Journalism in Austria

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The journalism in Austria has developed since the early 16th century.

Historical overview

The press is the oldest mass medium . The oldest printed newspaper that has been found so far , the rhyming "Hofmär from the Netherlands", is said to come from the Hanns Winterburger print shop in Vienna from 1488. It describes the fate of the Roman king Maximilian I, who was imprisoned in Bruges (county of Flanders) . 1493 in the Viennese newspaper "Begencknus kaiserlicher Maiestat" the funeral of Friedrich III. described. In 1540 the printer Johannes Singriener was granted the privilege "to publish all novelties concerning the state".

In 1615 the printers Gregor Gelbhaar and Mathias Formica received the permission to print “the incoming weekly ordinari and extra ordinari newspapers and whatever is pending”.

Around 1620 three regular newspapers were already appearing in Vienna: The “Ordnungs Postzeitungen auß Wien” (Ed. Wiener Hofpostamt) appeared once a week and reported on local events in Vienna and Austria. The “Ordinari Newspapers” appeared, half a sheet thick, also once a week and only carried news coming in from abroad. The "ordinary newspapers from Vienna" carried mainly court news once a week. But all of these newspapers had only a short life.

During the 17th century, the court's fondness for the Italian language was also evident in journalism. Gregor Gelbhaar and JJ Kürrner printed Italian relations as early as 1637 and 1658. But it was not until 1671 that Giovanni Battista Hacque was allowed to publish an Italian sheet, the "Il Corriere ordinario", twice a week. After his death, Johann van Ghelen took over the company.

During the 18th century, Austrian journalism concentrated almost exclusively on Vienna. However, it was hindered by strict censorship.

In 1703, the "Post-Daily Mercurius" appeared for the first time, the forerunner of the "Wienerischen Diarium", which was raised by the government to the official organ, the state newspaper. This newspaper took on the title Wiener Zeitung in 1780 and still exists today. In 1863 the Wiener Zeitung finally got a semi-official "sister", the Wiener Abendpost .

Numerous journals appeared between 1770 and 1795: “Physical works of the unifying friends in Vienna” (Ed. Freemason lodge Zur True Eintracht ), the first medical journal “Physikalisch-medicinisches Diarium” (Ed. A. Kirchvogel), “Medizinisches Wochenblatt” and “Wienerische Contributions to practical medicine and obstetrics ”(Ed. Josef Mohrenheim),“ Medicinische Monatsschrift ”(Ed. GE Kletter), further a“ Library of Moravian Political Science ”and the first legal journal“ The Austrian Rights ”. Agricultural, economic and commercial issues were dealt with in the "Wiener Wirtschafts Zeitung", the "Wiener Handlungs-Zeitung" or weekly news from trade, manufacturing and economy "as well as the" Wiener Mode-, Fabriken- und Gewerbezeitung ". The trade press formed a comforting contrast to the political journalism, which was severely restricted by the censorship. Joseph von Sonnenfels developed a rich journalistic activity in the spirit of the Enlightenment .

The censorship was relaxed by the censorship patent dated June 11, 1781. Criticism, which was packaged in a cheerful form, was brought about by Josef Richter 's " Letters from an Eipeldauers to his master in Kakran, about d'Wienstadt ". The Eipeldauer-Letters became the longest-lasting of all weekly publications and are still known and popular today.

With the death of Joseph II the period of relative freedom of the press also ended . The French Revolution caused the ruling houses to take restrictive action against the press. Finally, a decree of April 16, 1803 banned newspapers altogether unless they were authorized by government agencies. In addition, taxation ensured that the newspapers were also deprived of their economic basis. These measures applied not only to the domestic press, but also to foreign journalistic products. As a result, there were only a few monthly newspapers left around 1790, for example the “Historisch -politisch Journal” and the “Österreichische Monatsschrift”. Prince Metternich and at his side one of the brilliant publicists of the time, Friedrich von Gentz , by no means misunderstood the importance of public opinion, but believed they could manipulate it. Public opinion, wrote Metternich, is the most powerful means ... to despise it is ... dangerous ... it requires special care, consistent and persistent support. The specialist scientific press of the Vormärz deserves special mention because it was of high quality: “Archives for Geography, History, Political and War Studies” (published from 1810 to 1835 by Josef von Hormayr ), “Fundgruben des Orients” (Ed. Joseph von Hammer -Purgstall ) and the "Austrian Military Journal" founded by Archduke Karl in 1803.

