Cologne Rose Monday Parade
The Cologne Rose Monday Parade is the largest carnival parade in Germany and the highlight of the Cologne Carnival on Rose Monday . The "Zoch", which has been held since 1823, is also the oldest of the great German Rose Monday procession. The parade, made up of costumed foot groups, music bands, riders, floats and support vehicles, is about eight kilometers long and attracts hundreds of thousands of spectators to the seven and a half kilometers long train path. In addition to glancing at the train, the junkies lingering in rows on the streets also try to catch some of the throwing material consisting of 300 tons of sweets (generally known as “camels”), flowers, rag dolls and other presents.
history
Organized parades on Monday between the pre-fasting Sunday Esto Mihi and Ash Wednesday took place in Cologne initially under the names "mask parade", "carnival parade" or "pageant".
There are different explanations for the naming and the occasion of the celebration on Rose Monday. The linguist and folklorist Adam Wrede suspects a connection with the Christian Rose Sunday during half-fasting ( Laetare ), which was celebrated in the early years of the social carnival as a "post-carnival". At the same time as this celebration died out at the beginning of the 1830s, the term “Rose Monday” is attested, which first became increasingly popular for the day and towards the end of the 19th century also for the carnival parade. Other authors, such as the art historian Michael Euler-Schmidt , refer to the Middle High German derivation of "lawn Monday", the "raging, raging" Monday, which the " German Dictionary " by Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm also aims at.
Street carnival under French occupation
At the end of the 18th century, Cologne, still heavily influenced by medieval society, found itself in a situation of upheaval initiated by the French occupation . All essential political and socio-economic structures were abolished by the occupiers from 1798 and rebuilt according to the French, centralist model. This caused a reflection on Cologne traditions and values, especially among the bourgeoisie , which also affected the traditional merrymaking on the occasion of Carnival. The elitist men's association “Olympic Society of Cologne”, whose members included Ferdinand Franz Wallraf , Matthias Joseph de Noël and the administrative officer Johann Jakob Peter Fuchs , set the first accents for the later reforms of the carnival festival with literary carnival celebrations.
At the same time, respected merchants, lawyers and occupation officers organized masked balls as social events in the first Redouten societies. The structures of the later carnival societies , which were to organize the masked balls in Gürzenich , which were widespread from 1822 , were already apparent here. The middle- class middle class , who could afford the “masking fees” levied by the French, organized the first small, thematically determined parades in which the staging aspect of the later large mask parade could already be recognized.
The common people, on the other hand, celebrated the carnival during this time unmasked and under the simplest conditions in the inns.
Prussian era: Foundation of the "Festordnenden Comités"
As a result of an economic crisis that hit Cologne after the beginning of Prussian rule in 1815 due to the abolition of French protective laws , the further development of the Cologne Carnival initially stagnated: the bourgeois society celebrated its masked balls in private houses, separated from the people, which in turn provided the public space for hustle and bustle on the streets and in the inns. As contemporary chroniclers described, the joy of masquerades continued to decline. This reduced the income from the amusement taxes introduced by the French and initially retained by the Prussians, which were levied in the form of fee-based “mask cards”. These taxes were intended for the Cologne poor administration, which was confronted with financial losses as a result. With the complete abolition of the system of pleasure taxes in 1821, this situation only worsened.
The poor administration, which was still taken over by the monasteries and foundations during the imperial city era, was responsible for Cologne's hospitals and orphanages, and was an important social stage for the wealthy Cologne residents who sat on their advisory board and was perceived by the people . These advisory councils soon campaigned for the Prussian authorities to re-admit the “pleasure taxes” in connection with the introduction of a large mask parade. So it was finally the functionaries of the poor administration, among them their president Heinrich von Wittgenstein and some city councilors, who founded a “Festordnendes Comité” in 1823, which organizes the Carnival Festival Committee to this day , including the Rose Monday procession.
As part of the “Festordnung”, the committee designed a large mask parade for the first time, in which the entire people can take part in the carnival celebration in a controlled manner on a fixed route, and at the same time the funding of the poor administration should be strengthened by the reintroduction of the “pleasure taxes”. In this respect, the jokingly “small” or “funny council of the city of Cologne” also saw itself as a socio-political instrument. The procession itself touched participants and the audience in its themes and pictures by quoting imperial city traditions, but also showed a modern and culturally sophisticated face in the integration of romantic elements of the Italian carnival.
