Johann Schröder (doctor)

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Johann Schröder at the age of 41

Johann Schröder (* 1600 in Salzuflen , † 1664 in Frankfurt am Main ) was a German medic. He wrote the "Artzney Treasure" , the most important pharmacopoeia of the 17th century in German-speaking countries.

Origin, studies

Johann Schröder was born in Salzuflen in 1600 as the son of Georg Schröder, who later became the employer and mayor of Salzuflen. After attending the local Latin school, he went to Helmstedt in 1618, where he initially received lessons at the pedagogical center. In the summer of 1620 he enrolled at the Julius University there , and in October 1622 he moved to Rostock to continue his medical studies . Four years later, Schröder enrolled at the University of Copenhagen . After completing his studies, he joined the Swedish Field Marshal Gustaf Graf Horn as a private tutor . In December 1630, Schröder continued his medical studies at the Dutch University of Leiden . From there he moved to Caen in northern France, where he in September 1632 with the work "De Dolore Colico" doctorate .

Field doctor in the Thirty Years War

In the following years he was the field and personal physician again in the service of Sweden Gustav Horn , who after the death of King Gustavus Adolphus held the command of the Swedish army in Germany 1,632th The Swedes lost in the Battle of Nördlingen on September 6, 1634, and General Horn was captured. Having become unemployed, Schröder was now looking for a civilian job and first turned to Marburg , where the plague was raging.

City doctor in Frankfurt

In 1635 Schröder moved to Frankfurt am Main , where he was accepted into the "collegium medicum" on December 8th. He acquired citizenship and married into the well-respected Fleischbein family in Frankfurt. Soon after the establishment, Schröder went public with medical writings. 1641 came Schröder's main work, the "Pharmacopoeia medico-chymica sive thesaurus pharmacologicus" (German short title "Artzney treasure"), in which he coined the term " pharmacology " ( Pharmacologia ).

In Frankfurt Schröder moved up over the years to the hierarchically tiered city doctor positions. In 1643 he became “Physikus Ordinarius Secundus”, in 1648 “Primus” and finally in 1658 “Physikus Primarius” and thus chairman of the Frankfurt “Collegium sanitatis”. As such, Schröder had to monitor the city's hospitals, among other things, and was called in as a medical expert in criminal proceedings. He was also responsible for the city's pharmacies. In Schröder's time there were five pharmacies in Frankfurt: unicorn, swan, angel and deer pharmacy and the pharmacy for the golden head.

Johann Schröder died in Frankfurt in 1664.

A special exhibition New Medicinal Treasures about Johann Schröder was shown until April 1, 2007 in what was then the Bad Salzuflen City and Bath Museum.

Personal physician at Hessian courts

During his service in the city of Frankfurt Schröder was in close contact with the Princely House of Hesse-Darmstadt . After he had already been appointed personal physician to Landgrave Johann, he was appointed personal physician at the Darmstadt court in 1637. He also served the Landgrave Philip III. from Hessen-Butzbach . On September 26, 1642, he prepared a medical report for Philipp about a spa treatment in Ems . Philipp suffered from "swelling and (...) aching of the body, (...) arduous opening up, and thirdly, swelling in the thighs in the evening" . Schröder recommended a number of medications and a sweat cure. This brandy cure was tragically fatal for the Landgrave. During one of the sweat cures, carelessness ignited the alcohol and a jet flame inflicted severe burns on Philipp, from which he died a little later.

"Artzney treasure"

Schröder wrote his main work, the "Artzney Treasure", initially in Latin. It appeared in Ulm in 1641 and was a huge success. 14 Latin editions appeared between 1641 and 1746, as well as translations into English, French and German. The first German translation was published in Nuremberg in 1684, followed by six more until 1746/48. Schröder was a loyal supporter of Paracelsus, a doctor and alchemist who was perceived as a revolutionary at the time .

The various trends in pharmacy in the 17th century can be identified in his book . Modern, exact, experimental natural science gained more and more space. The pharmacopoeia is a work of its time. In many areas it vacillates between enlightened science and superstition. (It also lists medicinal products for magic diseases in the register.)

In addition to the theoretical introduction, the following sections were of great practical use for doctors, pharmacists and surgeons. Schröder had compiled the medicinal knowledge of his time from various sources and structured it clearly. This made his work a popular pharmacist's guide that covered all areas of the art of pharmacy.