In the pre-March period, Austrian journalism reached an all-time low. In 1789 3.5 million individual issues and around 50 political papers appeared. In 1847 there were no more than 79 periodicals in all the kingdoms and countries represented in the Reichsrat at the time, including only 19 political newspapers, 12 of which were official - the fruits of Metternich's censorship system.

During the period of National Socialism , many journalists who did not conform to the system were murdered, forced to change jobs or to emigrate . The number of victims was particularly high among Jewish journalists. This loss of the Jewish element resulted in a large gap in Austrian journalism, which has not yet been closed.

The journalists' union carried out the denazification of the Austrian press from 1945 . In May 1945 the union registered all journalists in Austria using registration forms. The questionnaire was used to determine the candidate or membership in the NSDAP . However, the political parties concluded an agreement in 1945 that no attacks against former Nazi journalists should be published.

The so-called “catch-up process” only began in Austria in the 1970s. "Austria would have taken the step towards a political system in which the mass media act as a quasi fourth power ". This was also expressed in an increase in so-called investigative journalism . The upswing in the press had not only stimulated the domestic market, but also improved the economic base of some media companies.

In the course of the economic upturn, journalists were granted some special rights, for example tax advantages, first-class trips and various other discounts.

So-called "manifestations" appeared in journalism in the Second Republic . "Packaging" and "equipment" of the media became more and more important and complex. Examples of this are the weekly magazines “ Wiener ” or “ Basta ”.

For a long time journalism was traditionally a male domain. In 1982, for example, the proportion of women in the ORF's workforce was around 30 percent. Women were also mostly employed in the lower-paying jobs. "What we can see better today than in the past is the pronounced personal continuity between the journalism of Austrofascism , the Nazi regime and the post-war period - despite various denazification efforts, especially in eastern Austria".

Media system Austria

“The Austrian media system is to a large extent characterized by the small-state character of the Alpine republic and the connection to a large neighboring market with the same language.” This results in the risk of becoming too dependent on the larger market. The advantages of a small-state market (for example corporatist regulation and great flexibility) are visibly lost as a result of liberalization and market opening. "Using Belgium as an example, it could be demonstrated at the same time that the policy of a small state is capable of correcting mistakes (...) once they have been made." The market is characterized by above-average interdependence, which is problematic both from an antitrust point of view, but also from a conceptual point of view that journalism is the 4th pillar of democracy. In the meantime, the market has become a welcome area for expansion for some German publishing houses (see the participation of the WAZ media group ). In the TV sector, the ORF still has its clear monopoly position, although in recent years the German private broadcasters have adapted their programs to the Austrian market (news especially for Austria, Austrian weather). In addition, a number of private channels have also opened in Austria.

Media use in Austria

Definition of the term media use
The term media use means the contact between the communication medium with broad impact ( mass media ) and its audience . Who comes into contact with which offer (medium) and why for how long is analyzed in media usage research .

Media usage in Austria is comparable to that in Switzerland , Germany or other modern societies. However, there is a dependency with the structures and perspectives of the media landscape of the respective country and the media usage of the respective people.

The Austrian media landscape is relatively small compared to its large neighbor in the north, but its reach is relatively stable. The Austrian media analysis comes to this conclusion .

According to current studies, the average Austrian spends more than eight hours a day with the media, so only sleeping, if time is taken as a criterion, is just as important.

According to the study carried out in 2008, Austria is particularly active when it comes to online media, because 72% of Austrians aged 14 and over are active Internet users, which puts Austria in the top spot in a European comparison.

