Jazygen

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The Jazygen , also Jazygier, ( Latin Iazyges , Greek  Ἰάζυγες ) were a tribe of the Sarmatians ( Greek  Σαρμάται ), an ancient people of cavalry warriors, which is also mentioned in the older sources under the name Sauromats ( Greek  ἔθνεα Σαυροννννατω .

origin

The original homeland of the Sarmatians - Sarmatia - were the northern Caspian steppes on the Volga , the area south of the Urals and the western part of today's Kazakhstan . As archaeological finds show, the Sarmatians left during the 6th century BC. Their home. In the 5th century BC The Greek historian Herodotus reports on the territory of the Sauromats east of the Tanaïs ( Don ). In ancient times, this river was considered the demarcation line between Europe and Asia . Herodotus also reports on the mythical origin of the Sauromats, who are said to have come from the relationships between Scythian youths with Amazons and who were at home on the steppes of the Sea of ​​Azov . From the 4th century BC BC ancient authors locate the Sarmatians west of the Don. A first mention of Sarmatia and the tribal name Sarmatians is known from the writings of Heraclitus of Pontus (390-310 BC). The historian Diodorus of Sicily reported in the 1st century BC From an Iranian origin of the Sauromats. This is also mentioned by the Roman Pliny . The same and Pomponius Mela further report in the 1st century AD that the Sarmatians are a people made up of several tribes that have their own names. Pliny also mentions another name for the Sauromats: Serboi .

The Jazygens had probably moved westward under pressure from the Goths , Aorsen and Alans, similar to the subsequent Sarmatian Roxolans , and settled in the eastern Pannonian Basin before the middle of the 1st century AD .

On their move to the west, the Jazygens had first advanced into the eastern Dacian regions. Parts of their tribe stayed east of the Carpathian Mountains for a while and then moved on in a westerly direction. Their route followed the Dniester to the north and northwest. Then they bypassed the mountain ranges of the Carpathians in the north and established themselves between the eastern and northern banks of the Danube along the border with the Roman province of Pannonia . Their settlement area extended east across the Tisza into the Hungarian lowlands . They quickly developed very good relations with the Germanic quadrupeds living to the north-west , which lasted for centuries. The Roxolan tribe settled in Wallachia , on the northern border of the Moesia province and later also in the Banat area.

The Jazygen in the Pannonian Plain

Sarmatian armored riders flee from Roman cavalry, figure on Trajan's Column, Rome.

In the beginning of the 1st century AD, the Romans tried to take precautionary measures against the Dacia , which was seen as a potential enemy, and around AD 20 promoted the settlement of the immigrating Sarmatian cavalry warriors of the Jazygen in the Barbaricum of the Pannonian Basin, east and north of the Danube . They hoped to win an ally with the Jazygen who would fend off Dacian attacks from the eastern flank of the Roman province of Pannonia in advance.

Quadic power question

First importance as a military power gained the Jazyges during the reign of the employed of Rome Germanic Quaden -Königs Vannius (19-50). It was during this time that the centuries of good relationships between the two ethnic groups were established. Vannius had managed to rise to the rank of king of all Quads and was able to extend his rule over the Jazygen, as the historian Tacitus reported. Emperor Claudius (41–54 AD) the successful king finally became too powerful and so the Romans initiated an overthrow by appointing the two nephews of Vannius, Vangio and Sido, as his successors. Vannius, who repeatedly unsuccessfully asked Claudius for help, holed up with his warriors and the allied Jazygen behind refuges, but the Jazygen demanded an open battle against the two brothers and their allies. This ended with a debacle for Vannius, who fell into the arms of the Romans while fleeing. Under Emperor Vespasian (69–79), Vangio and Sido were among his loyal allies and fought in the forefront in 69 with a selection of their best warriors together with the Jazygens during the Second Battle of Cremona .