First move in 1823: Carneval hero ascended to the throne
In less than two weeks of preparation time, under the leadership of Heinrich von Wittgenstein, the “festival stewards” organized the first large masked procession, which finally moved around Cologne's Neumarkt on February 10, 1823, according to strict regulations comprising 12 paragraphs . It was under the motto "The ascension of the throne of the hero Carneval", which was explained in § 1 of the schedule:
- “The Cologne Carneval, once so famous in the whole of Germany, is to be renewed and also celebrated in this year through the cooperation of several admirers of old folklore with a general masked procession. The underlying idea is the accession to the throne Carneval intended as the king of the festival "
The protagonist of the first main character of the procession, referred to as “hero”, “king” or “prince carneval”, was the merchant and eau de cologne maker Emanuel Zanoli (1796–1837), founding member of the committee and member of the prestigious association “Casino” . Descriptions highlight his regal, splendid clothing with a hermeline-lined purple coat and a golden crown adorned with precious stones. He carried an imperial sword and a fool's scepter . The first procession staged a court around the hero Carneval with court jesters , court charges, heralds , standard-bearers, ministers and a chancellor, framed by musicians and musical choirs. The figure, although it appeared for the first time as “Held Karneval” in Cologne's Carnival, was supposed to tie in with the tradition of the “Carnival Kingdoms”, which was cultivated at the Jesuit colleges or at the Collegium Germanicum , but was not consistently observed in Cologne. With the “Heroes Carneval”, the first major masked procession presented a renewed carnival rite that referred to historical models and cited them.
The Cologne chronicler Johann Jakob Peter Fuchs attested a lot of approval for the first move, but also noticed the few masked people among the spectators. This procession also had fewer foreign visitors than earlier carnival celebrations, "the bad weather may have prevented them".
The ideal of letting common people and the upper classes at the mask procession take part in the carnival celebration was only partially implemented. The existing class barrier now ran between the active participants on the train and the spectators: only the members of the “Grand Council” in the “Festordnenden Comité” took part in the train; three thalers had to be raised for admission , which corresponded to about 60% of the weekly income of a master craftsman. As a result, the wealthy Cologne residents stayed among themselves within the train.
The benefits for the poor were also comparatively low. The historian Hildegard Brog calculates on the basis of the records of the “Festordnenden Comités” that the profit intended to be passed on to the poor administration remained well below expectations due to the costs for costumes, horses and carriages as well as for the preparation of the masked ball in Gürzenich : The poor received only insignificant contributions from the income of the trains in 1823 and also in the following years.
Protagonists of the early masked trains
In addition to the “Heroes Carneval”, other figures and groups appeared in the first masked parades that were originally at home in church processions, in the history of the city or in older carnival traditions. Some of them, more or less developed, still play a permanent role in Cologne Carnival and the Rose Monday procession. In the first few years, the Bellengeck and the Hanswurst temporarily took over the reign of the fools instead of the “Heroes Carneval”. Today's Prince Carnival as the main character of the Cologne triumvirate can clearly be traced back to the “hero” of 1823 in terms of appearance and role model.
Geckebahnchen and the holy maidservants and servants
The Geckebähnchen (Gecken-Berndchen from the kölschen Bähn for Bernd ), alternative spelling is the "Jeckenbändche", is a figure of a folk fool who has been known in Cologne since the Middle Ages , dancing, jumping and teasing festive parades, swinging a crooked saber. This happened, for example, during doctoral degrees at the university or during the numerous Cologne processions . In this religious context, his role is reminiscent of King David's dance in front of the ark of the Lord ( 2 Sam 6,14 EU ).
The Hellige Knäächte un Mägde ("Holy Knechte and Maiden"), which also appeared in the first mask procession together with the little dude, also come from the tradition of the Cologne processions. They carried the images of saints and for this purpose had been chosen from among the maidservants of Cologne farmers. This group, which can be traced back to the Middle Ages, also danced at fairgrounds. It had to be "flawless young men and virgins [...] they believed to find a personification of the 11,000 virgins, because they are their eleven couples". In the early masked parades, the group of holy girls and servants danced in an ancient costume in front of the train, led by the fool's band. Under the Cologne name “Hellige Knäächte un Mägde” there are still two dance groups today, each of which also occupy a little fool's path. The fact that one of them forms its own association while the other with a slightly different costume found acceptance in the association "Lyskircher Junge" is due to a patent litigation in 1997.