The Austrian journalist

working conditions

The term “Austrian journalist” means all those who work full-time for companies or editorial offices and are active in print, online , TV and radio journalism. The media and journalists law apply to these. According to the most recent national survey for "The Austrian Journalism Report 2020", 5,350 salaried and flat-rate journalists work in Austria. That is 25% less than in 2006 in the first overall survey by Medienhaus Wien. There are also around 600 to 900 freelance journalists.

According to the overall survey from 2006, 67 percent of Austrian journalists worked in print media, 17 percent in radio and 10 percent in television . Most of them dealt with the areas of chronicle , economy and politics . Very few devote themselves to culture .

The net income (on average 2,216 euros, as of 2008) was well above the Austrian average. Even so, not even half of Austrian journalists are satisfied with the level of their pay. Journalists with many years of service and a corresponding position can, however, receive six-figure net annual income. The TV journalists at the public broadcaster ORF are among the top earners. Freelance journalists earn far less than those with permanent positions. In 2006, only 15% of freelance journalists said their pay had increased in the past five years.

Austrian journalists (data from 2006)

  • are on average 40 years old
  • about two thirds have no university degree (34 percent are academics, 41% of women, 29% of men)
  • 76 percent work full-time (68% of women, 82% of men)
  • 14.5 percent are in a managerial position (9% of women, 18% of men)
  • Women already make up the majority of young journalists (up to 29 years of age) with 58%. The 30- to 39-year-olds, the largest group among Austria's journalists, are close to parity. (As of 2008)

Political orientation

The study “Journalisten-Report II” from 2008 came in a survey of 500 representative selected journalists to the result that journalists, like in Germany, are politically much further left than the general population. 34 percent of media people named the Greens as their closest party. (The number of unreported cases is likely to be even higher.) The ÖVP came to 14 percent, the SPÖ to nine.

In a study by Reader's Digest magazine, which determined which professional groups people trust most, journalists were only three places ahead of politicians and car salesmen. Not even a quarter (24 percent) of the 900 Austrians surveyed trust journalists as a professional group, compared with 27 percent across Europe. (As of 2010)

Journalistic self-image in Austria

In Austria, the protection of the journalistic profession is anchored in the "Federal Act of June 12, 1981 on the Press and Other Journalistic Media (Media Act)". Among other things, it guarantees the protection of articles identified by name, no publication obligation and privacy protection, which allow journalists in Austria to keep informants who are legally prosecuted secret, except in the case of serious offenses.

The journalist's work consists primarily of organization and technology. There is seldom time to write larger reports. From the outside, Austrian journalism is perceived more positively than by the journalists themselves. They idealize their profession by doing things that are not required of them. A study by M. Gottschlich and F. Karmasin on this subject was carried out as early as 1977, which found that the self-image of the Austrian journalist is more negative than the image of others. Later, in the summer of 2004, the Gallup Institute in Vienna carried out a new study that confirmed the 1977 results.

The similarities to Germany are not only to be found in the legal bases, but a similar self-image is also practiced in everyday journalism.

Foreign correspondents

Definition

Foreign correspondents are all-inclusive contractual employees or freelance employees of news agencies as well as information services of the print and radio media outside the actual main editorial office of the media location. The main characteristic of the foreign correspondent is accordingly a journalistic activity outside the own country in which the corresponding medium appears. Regular reports must also be provided as part of this.

Types of international correspondence

  • Permanent correspondents have been transferred abroad over a longer period of time by the home editorial team. The editors decide on the period.
  • Special rapporteurs are appointed abroad on certain events and for a current occasion. The reactions are based on experts or former foreign correspondents who are already familiar with the local conditions.
  • War correspondents are sent to special crisis and war zones. The relevant professional experience plays an essential role. Research into objective information is a problematic factor in reporting.
  • Travel correspondents regularly provide information about a location and the related events over a period of time. The on-site reporting is intended to offer deeper insights into what is happening in a region or country.

Who has foreign correspondents where

Examples of foreign correspondents who work for three major Austrian media. Some work as freelance journalists for several employers at the same time, while others report as permanent employees for only one medium.