Dacian border disputes

The Dacian king Decebalus (approx. 85-105 AD), who was allied with the Roxolans, was able to wrest parts of their eastern territories in the Pannonian Basin from the Jazygens, which led to ongoing tensions over these lands. When Emperor Domitian (81-96) called on the allied Jazygos, Quaden and Marcomanni to help with arms against the Dacians who invaded the province of Moesia in the winter of 88/89, they refused their allegiance, which is why Domitian ordered a punitive expedition against the Marcomanni, which was, however, catastrophic failed. Only after the Daker campaigns, which were costly for Rome, and the subsequent compromising peace agreement with Decebalus, another punitive expedition was sent against all three unfaithful tribes in the autumn of 89, but it had to be broken off without result. In order to weaken his former allies, Domitian sided with the Lugians in 92/93 during the border conflicts between Marcomanni, Quaden and the East Germanic Lugians . Thereupon the two Germanic tribes allied themselves again with the Jazygens and attacked Pannonia from the north and west. In Brigetio , the Jazygen managed to destroy the Legio XXI Rapax . In the year 92, however, the rushing Domitian managed to defeat the tribe.

After the division of the province of Pannonia into Pannonia superior (Upper Pannonia) and Pannonia inferior (Lower Pannonia), the first Lower Pannonian governor and later Emperor Hadrian (117-138) again had to wage war against the cataphracts and archers of the Jazygen in AD 107 . The reason for this was laid after the victorious invasion of Dacia by the Roman army. The Jazygen had previously allied with the Romans. They considered the hoped that, after a victorious conclusion of the campaign, they would regain their territory, which had been lost under Decebalus, from Emperor Trajan . But after the capture of Dacia, he refused to give up any territory. The Jazygen felt cheated of their booty and took this as an opportunity for a war of vengeance, which was directed against the newly founded province of Dacia, as they hoped to be able to recapture their lost territories. In the uneasy situation that had now arisen for the Romans, the defeated Dacian population also dared to revolt.

Around the beginning of 117 the Jazygens and Roxolans began jointly to attack the Roman border area in Dacia. In the autumn of 117 Hadrian was therefore again on the Danube front, took over the leadership of the campaign from Lower Moesia and was able to settle the fighting in 118. The defeated Jazygens were supposed to protect Rome's borders from predatory incursions together with the Germanic Quads . However, both tribes remained unpredictable.

Marcomannic Wars

First war

Roman soldiers fight against Germanic tribes during the Marcomann Wars. Gravestone from Brigetio, around 173 AD: Ae (lio) Septimo opt (ioni) leg (ionis) I / [Ad] i (utricis) desideratus est / [bello 3] aris qui vix (it) ; possible Translation: "To Aelius Septimus, sergeant of the Legio I Adiutrix, missing in the war against the (N?) Arists , who lived ...". CIL 3, 4310

During the Marcomann Wars (166–180), the Jazygens were the main opponents of the Romans alongside the Germanic Marcomanns , Quads and Vandals . 171 crossed the Danube, Marcomanni, Quadi and Jazygens, devastated the border regions and marched on Italy. The Quads not only supported the Marcomanni, but also provided military aid to the Jazygen. They used the simultaneous unrest among the Germanic peoples to repeatedly lead raids across the river border. In the course of their pillage on Roman territory, many people were also abducted. Between 171 and 175, the laborious Roman army attacked the three main opponents in their own homeland on the other side of the Danube. Against massive, well-organized resistance, settlements were destroyed, the population enslaved and killed, and their property evacuated. After the quads had been thrown down by Emperor Mark Aurel (161-180) in 174 , the fight was now directed against the stubbornly defending Jazygens in the lowlands. In the spring of 175, shortly before the victory over this opponent, the Roman emperor had to react to a usurpation , but covered the Jazygen with a tough peace treaty in order to tame them once and for all. So they could u. a. no longer build ships and had to deliver all existing ships. This should make it impossible to cross the Danube again outside of the winter season. In addition, the Jazygens were forbidden to enter the Danube Islands and to cross the Roman province of Dacia. This blocked the way to the west, south and east, and entry into Roman territory, for the vanquished. In 179 the conditions for entering Dacia have already been relaxed again. The definition of a 30-kilometer-wide exclusion zone along the Danube border was lifted that same year. Only the islands were denied them. Further points of the peace treaty were the extradition of prisoners of war and defectors as well as the holding of regular popular assemblies in Sarmatian territory under the supervision of Roman officials. As security, the Jazygen had to take hostages. Another point was the obligation to give Rome any military aid in the event of war and to provide a precisely defined contingent of recruits once. In autumn 175, Marcus Aurelius and his son Commodus received the honorary title Sarmaticus (Maximus) .