Cologne sparks
The city soldiers, first mentioned in 1600 and made mandatory for free imperial cities such as Cologne from 1681 under the German military constitution, wore white trousers, red uniform skirts and black grenadier caps as infantry . In the vernacular they were therefore called "red sparks". The military reputation of the troops should not have been too good, so it was said that they could not shoot properly and were considered - Cologne was well protected by its wall and artillery - as rather underemployed. In fact, the poorly paid and trained troops served as guards and customs officers at the city gates until they were disbanded by the French, who initially posted them at the city gates armed with sticks.
30 years later, 11 sparks took part in the first big mask parade. It was precisely them that reminded the Cologne residents of the time of the free imperial city with transfiguration. In the later years, the more the troops marched, the more they were perceived as a parody of the Prussians, who were perceived as an occupying power and who nevertheless supported the move for a long time with staff, music and horses. The "kölsche spark rut-wieß of 1823 e. V. ”are still regular participants in the Carnival Monday procession in the same costumes and, with the“ Holy Girls and Servants ”, can count themselves among the oldest Cologne carnival associations.
Colonia
The female figure Colonia was, initially without the Cologne farmer, another central figure of the first masked trains. Based on the ancient image of a “city goddess”, she stood for the idea of a virgin, noble and autonomous Cologne. She wore a wall crown on her head, which should symbolize the invincibility of the city. Its name was derived from the Roman name Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium ("Colony of (Emperor) Claudius (and) sacrificial site of the Agrippinese"). This symbolic figure of the Cologne Virgin, first mentioned in 1570, was also represented by a man. Only the National Socialism was able to temporarily change something in this occupation.
Venetia
Venetia, represented by a man, embodied the carnival of the south as the bride of the "hero". Their clothing was reminiscent of the garb of the emperor, to whom one was subservient in the former free imperial city of Cologne, and who was highly valued by the Cologne residents. The motto of the procession of 1824 was “Princess Venetia's visit to the Heroes Carneval”. Venetia then appeared as a figure of the mask trains until the end of the 19th century. The first to play Venetia was the banker Simon Oppenheim (1803–1880). Like the hero actor Zanoli, he was a member of the exclusive "casino" society.
Bellengeck
The "Schellennarr", also called "Bellejeck" or "Citoyen Bellegeck", is an old carnival figure who was the foolish rhyming spokesman for the Cologne farmers' banks in the Middle Ages . As such, he was accompanied by violinists and people, especially on Weiberfastnacht , to “hold criticism” and collect gifts in front of individual houses and people. His name comes from the bells he wore on his hat. He was holding a cot in his right hand and a piece of fruit in his left hand - depending on the source, we are talking about a lemon or an apple. Under the rule of the French, its activities were initially banned, but permitted again from 1801. In the mask procession, unlike the hero Carneval and similar to the buffoon, he embodied a popular mask figure. In 1826 he represented the “Heroes Carneval” as “ Reichsverweser ” and was temporarily the main character of the masked procession. The role models of the hero, the Hanswurst and the Bellengecken increasingly mixed up over the years. In today's Cologne Carnival, the Bellejeck was revived in 2009 by the Great General Carnival Society. His main task is to wake up the triumvirate in his Hofburg with a procession of fools on Weiberfastnacht.
Hanswurst
The hero Carneval played the main role in the dramaturgy of the train in 1823 and 1824, but was represented by the Festival Committee in 1825 due to his “visit to Venice”. In 1826 the Bellengeck took over the reign of the fools, while the hero had traveled "to the moon". In the years 1827 and 1828, the Hanswurst was staged for the first time as the alter ego of the Carneval hero on the train and in the big masked ball. The Hanswurst has been known as the crude comic figure of the German-language impromptu comedy since the 16th century. It is certain that the merchant Johann Gohr rediscovered him for the Cologne Carnival. Like the Bellengeck, the dancing and jumping Hanswurst was a figure of identification for the common people; Like the hero Carneval, he was celebrated as the magnificently depicted regent over the folk of fools, as he was until the middle of the 19th century, before the current image of Cologne gradually changed with the continuous depiction of hero or prince carnival, farmer and maiden Formed a triumvirate. The blurring of the characteristics and designations of hero, barking geck and Hanswurst therefore mainly characterized the first decades of masked trains and masked balls. Today the figure of the Hanswurst in Cologne Carnival no longer has any perceptible meaning.