  • ORF: Karim El-Gawhary (Arab region and Iran, Cairo), Peter Fritz (Germany, Berlin), Ernst Gelegs (Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria, Budapest), Verena Gleitsmann (USA, Washington), Andreas Jölli (Germany, Berlin) , Ernst Kernmayer (Belgium, Brussels), Alexander Kofler (Italy, Rome), Christian Lininger (Russia, Moscow), Raimund Löw (China, Beijing), Josef Manola (Iberian Peninsula and Maghreb, Madrid), Eva Pöcksteiner (Great Britain and Ireland , London), Carola Schneider (Russia, Moscow), Mathilde Schwabeneder -Hain (Italy, Rome), Birgit Schwarz (Germany, Berlin), Ben Segenreich (Israel), Christian Staudinger (USA, Washington), Raphaela Stefandl-Herburger (Switzerland and Liechtenstein), Cornelia Primosch (France, Paris), Hannelore Veit -Fauqueux, (USA, Washington), Christian Wehrschütz (Ukraine, former Yugoslavia and Albania, Belgrade), Jörg Winter (Turkey, Black Sea Region and Iran, Istanbul), Hans Woller (France, Paris)
  • The press: Balmer Rudolf (France, Paris), Bauer Peter (USA, New York), Bognar Peter (Hungary, Budapest), Braune Gerd (Canada, Ottawa), Caspar Luzian (USA, Washington), Claasen Dieter (Great Britain, London ); El-Gawhary Karim (Arab region and Iran, Cairo), Gamillscheg Hannes (Denmark, Copenhagen), Gerber Thomas (Switzerland, Bern / Lucerne), Glass Nicolas (Thailand, Bangkok), Goerdeler Carl D. (Brazil, Rio de Janeiro) , Hetzel Helmut (Netherlands, The Hague), Jessen Corinna (Greece), Keetman Jan (Turkey, Istanbul), Knaul Susanne (Israel, Tel Aviv), Knemeyer Thomas (South Africa, Pretoria), Kreiner Paul (Italy, Rome), Krohn Knut (Poland, Warsaw), Köhler Angela (Japan, Tokyo), Lietsch Jutta (China, Beijing), Male Eva (Germany, Berlin), Mayrbäurl Cornelia (Argentina, Buenos Aires), Pöll Regina (Belgium, Brussels), Rathfelder Erich (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo), Reiserer Axel (Great Britain, London), Roser Thomas (Serbia, Belgrade), Schmidt Hans-Jörg (Czech Republic, Prague), Schulze Ralph (Spain, Madrid), Steiner Eduard (Russia, Moscow) , Stäcker Dieter (Germany, Berlin), Thanei Christoph (Slovakia, Bratislava), Vieregge Thomas (USA, Washington), Zastiral Sascha (Ind ien, New Delhi), Zumach Andreas (Switzerland, Geneva).
  • The standard: Baumann Birgit (Germany, Berlin), Diethelm Verena (Russia, Moscow), Dilger Gerhard (Latin America, Porto Alegre), Erling Johnny (China, Beijing), Frefel Astrid (Arab region, Cairo), Gottschlich Jürgen (Turkey, Istanbul), Herrmann Frank (USA), Ivanij Andrej (Serbia, Belgrade), Lesser Gabriele (Poland, Warsaw), Logmany Amir (Iran, Tehran), Mayer Thomas (NATO, EU and Europe), Mumelter Gerhard (Italy, Rome) , Schuster Robert (Czech Republic, Prague), Segenreich Ben (Israel), Wolderlin Urs (South Pacific), Weiss Sandra (Latin America).

Training situation in Austria

In Austria one can only speak of a semi-professionalization of the profession. The reason for this is, on the one hand, the non-equivalent education at Austrian universities and , on the other hand, the unnecessary submission of proof of professional qualification when starting a career. The majority of Austrian journalists can only show that they have free activities or have not completed their studies. Nevertheless, many publishers defend free access to the profession, whereas the ORF, for example, tries to promote professionalization with an assessment center .

Binding evidence of continuing education in accordance with a collective agreement is only required when you advance to become an editor. The basis for this advanced training is the “Austrian Journalist College” operated by the Board of Trustees for Journalist Training .