Second war

But the three main opponents in the central Danube region believed to have been defeated did not adhere to the peace treaties. Apparently, Marcomanni, Quadi and Jazygen raided numerous Roman military camps again just a few years later. The emperor and his son therefore started a counterattack on August 3, 178. In 179 the Iža-Leányvár bridgehead fort , which was set up during the First Marcomann War and located opposite the Brigetio legionary camp , was overrun and burned down. As a result, the Roman army marched again with 20,000 men in the areas of the Teutons and Sarmatians and struck back with a hard hand. The aim was to deprive the enemies of their livelihood and to limit their operational possibilities. Therefore, the Romans established themselves in the occupied territories and, among other things, blocked their borders from the outside in order to prevent all escape opportunities and help from outside. Later ancient historians interpreted these measures as a sign that Mark Aurel planned to set up two new provinces - Marcomannia and Sarmatia - which is still controversial to this day. As the archaeologist Sándor Soproni (1926–1995) was able to determine, the Roman soldiers built earthworks at least at some points along the Jazygian settlement borders in order to perfect the controls. The Limes Sarmatiae , built during late antiquity, later overlaid these early earthworks. With the death of the emperor in 180 and the appointment of his son Commodus as his successor, the policy towards the vanquished seems to have changed rapidly. Obviously a peace agreement has now been reached. In the autumn of 180 the Second Marcomann War ended with a triumphal procession in Rome.

In order to be prepared against future attacks, the Romans subsequently organized the expansion or re-establishment of the defense system along the Pannonian Danube border. At the end of this work, Commodus had 185 building inscriptions put up confirming this. One was discovered on the grounds of the Százhalombatta-Dunafüred fort , and another comes from Dunaújváros . Both report on the construction of new burgi along the Danube and the fortification of forts on the opposite bank in order to secure river crossings against roaming robbers .

Wars among the soldier emperors

Emperor Maximinus Thrax (235-238) led from his Lower Pannonian headquarters in Sirmium ( Sremska Mitrovica ) in the second half of 236 also a successful campaign against the Jazygens and allied tribes of the Free Dacia who had invaded the province of Dacia . After graduation, he and his son, Maximus Caesar , were also awarded the honorary title Sarmaticus Maximus in 236 .

In the third century, which was politically uncertain for Rome, the Jazygen and the Roxolans took advantage of the situation to advance to the south-western edge of the province of Pannonia superior in the years 259/260 during their raids . They wreaked havoc on the northeastern area of ​​present-day Slovenia . Under Carus (282–283) the Jazyges again set fire to Roman territory, but 283 were thrown back again. In the course of the 3rd century the Roxolans, who immigrated to the lowlands and settled from Rome in the Banat , mixed with the Jazygens, which resulted in revolutionary changes within the Sarmatian culture of the Pannonian basin.

Roman attempts at pacification

Pannonia and the Jazygen region with the late antique ramparts in front of it

Emperor Diocletian (284-305) had to take action against the Sarmatians from his headquarters in Sirmium 292 and was able to repel the enemy. But as early as 294 his co-emperor ( Caesar ) Galerius (293-311) moved out again against the Jazygen to restore order. In 322 the Danube front had to be defended again. During these years, Emperor Constantine the Great (306–337) fought the Jazygens invading the province of Pannonia Valeria, who attacked in the area of the Campona fort and set the defensive system on fire. The same year, or 323, the Goths Prince Rausimodus used for a raid across the Danube. Another danger that Constantine knew how to banish. The weakened Jazygen now had to come to terms with the Romans and most likely accept an alliance treaty. In order to secure the Danube border, Constantine had the camps on the lower and middle Danube Limes expanded or rebuilt.

