used by Jews today is a different dialect and is of little use for this purpose.

Talmudic Aramaic has more the characteristics of a technical language for study and for legal arguments, such as B. Law French in England or Jersey Legal French in Jersey , as it can be considered a colloquial mother tongue, and was used for these purposes long after Arabic became an everyday language. It contains an abundance of legal philosophical terms, such as tijuvta (Aramaic: תְּיוּבְתָּא, 'objection') and tequm (Aramaic: תֵּיקוּם, 'let it stand'), which are still used today in legal Jewish writings and which also influenced modern Ivrit .

Like other forms of Judeo-Aramaic, Judeo-Babylonian is also written using the square script.

today

The language has been scientifically researched. Knowledge of the Jewish-Aramaic language can be acquired at the Heidelberg University for Jewish Studies .

grammar

The verb - Konjugationsstämme consist of the verb base tribes "Pe'al" פְּעַל (Active) and "Itpe'el" אִתְפְּעֵל (Passive), the verb causative stems "Af'el" אַפְעֵל (Active) and "Ittaf'al" אִתַפְעַל (Passive) as well as the verb duplication stems "Pa'el" פַּעֵל (Active) and "Itpa'al" אִתְפַּעַל (Passive).

Verb conjugation stem Babylon. Aramaic		Verb conjugation stem Hebrew		Example in Aramaic	German translation
פְּעַל	Pe'al	קַל	Kal / Pa'al	כְּתַב	he wrote
אִתְפְּעֵל	Itpe'el	נִפְעַל	Niffal	אִתְכְּתֵיב	it was recorded in writing
אַפְעֵל	Af'el	הִפְעִיל	Hello	אַפְקֵיד	he had it kept
אִתַפְעַל	Itaff'al	הָפְעַל	Hofal	אִתַפְקַד	it was kept
פַּעֵל	Pa'el	פִּעֵל	Pi'el	קַדֵיש	he sanctified
אִתְפַּעַל	Itpa'al	נִתְפַּעַל	Nitpa'al	וְיִתְקַדַּשׁ שְׁמֵהּ רַבָּא	hallowed be his great name ( Kaddish )

literature

Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal: Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (= textbooks of oriental languages. Section 3: Aramaic. Volume 3). Ugarit-Verlag, Münster 2013, ISBN 978-3-86835-084-5 .
Jacob Nahum Epstein: Diqduq Aramit Bavlit ( Grammar of Babylonian Aramaic ). Devir, Tel Aviv; Magnes, Jerusalem 1960, OCLC 776355657 (Hebrew).
Yitzhak Frank : Grammar for Gemara: An Introduction to Babylonian Aramaic. Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2000, ISBN 0-87306-612-X (English).
Marcus Jastrow : A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature. Luzac & Co., London; G. P. Putnam's sons, New York 1903, OCLC 637021200 (multiple reprints), as paperback by Scholar's Choice, 2015, ISBN 978-1-298-49074-2 (English; online ).
Yehiel or Yechiel Kara (יחיאל קארה): Kitve-ha-yad ha-Temaniyim shel ha-Talmud ha-Bavli, meḥḳarim bi-leshonam ha-Aramit (= ʻEdā wě-lašōn (עדה ולשון). Volume 10). The Magnes Press, Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 1983, OCLC 64765564 (Hebrew; original title:כתבי־היד התימניים של התלמוד הבבלי מחקרים בלשונם הארמית; Babylonian Aramaic in the Yemenite Manuscripts of the Talmud: Orthography, Phonology and Morphology of the Verb ).
Hyman Klein: An Introduction to the Aramaic of the Babylonian Talmud. Burns and Bailey, London 1943; [Aria College], [Winchester] [1972?], OCLC 896624746 .
Eduard Yechezkel Kutscher: Meḥqarîm beʻibrît ûbeʼaramît. Edited by Z. Ben-Hayyim, A. Dotan, G. Sarfatti. The Magnes Press, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 1977, OCLC 153322624 (Hebrew; Hebrew and Aramaic Studies ).
Caspar Levias : A grammar of the Aramaic idiom contained in the Babylonian Talmud with constant reference to gaonic literature. Bloch, Cincinnati 1900, OCLC 803525046 ; Nabu Press, o. O. 2010, ISBN 978-1-176-64946-0 (English, archive.org digitized version of the 1896 edition).
David Marcus: A Manual of Babylonian Jewish Aramaic. University Press of America, Lanham [et al. a.] 1981, ISBN 0-8191-1363-8 .
Max Leopold Margolis : Textbook of the Aramaic language of the Babylonian Talmud. Grammar, Chrestomathy and Dictionary (= Hermann L. Strack [Hrsg.]: Clavis linguarum semiticarum . Volume 3). Beck, Munich 1910 ( urn : nbn: de: hebis: 30: 1-142803 ; review ).
Ezra Zion Melamed: Aramaic-Hebrew-English dictionary of the Babylonian Talmud. Samuel and Odette Levy Foundation, Jerusalem 2005, ISBN 1-58330-776-1 (English).
Shelomo Morag: Babylonian Aramaic. The Yemenite Tradition - Historical Aspects and Transmission Phonology. The Verbal System . Ben Zvi Institute, Jerusalem 1988, ISBN 965-235-023-0 (Hebrew, with English abstract).
Matthew Morgenstern : Studies in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic Based Upon Early Eastern Manuscripts (= Harvard Semitic Studies . Volume 58 ). Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, Indiana 2011, ISBN 978-1-57506-938-8 (English).
Michel Schlesinger: Sentence theory of the Aramaic language of the Babylonian Talmud (= publications of the Alexander Kohut Foundation. Volume 1). Publishing house of Asia Major, Leipzig 1928, DNB 362610193 .
Michael Sokoloff : A Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic of the Talmudic and Geonic Periods (= Dictionaries of Talmud, Midrash and Targum . Band 3 ). Bar Ilan, Johns Hopkins University Press, Ramat-Gan / Baltimore, MD 2003, ISBN 0-8018-7233-2 (English, also Publications of the comprehensive aramaic lexicon project ).