University education

University training is mainly possible at the universities of Vienna , Klagenfurt and Salzburg as part of the journalism and communication studies course.

In Vienna there is also the possibility of attaining a higher education in journalism at the Vienna Film Academy or the Webster University Vienna .

University courses

In addition to the universities of Vienna, Graz and Salzburg, the Center for Journalism and Communication Management (JoKom) at Danube University Krems also offers a course.

Universities of applied sciences

Universities of applied sciences offer practice-related media courses in Vienna (journalism, FHW Vienna), Graz (journalism and corporate communication, Joanneum Graz), Sankt Pölten (media management, FH St. Pölten). Vorarlberg (video journalism and InterMedia, FH Vorarlberg) as well as expiring in Salzburg (digital television, FH Salzburg). A doctoral thesis at a university is then quite possible.

Teaching editors and in-company training opportunities

It is due to the growing awareness of the requirement for good professional qualifications that teaching editors and in-company training opportunities are becoming increasingly important. These include, for example, the Vorarlberger Medienhaus, the teaching editors of the Wirtschaftsblatt or the Wiener Zeitung and the ORF's internal training program.

continuing Professional Education

For those who are already well established in their work, there are further training courses offered by Medienhaus Wien, fjum_forum journalismus und medien, the Board of Trustees for Journalism Training, the Upper Austrian Journalism Academy, the Catholic Media Academy, the Polycollege Stöbergasse, at the Austrian Society for Journalism and Media Research (GESPU) ), the Friedrich Funder Institute or the Friedrich Austerlitz Institute.

Practice of reality

Usually, however, the career begins with a traineeship, for example while studying. This is even mandatory at the universities of applied sciences. The Board of Trustees for Journalist Training and the Friedrich Austerlitz Institute award scholarships to university students for this purpose.

Austrian journalists

Important journalists who have passed away

The following persons sorted by date of birth:

  • Gustav Davis (born March 3, 1856 in Bratislava , † August 21, 1951 in Gut Hohenlehen , Hollenstein an der Ybbs ) was editor and founder of the " Kronen Zeitung " and wrote under the pseudonym G. Tannhofer.
  • Max Winter (born January 9, 1870 in Hungary , † July 11, 1937 in Hollywood ), is considered the creator of social reporting in German-speaking countries.
  • Karl Kraus (born April 28, 1874 in Jitschin (Bohemia), † June 12, 1936 in Vienna) was a publicist and sharp critic of the press and hate journalism, he called this journalle .
  • Ernst Molden (born May 30, 1886 in Vienna; † August 11, 1953 there) was editor-in-chief of the Neue Freie Presse from 1921 to 1939 and founded the successor newspaper Die Presse in 1946 , whose publisher and editor-in-chief he up to at his death in 1953.
  • Rudolf Kalmar junior (born September 18, 1900 in Vienna; † January 18, 1974 there) was one of Austria's most remarkable journalists. He studied and did his doctorate at the University of Vienna and finally began his career at the Deutsches Volksblatt . In 1921 he took over the management of the local section of the newspaper Der Wiener Tag and was "subsequently, together with Vincenz Ludwig Ostry, editor-in-chief of the Wiener Tag and the Monday newspaper Der Morgen , which represented an Austrian course on Monday with their affiliated ten groschenblatt ." 1947– In 1956 he was editor-in-chief of the first newspaper of the Second Republic, Neues Österreich .
  • Milan Dubrović (born November 26, 1903 in Vienna; † September 11, 1994 ibid) was a publicist, editor-in-chief and publisher. The "Wiener Allgemeine Zeitung", the "Neue Wiener Tagblatt" and the "Die Presse" are some of his jobs.
  • Otto Schulmeister (born April 1, 1916 in Vienna; † August 10, 2001 there) was editor-in-chief and publisher of the Austrian daily newspaper Die Presse for around three decades . He was considered the doyen of journalism and one of the most important, but also most controversial editors-in-chief of the post-war period.
  • Hans Dichand (born January 29, 1921 in Graz ; † June 17, 2010 in Vienna ) was the editor of the "Kronen Zeitung".
  • Claus Gatterer (born March 27, 1924 in Sexten ( South Tyrol ), † June 28, 1984 in Vienna ) was a long-time press journalist a. a. at the Salzburger Nachrichten and Die Presse . In the 1970s, he shaped a socially committed journalism with his ORF television magazine "teleobjektiv". Outstanding publications that follow these premises have been awarded the Prof. Claus Gatterer Prize annually since 1985 .
  • Fritz Molden (born April 8, 1924 in Vienna, † January 11, 2014 in Schwaz) was an Austrian resistance fighter against National Socialism, a journalist, author, publisher and diplomat . In 1950 Fritz Molden took over the commercial agendas of the "Presse" as publishing director and founded the " Wochenpresse " in the same year . Together with Gerd Bacher he founded the tabloid “ Express ” . He also later bought the “Wiener Wochenblatt”.
  • Gerd Bacher (born November 18, 1925 in Salzburg ; † June 27, 2015 there) was a long-time press journalist and the first influential general manager of the ORF
  • Anton Fellner (born December 25, 1927 in Wagram a. Wagram; † January 7, 1997 in Cuba) was a Catholic journalist, 1964–1967 editor-in-chief of the first newspaper of the Second Republic, Neues Österreich , head of the ORF's religion department 1975–1990.
  • Thomas Chorherr (born November 27, 1932 in Vienna; † June 17, 2018) was editor-in-chief and from 1995 also publisher of the daily newspaper Die Presse
  • Kurt Falk (born November 23, 1933 in Vienna; † November 15, 2005 there) was a media entrepreneur. He was the owner and publisher of the largest Austrian weekly newspaper, the whole week, and co-founder of the Kronen Zeitung .
  • Alfred Worm (born June 14, 1945 in Gmünd (Lower Austria) ; † February 5, 2007 in Vienna) was a journalist, author and university teacher. Alfred Worm was a lecturer at the Institute for Media and Communication Studies at the University of Vienna . From 1988 he played a key role in ensuring that this institute had its own building on Schopenhauerstrasse.
  • Kurt Kuch (born August 10, 1972 in Oberwart ; † January 3, 2015 in Graz) was an investigative journalist and investigator. Among other things, he brought details and backgrounds to the Hypo Alpe Adria cause , the Telekom affair , the BUWOG affair and the Eurofighter affair as well as the offshore leaks to light.

Important living journalists

The following persons are sorted by date of birth.

  • Hugo Portisch (born February 19, 1927 in Pressburg ) became one of the most important journalists in Austria after the Second World War thanks to his way of explaining complex political and economic issues in a way that was understandable for laypeople as well.
  • Peter Michael Lingens (born August 8, 1939 in Vienna) is a co-founder of the news magazine " profil ".
  • Oscar Bronner (born January 14, 1943 in Haifa ) is the founder of the Austrian magazines “profil” and “ trend ” and publisher of the daily newspaper “ Der Standard ”, which he founded .
  • Wolfgang Fellner (born October 13, 1954 in Vienna) was the founder of the " Rennbahn-Express ", the " Basta " and the magazine " News ".
  • Uschi Fellner (born February 12, 1962 in Vienna ) was a co-founder of “News” and in 2002 founded the women's magazine “ Woman ”.
  • Eva Dichand (born Eva Kriebernegg on February 26, 1973 in Graz) is a media manager. She is the editor and managing director of Today , the largest free newspaper .

Austrian Journalist Awards (selection)

Inter alia journalism prizes are awarded to Austrian journalist:

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Krones:  Perger, Bernhard . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 25, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1887, p. 374 f.
  2. ^ Ernst Victor Zenker: History of journalism in Austria . K. k. Hof- u. Staatsdr., Vienna, 1900, p. 3.
  3. ↑ To search for yourself ( Memento of the original from January 29, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on digitalisiertedrucke.de @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.digitalisiertedrucke.de
  4. ↑ To search for yourself on books.google.com
  5. ↑ Zenker, 1900, p. 3.
  6. ↑ See Zenker, 1900. pp. 11-12.
  7. ↑ Censorship Regulations 1781 (PDF; 86 kB)
  8. ↑ aeiou.at
  9. ↑ See Zenker, 1900, pp. 18–28.
  10. ↑ See Zenker, 1900. p. 24.
  11. ↑ See Zenker, 1900, p. 28.
  12. ↑ See Hans-Heinz Fabris, 1991. In: Hans-Heinz Fabris, Fritz Hausjell (Ed.): The Fourth Power. On the history and culture of journalism in Austria since 1945 . Verlag für Gesellschaftskritik, Vienna 1991, pp. 2-3.
  13. ↑ gpa-djp.at
  14. ↑ See Fritz Hausjell, 1991. In: Hans-Heinz Fabris, Fritz Hausjell (ed.): Die Vierte Macht. On the history and culture of journalism in Austria since 1945 . Publishing house for social criticism, Vienna 1991.
  15. ^ A b Hans-Heinz Fabris, 1991. In: Hans-Heinz Fabris, Fritz Hausjell (Ed.): The Fourth Power. On the history and culture of journalism in Austria since 1945 . Publishing house for social criticism, Vienna 1991, p. 3.
  16. ↑ See Hans-Heinz Fabris, 1991. In: Hans-Heinz Fabris, Fritz Hausjell (Ed.): The Fourth Power. On the history and culture of journalism in Austria since 1945 . Publishing house for social criticism, Vienna 1991, p. 13.
  17. ↑ See Hans-Heinz Fabris, 1991. In: Hans-Heinz Fabris, Fritz Hausjell (Ed.): The Fourth Power. On the history and culture of journalism in Austria since 1945 . Verlag für Gesellschaftskritik, Vienna 1991, pp. 13-14.
  18. ↑ See Hans-Heinz Fabris, 1991. In: Hans-Heinz Fabris, Fritz Hausjell (Ed.): The Fourth Power. On the history and culture of journalism in Austria since 1945 . Publishing house for social criticism, Vienna 1991, p. 21.
  19. ↑ Gaby Schilcher 1991. In: Hans-Heinz Fabris, Fritz Hausjell (ed.): The fourth power. On the history and culture of journalism in Austria since 1945 . Publishing house for social criticism, Vienna 1991, p. 218.
  20. ↑ Thomas Steinmaurer: The media system Austria . In: Hans-Bredow Institute f. Media research at the University of Hamburg (ed.): Internationales Handbuch Medien . Nomos, Baden-Baden 2009. pp. 504-517
  21. ^ Hans Heinz Fabris: Austria and European media development . In: Josef Trappel: Media Power Market. Media Policy of Small Western European States . Österreichischer Kunst und Kultur Verlag, Vienna, 1991, pp. 11–18
  22. ^ Meyen Michael: media use . 2nd Edition. UVK Verlagsgesellschaft, Konstanz 2004, GoogleBooks
  23. ↑ Wolfgang Schweiger: Theories of media use. An introduction . GWV Fachverlage, Wiesbaden 2007, GoogleBooks
  24. ^ Daniela Kraus, Judith Leitner, Astrid Zimmermann, Andy Kaltenbrunner, Matthias Karmasin: medienhaus-wien.at
  25. ↑ Austria's editorial offices are shrinking - derStandard.at. Retrieved on May 21, 2020 (Austrian German).
  26. ^ The Austrian Journalism Report (VI) | media house vienna. Retrieved May 21, 2020 .
  27. ↑ The Journalist Report I | media house vienna. Retrieved May 21, 2020 .
  28. ^ A b Nicole Stern : Career aspiration: Super journalist . In: Die Presse , January 4, 2009
  29. ^ Andy Kaltenbrunner, Matthias Karmasin, Daniela Kraus, Astrid Zimmermann (2007): The Journalists Report . Facultas, Vienna, p. 84
  30. ^ Stefan Weber: This is how journalists work for newspapers and magazines . KfJ Journalistik series, Salzburg 2006, p. 49.
  31. ^ Andy Kaltenbrunner, Matthias Karmasin, Daniela Kraus, Astrid Zimmermann (2007): The Journalists Report . Facultas, Vienna, p. 19
