Juliane von Krüdener

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Juliane von Krüdener and her son Paul, painted by Angelika Kauffmann in 1786

Beate Barbara Juliane von Krüdener (born von Vietinghoff called Scheel ; * November 11th July / November 22nd  1764 greg. In Riga , Livonia ; † December 13th July / December 25th  1824 greg. Karasu bazaar in the Crimea ) was a pietist , adviser to the Russian tsar and writer from the German-Baltic nobility .

Life

Juliane von Krüdener was a daughter of Otto Hermann von Vietinghoff called Scheel and grew up partly in Riga, partly on the remote Kosse manor in Livonia (today Viitina in Estonia ). In 1782 at the age of seventeen she married Burckhard Alexius Constantin von Krüdener , the imperial Russian envoy in Mitau , who was 20 years older than her , later in Venice and Copenhagen , also a German Baltic. She gave birth to her son Paul in Saint Petersburg in 1784 . After the death of her husband, she settled as a wealthy widow in Paris , where she wrote an autobiographical love story under the influence of Goethe's Werther , the then famous novel Valérie , which was published in Paris in 1803. After its success in France - not least as a result of its unusual advertising campaigns - it also became extremely popular in other countries, especially in Germany and Russia. A real Valérie fashion spread. The romantic feeling for nature in her works is said to go back to her happy youth on Kosse with its forests and lakes, the property that her extremely wealthy father left to her husband on the occasion of the wedding. She also wrote the novella Alexis or the story of a Russian soldier . She was friends with the writer Jean Paul and the French writers Anne Louise Germaine de Staël , Antoine de Rivarol and François-René de Chateaubriand .

Juliane von Krüdener around 1800

During her restless life, she was inspired by the Herrnhutern people and, after being influenced by Johann Heinrich Jung-Stilling , tended more and more to prophetic - ecstatic pietism . In 1804 Juliane von Krüdener experienced a religious conversion on her Kosse estate and later also predicted the return of Napoleon I of Elba .

Together with the Geneva pastor Fréderic Fontaine and the Cleebronnerin Maria Gottliebin Kummer , she tried in 1809 to build a "Christian colony" evoking the apocalypse on the Katharinenplaisir estate near Cleebronn, but was expelled from Württemberg that same year. In 1815 she and Fontaine founded a new colony on the Rappenhof near Weinsberg .

She had a strong religious influence on St. Petersburg society, in particular on the tsar Alexander I , who was inclined to Christian mysticism , whom she had met during a stay in Heilbronn and whose spiritual friend she became. She moved him to the Holy Alliance , which also bears her signature, and represented the Tsar in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna . In Napoléon she saw the angel of the abyss named in the Revelation of John , the Antichrist, and was celebrated as a prophet of the Holy Alliance or as the " sun woman " at major appearances . The combination of eccentricity and sense of mission led the noblewoman into the highest social and political circles, in which religious and national ideas were mixed.

In the famine year of 1816 , Fontaine was arrested and again expelled from Württemberg. Her estate near Weinsberg then fell to the city of Weinsberg. Krüdener then traveled to Baden , Alsace and northern Switzerland from 1816 to 1818 , emphasizing the biblical role of women as the savior of the people, acting as a healer and running soup kitchens with her own hands for the population particularly hard hit by the Napoleonic wars . She then used these opportunities to proclaim her religious ideas in front of thousands. She moved the masses in such a way that she was expelled from southern Germany as well as from Basel as too subversive and deported to Russia under police guard . After her arrival in 1818, she wanted to influence the tsar again, but he had meanwhile withdrawn from her and no longer received her. She had compromised him due to indiscretion. She died in disgrace, impoverished during a bathing trip in the Crimea.

Works

  • Valérie or letters from Gustav von Linar to Ernst von G ... (In the translation of the extended version of the Leipzig edition of 1804 with an introduction, newly edited by Isolde Döbele-Carlesso . Brackenheim 2006. ISBN 3-939333-03-4 ).
  • Alexis ou l'Histoire d'un soldier russian 1796–1798
  • Krug, Wilhelm Traugott: Conversation in private with Mrs. von Krüdener , Leipzig 1818
  • Le Camp de Vertus , Paris 1815.
  • A multitude of letters, memories, diaries, poems and fragments: a few in German, most of them in French (partly translated into German and Russian). Much of it has remained unpublished, some have been lost.

literature

Monographs

  • Debora Sommer: A Baltic noble missionary moves Europe. Barbara Juliane v. Krüdener, b. v. Vietinghoff called Scheel (1764-1824) . V&R unipress, Göttingen 2013. ISBN 978-3-8471-0149-9 .
  • Stella Ghervas: Réinventer la tradition. Alexandre Stourdza et l'Europe de la Sainte-Alliance . Honoré Champion, Paris 2008, ISBN 978-2-7453-1669-1 .

Articles in biographical manuals and journals

Web links

Wikisource: Juliane von Krüdener  - Sources and full texts
Commons : Juliane von Krüdener  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ ADB and BBKL name December 25, 1824 as the date of death, the NDB December 13, 1824.
  2. ↑ Augusta von Oertzen : The beauty gallery of King Ludwig I in the Munich Residence , Franz Hanfstaengl, Munich 1923, p. 30
personal data
SURNAME Krüdener, Juliane von
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Krüdener, Beate Barbara Juliane von; Vietinghoff called Scheel, Beate Barbara Juliane von (maiden name); Vietinghoff called Scheel, Juliane von; Vietinghoff called Scheel, Barbara Julie von; Krüdener, Barbara Julie von; Wietinghoff, Barbara Julie von
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Livonian-German aristocrat and Pietist writer
DATE OF BIRTH November 22, 1764
PLACE OF BIRTH Riga
DATE OF DEATH December 25, 1824
Place of death Karasu Bazaar , today Bilohirsk , Crimea , Ukraine