Individual evidence

↑ Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: tmr. SIL International , accessed February 15, 2016 .
^ Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (approx. 200-1200 CE). In: glottolog.org. Retrieved February 16, 2016 .
↑ Michel Schlesinger: Theory of the Aramaic Language of the Babylonian Talmud (= publications of the Alexander Kohut Foundation. Volume 1). Publishing house of the Asia Major, publications of the Alexander Kohut Foundation, Leipzig 1928, DNB 362610193 , p. 1 f.
↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal: Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (= textbooks of oriental languages. Section 3: Aramaic. Volume 3). Ugarit-Verlag, Münster 2013, ISBN 978-3-86835-084-5 .
^ Yitzhak Frank: The Practical Talmud Dictionary. 2nd ed., 10th printing. Ariel United Israel Institutes, Jerusalem 2001, ISBN 0-87306-588-3 , pp. 254 f.
^ Hebrew Linguistics. In: hfjs.eu, accessed on June 9, 2017.
↑ Max Leopold Margolis: Textbook of the Aramaic language of the Babylonian Talmud: grammar, chrestomathy and dictionary. Beck, Munich 1910, pp. 52-55.
^ ^A ^b Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic [Grammar of Gemara and Targum Onkelos . An Introduction to Aramaic]. Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011, ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1 , p. 18 f: A survey of the aramaic binyanim.
^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic. Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011, ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1 , p. 23: Talmud Bavli Aramaic.

[1] Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: tmr. SIL International , accessed February 15, 2016 .

[2] Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (approx. 200-1200 CE). In: glottolog.org. Retrieved February 16, 2016 .

[3] Michel Schlesinger: Theory of the Aramaic Language of the Babylonian Talmud (= publications of the Alexander Kohut Foundation. Volume 1). Publishing house of the Asia Major, publications of the Alexander Kohut Foundation, Leipzig 1928, DNB 362610193 , p. 1 f.

[4] Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal: Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (= textbooks of oriental languages. Section 3: Aramaic. Volume 3). Ugarit-Verlag, Münster 2013, ISBN 978-3-86835-084-5 .

[5] Yitzhak Frank: The Practical Talmud Dictionary. 2nd ed., 10th printing. Ariel United Israel Institutes, Jerusalem 2001, ISBN 0-87306-588-3 , pp. 254 f.

[6] Hebrew Linguistics. In: hfjs.eu, accessed on June 9, 2017.

[7] Max Leopold Margolis: Textbook of the Aramaic language of the Babylonian Talmud: grammar, chrestomathy and dictionary. Beck, Munich 1910, pp. 52-55.

[Grammar-8] A ^b Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic [Grammar of Gemara and Targum Onkelos . An Introduction to Aramaic]. Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011, ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1 , p. 18 f: A survey of the aramaic binyanim.

[9] Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic. Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011, ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1 , p. 23: Talmud Bavli Aramaic.