  32. ↑ A third of journalists feel green ( memento from August 15, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Die Presse, from December 8, 2008
  33. ↑ The terror of the green opinion Jacobin Die Presse, accessed on January 11, 2015
  34. ↑ The Greens have a majority among journalists Der Standard, accessed on January 10, 2015
  35. ↑ In good hands: The most trustworthy professions in Austria Die Presse, accessed on January 11, 2015
  36. ↑ Federal Act of June 12, 1981 on the Press and Other Journalistic Media (Media Act - MedienG) Federal Law Gazette No. 314/1981 as amended by Federal Law Gazette I No. 8/2009
  37. ↑ Ottfried Jarren, Hartmut Weßler: Journalism - Media - public, perspectives and objects . 1st edition. West German Publishing House, Wiesbaden 2002
  38. ↑ O. Univ. Prof. DDr. Karmasin Matthias: Ethics of Journalism on Austria - Between Vocation and Profession (Study) 2005
  39. ↑ See Brockhaus. The encyclopedia. Volume 12. 20th edition. Leipzig, Mannheim. 1996. S. 405. Quoted from: Nicole Kampl: History, development and characteristics of foreign correspondent networks in public broadcasting using the example of ORF . Vienna: DA 2844.2005. P. 20.
  40. ↑ Cf. Theodor Marx: The problem of harmonizing European press law . Wiesbaden 1970. p. 21. Quoted from: Nicole Kampl: History, development and characteristics of foreign correspondent networks in public broadcasting using the example of ORF . Vienna: DA 2844.2005. P. 20.
  41. ↑ See Martin Wagner: Foreign correspondent for the press, radio, television and news agencies . List, Berlin 2001, pp. 25-29.
  42. ↑ derneue.orf.at ( Memento of the original from August 14, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Accessed November 5, 2014)  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / derneue.orf.at
  43. ↑ Raimund Löw new head of the ORF correspondent office in Beijing, Jörg Winter heads the Istanbul branch . APA notification dated July 28, 2014, accessed November 8, 2014.
  44. ^ ORF correspondent offices . Retrieved July 1, 2019.
  45. ↑ diepresse.com (accessed: January 20, 2010)
  46. ↑ http://derstandard.at/3124002/Gerhard-Dilger-ist-STANDARD-Korrespondent-in-Sued Amerika ( Access : January 20, 2010); http://derstandard.at/1254312132959/Ueber-den-Autor-?_blogGroup=1( Access : January 20, 2010); http://derstandard.at/3077464/Gerhard-Mumelter-ist-STANDARD--Korrespondent-in-Italien (accessed: January 20, 2010); http://derstandard.at/3087393/Urs-Waelterlin-ist-STANDARDKorrespondent-im-Suedpazifikraum (accessed: January 20, 2010)
  47. ^ A b Hans Heinz Fabris: Halfway to professionalization . In: Klaus-Dieter Altmeppen, Walter Hömberger (Ed.): Journalist training for a changed media world - diagnoses, institutions, projects. West German publishing house. Pp. 39-47.
  48. ↑ Maier Klaus Dr. Journalism. UVK. Constance 2007. 222.
  49. ↑ How do you become a journalist in Austria? ( Memento of the original from February 4, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kfj.at
  50. ^ Full studies at universities
  51. ↑ Postgraduate courses
  52. ↑ Universities of Applied Sciences
  53. ↑ Teaching editors and in-company training opportunities
  54. ↑ Professional training
  55. ↑ Media education in Austria
  56. ↑ How do you become a journalist in Austria? ( Memento of the original from February 4, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kfj.at
  57. ↑ a b Fidler, Harald (2008) Austria's media world from A to Z. The complete lexicon with 1000 keywords from rip-off television to newspaper death. Butterfly; Edition: November 1, 2008, ISBN 978-3-85439415-0
  58. ↑ a b http://www.wien.gv.at/rk/historisch/1950/september.html
  59. ↑ a b Archived copy ( memento of the original from January 24, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.vienna.at

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