Presumably during his reign or under Emperor Constantius II (337-361) , a mighty, deeply staggered earthwork was built around the settlement area of ​​the Jazygens of the Limes Sarmatiae according to Roman plans , which led from the Danube Bend to the east over the Tisza, on the eastern edge of the lowlands Turned south and came back to the Danube near Viminatium , an important military and border town in the province of Moesia . In addition, the Romans set up military posts along this zone. The type of construction of the earth dams suggests that they should make it more difficult for the nomadic peoples of the Migration Period to penetrate the Jazygian territory. As the lack of large troop locations along the Limes Sarmatiae suggests, a complete defense of this demarcation line was initially not planned in an emergency. Possibly this should change with the never completed construction of the fort Göd-Bócsaújtelep on Sarmatian territory during the reign of Emperor Valentinian I (364-375). Despite the rampart system, the territory of the Jazygen did not belong to the Roman Empire. It still had to fulfill its task as a buffer zone. In addition, the Romans could better control the insecure ally.

In 332 there was another campaign against the Goths. It was started at the request of the hard-pressed Sarmatians. Constantine also took his son, later Emperor Constantius II, with him as a general to this war . In this role Constantius II fought the advancing Goths and brought them a heavy defeat on the Maros - near the Limes Sarmatiae . The Gotenfoedus, which ended the war in the same year, is considered a masterpiece of Constantinian foreign policy. Now some of the Visigoths were contractually in a fixed alliance system with Rome. This contributed to the pacification of the section of the border between the Carpathians and the Black Sea and guaranteed the Romans, in return for annual payments, military arms aid on the Danube border by the alliance partner.

In parts of the Sarmatian areas, however, there was still no calm. In order to be armed against the Goths, the Sarmatian tribe of the Argaraganten, which settled in the Banat, had armed the brother people of the Limiganten , which they subjugated , in order to be able to lead additional fighters into the field. But the Limiganten use this opportunity to shake off their oppressors. The civil war-like uprising dragged on, but the Romans did not interfere in this inner-Armenian affair. However, in AD 334 they offered some of the argaragants, who had become homeless as a result of the fighting, new residences on Roman imperial territory south of the Danube. These resettlements were personally monitored by the emperor.

End of Roman influence

The reinforcement of the Pannonian Danube Limes with forts, Burgi and Ländeburgi in the Barbaricum was significantly accelerated under Valentinian I by the military commander-in-chief of the province, Terentius and especially the talented, but quickly deposed Frigeridus , until 373. With the help of the numerous new military posts, an even closer-knit defense network was established within a very short time. The Ländeburgi, which were also built on the Quaden and Jazygen areas, guaranteed a secure Danube crossing for the Roman troops in the event of an emergency. These activities challenged the tribe of the Quads , who settled on the east bank and north of the Danube, who felt clearly threatened by Valentinian's new, armed security measures. When their King Gabinius demanded negotiations with Rome due to a breach of treaty and arrogant territorial robbery in the course of the border expansion at the Sarmatian Limes, he received an invitation from the Pannonian Danube province of Valeria. During the banquet that followed, the Germanic king was treacherously murdered. The Romans had only offered negotiations to the king who had arrived. Depending on the source ( Zosimos and Ammianus Marcellinus ), a Celestius or Marcellianus , the dux in office since 373 , was responsible for this act . Then the angry Quadi started a campaign of revenge. They allied themselves with neighboring peoples, above all the Jazyans, crossed the Danube at harvest time and brought death and devastation to the completely surprised inhabitants of Pannonia. The rough thrust of the attackers - to the south - can be determined from an episode also handed down by Ammianus Marcellinus. The daughter of Constantius II, Constantia , was just on the way from Constantinopolis to Augusta Treverorum ( Trier ). She was supposed to be married to Caesar Gratian there. Only with the quick help of the Rector provinciae (governor) of the province of Pannonia Secunda could the daughter be saved in the nearby provincial capital Sirmium. The direction of attack towards the south over the Danube was unusual for the Jazygens, but especially for the quadrupeds living north of the Pannonian lowlands. However, since the massive expansion of the Valentine Danube safeguards between the western border of Pannonia and south of Lussonium ( Dunakömlőd ) was already well advanced, the old attack routes would only have been possible with very heavy losses. In the south, however, there were still many vacancies due to the locking bolt. Valentinian marched into Pannonia in June 374 with a powerful army. The troops led by the dux Moesiae , the younger Theodosius , drove out the invaders in the same year and restored the fortifications on the Pannonian Limes. Valentinian, in turn, took his units across the Danube at Aquincum, penetrated deep into the tribal areas and forced the Quads to conclude a contract. However, during an audience for emissaries of the Jazygen and Quads in the legionary camp of Brigetio, he died on November 17, 375, presumably from a fatal stroke. Soon after his burial and in the wake of the effects of the Roman defeat in the Battle of Adrianople (378), the Limes Sarmatiae had to be finally abandoned.