The “Artzney treasure” from 1693 is no longer just “Schröder”. The doctor Friedrich Hoffmann the Elder (1626–1675), the father of the doctor Friedrich Hoffmann , wrote a commentary in 1675 that corrected some “outdated” views. The commentary was incorporated into the German edition and kept the work up-to-date, so that it was in use as the standard work of German medicine for a total of 100 years.

Works

  • Pharmacopoeia medico-chymica sive thesaurus pharmacologicus: quo composita quaeque celebriora, hinc mineralia, vegetabilia & animalia chymico-medice describuntur, atque insuper principia physicae hermetico-hippocraticae candide exhibentur; opus, non minus utile physicis quam medicis . Gerlin, Ulmae 1644 Digitized edition of the University and State Library Düsseldorf
  • Pharmacopoeia medico-chymica sive thesaurus pharmacologicus: quo composita quaeque celebriora, hinc mineralia, vegetabilia & animalia chymico-medice describuntur, atque insuper principia physicae hermetico-hippocraticae candide exhibentur; opus, editione tertia, plurimis in locis auctum ac emendatum . Gerlin, Ulmae 1649. Digitized edition of the University and State Library Düsseldorf
  • Iohannis Schröderi pharmacopoeia medico-chymica sive thesaurus pharmacologicus . - De novo from authore diligenter recognita. Rigaud, Lugduni 1649 Digitized edition of the University and State Library Düsseldorf
  • Iohannis Schröderi pharmacopoeia medico-chymica sive thesaurus pharmacologicus: quo composita quaeque celebriora, hinc mineralia, vegetabilia & animalia chymico-medice describuntur, atque insuper principia physicae hermetico-hippocraticae candide exhibentur . - Opus, editione quarta, plurimis in locis auctum ac emendatum. Rigaud, Lugduni 1656 Digitized edition of the University and State Library Düsseldorf
  • Ioannis Schröderi pharmacopoeia medico-chymica sive thesaurus pharmacologicus: quo composita quaeque celebriora, hinc mineralia, vegetabilia & animalia chymico-medice describuntur, atque insuper principia physicae hermetico-hippocraticae candide exhibentur; opus non minus utile physicis quam medicis . Borde, Arnaud & Barbier, Lugduni 1665 Digitized edition of the University and State Library Düsseldorf
  • Pharmacopoeia medico-chymica sive thesaurus pharmacologicus: quo composita quaeque celebriora, hinc mineralia, vegetabilia, & animalia, chymico-medice describuntur, atque insuper principia physicae hermetico-hippocraticae candide exhibentur . - Hac septima emendatum, omissis locupletatum, notisque auctum / a Joanne Ludovico Witzelio. Görlin, Francofurti 1677 Digitized edition of the University and State Library Düsseldorf
  • D. Johann Schroeder's excellently provided Medicin-Chymische Apotheke, or: Highly valuable Arzeneÿ treasure. Edited and translated by Johann Ulrich Müller. 2 volumes. Nuremberg 1685; Reprint Munich 1963.
  • D. Johann Schröder's complete and useful pharmacy / Or: Well-equipped Medicin-Chymischer most valuable Artzney treasure: Along with D. Friedrich Hoffmann's wonderful comments about it; divided into fünff books ... . But now with this second edition, significantly increased and improved. Hoffmann & Streck, Franckfurt [a. a.] 1709 Digitized edition of the University and State Library Düsseldorf
  • Johann Schröder's complete and useful pharmacy or excellently provided medicin-chymic most valuable Artzney treasure: together with Friedrich Hoffmann's wonderful comments about it; divided into five books . Hoffmann, Franckfurt But now this third edition has been considerably increased, improved 1718 Digitized edition of the University and State Library Düsseldorf
  • Johann Schröder's Pharmacopoeia universalis, that is: general medicinisch-chimischer Artzney treasure: together with Friedrich Hoffmann's wonderful comments about it; in 6 books, which contain an introduction to Chimie, a general dispensatorium and a complete mountain herb and animal book or material lexicon; plus a general pharmacist's tax . Stein & Raspe, Nuremberg 1746 Digitized edition of the University and State Library Düsseldorf

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Franz Meyer (Ed.): Bad Salzuflen Epochs of City History . Publishing house for regional history, Bielefeld 2007, ISBN 978-3-89534-606-4 . , P. 119.
  2. ↑ Registration of Johann Schröder in the Rostock matriculation portal

Web links

personal data
SURNAME Schröder, Johann
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Schroederi, Johannis
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German medic
DATE OF BIRTH 1600
PLACE OF BIRTH Salzuflen
DATE OF DEATH 1664
Place of death Frankfurt am Main