End of the Jazygian culture

The Jazygen culture apparently did not survive the 4th century. The final phase is illuminated, among other things, by a richly furnished, probably Ostrogothic woman's grave, which was excavated in Karavukovo (Bácsordas). The burial place near the southern Pannonian Danube Limes was richly furnished. A stamp-fresh solidus , which was minted in 443 during the reign of Emperor Theodosius II (408–450) , proved to be decisive for the dating . The site of discovery shows that other tribes were now also located on the former territory of the Jazygen, which heralded a new era in the course of the migration .

Life

Eating horse meat and keeping slaves belonged to the Jazygen lifestyle. They lived in simple pit houses and valued Roman luxury goods such as terra sigillata imported from far away . But Dacian and Germanic finds also show that this people had many contacts with the outside world. One part of their equipment as warriors was scale armor, which they made from the horn of a horse's hoof. Many of the Sarmatians who were settled throughout the Roman Empire (the Notitia Dignitatum alone names 18 centers of Sarmatian settlement in Gaul and Italy ) fought with their spear-bearing cataphracts in Roman armies and thus gained Roman citizenship. The Sarmatian archers on horseback were also famous ; they were able to shoot backwards with reflex bows of great range and penetrating power (see Parthian maneuver ). One effective tactic used by the Sarmatian tribes was to lure their opponents into ambushes by making sham retreats. Many richly furnished women's graves testify to the Jazygian burial culture.

See also

literature

Remarks

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  41. ↑ Ammianus Marcellinus, 29, 6, 2: ... (Valentinianus) trans flumen Histrum in ipsis Quadorum terris quasi Romano iuri iam vindicatis, aedificari praesidiaria castra mandavit ...
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  43. ↑ Ammianus Marcellinus, 29, 6, 6: ... et Quados et gentes circumsitas efferavit ...
  44. ↑ Ammianus Marcellinus, 29, 6, 6: ... circa messem agrestem ...
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  46. ↑ Friedrich Lotter : Displacements of peoples in the Eastern Alps-Central Danube region between antiquity and the Middle Ages. (375-600) . de Gruyter, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-11-017855-9 , pp. 45-46.
  47. ↑ Christine van Hoof: Valentinian I. (375-392) . In: Manfred Clauss (Ed.): The Roman Emperors. 55 historical portraits from Caesar to Justinian. 4th edition, Beck, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-406-60911-4 , p. 346.
  48. ^ Joachim Werner , Giovanni Annibaldi: Ostgothic grave finds from Acquasanta, Prov. Ascoli Piceno (Marche). In: Germania 41, 1963, pp. 356-373 .; Danica Dimitrijević; Jovan Kovačević; Zdenko Vinski: Problemi seobe Naroda u Karpatskoj Kotlini. Matica srpska, Neusatz, 1978, p. 36.
  49. ^ Dénes Gabler : Terra Sigillata finds from the Sarmatic settlement Dunakeszi-Alagi Major. In: Slovenská archeológia 49, 2002, pp. 119-138.