The Cologne farmer
Like the Jungfrau developed from Colonia, the Cologne farmer is also a symbol of Cologne's city history. The quaternions of the imperial constitution , a system of order documented since the early 15th century, knew four peasants of the empire who were located in Cologne, Constance, Regensburg and Salzburg were. The inclusion in the first masked parades, however, was an allusion to the role of the peasants in the urban contingent of the 1288 battle of Worringen . The figure can be proven from the third move in 1825 and is described in the list of figures as "the representative of the solid peasant benches with the city keys bravely defended in Worringen in 1288 and the flail". The first farmers on the train were dressed in red and white trousers and jackets and actually equipped with a flail . The Cologne farmer is still represented in the carnival triumvirate to this day.
The trains of the 19th century
The trains up to 1829 retained the staging and symbolic character of the first. Many actors were also constantly in action, such as the hero-mime Emanuel Zaloni, who remained true to his role until 1829. On the other hand, experiments were carried out with the structure of the train: in 1825 and 1828, for example, von Wittgenstein divided the train into several beams using a dramaturgy . In 1828, “The fools of the old days and the new”, all characters from Cologne and world history, marched separately to Neumarkt at first. A large Babylonian tower was built there. The hero combined the old and the new to move on together.
In 1830 there was no train after the Prussian king had restricted the carnival celebrations by prohibiting them. The “Official Carnival Newspaper of Cologne” was also banned because of possible dangerous content, whereupon the Festordnende Comité disbanded itself in protest, but not without demonstratively leading the buffoon through Cologne in chains and distributing a death note for him.
The following years began with a train to the "rebirth of the Hanswurst"; all celebrations were permitted again, and the new Prussian Governor General of the Rhine Province, Prince Wilhelm of Prussia , personally inspected the Cologne Carnival Festival. While in Germany, for example, the struggle for political progress and participation of the bourgeoisie found expression at the Hambach Festival , in the 1830s there were disputes in Cologne about the power structures and the opportunities to participate in the carnival organization. As a result, there was no train in 1834 and 1835, Wittgenstein resigned his presidency in 1835 and various innovations, including the first attempts to involve women in the celebrations, were finally implemented.
The procession of 1838 was endangered by the turmoil in Cologne because many carnivalists would have preferred not to celebrate in the western provinces because of the sharp conflict between the Catholic Church and the Prussian state; However, the advocates of the train finally prevailed, so that the train took place under the motto "The Monumental Addiction", an allusion to the emerging popularity of monuments to the rulers in Prussia.
At the beginning of the 1840s, opposition forces in Cologne against the Prussian dominance in politics, everyday life and also in the carnival made themselves heard. At the end of 1841, disputes over the administration of the Comité led to a split: The group of "iron knights" around Friedrich Borchardt , politically close to the ideals of the Vormärz , separated from the Comité and took a critical stance on local political issues despite state repression. The remaining committee around Peter Leven now called itself "Hanswurstliches Parliament". It took the mediation of Lord Mayor Johann Adolph Steinberger , the former President of Wittgenstein and even Friedrich Wilhelm IV. To persuade the broken parties to join forces in 1842.
The split deepened with the scandal surrounding Franz Raveaux , who later became the revolutionary of the March Revolution of 1848/49. Initially a member of the older "Hanswurstliche Parliament", the active hand-made speaker accused his society Klüngel of preferring wealthy people and despotism , left them in a dispute and founded the new society "The Younger Society" in 1844 together with the "Iron Knights". The General Carnival Society "called. The "Hanswurstliche Parliament" called itself from then on "The Elderly Society" or "The Great Carnival Society". The "Allgemeine" around Raveaux lowered the membership fees and entrance fees and opened the carnival it organized to criticism and satire , for example against the ruling Prussians. As a result, "Die Große" lost almost three quarters of its members. In 1844 there was no common mask procession in Cologne because both companies organized their own procession: “Die Große” staged historical people, the “Allgemeine” presented an “emancipated Hanswurst” with references to current issues in its procession on Carnival Tuesday. Also in 1845 there were separate trains. "The big one" put in the motto "The Concours-Congress of all possible and impossible clubs" and also in the program numerous tips against their competitor, who was described as a slave to communism, while "The general one" had the motto "Hanswurstliche Kirmeß ”this time aimed at a non-political and happy festival and a high participation of the population. In 1846 and probably also in the following years up to 1847, separate trains took place between the two companies. In the revolutionary year of 1848, the first common train - in the meantime both companies had become sufficiently similar in terms of content - carried the motto, rich in relationships, “The day and night, that is, scolded or leap year 1848”.
In the 1850s, the street carnival suffered from political reaction . Under state conditions, the trains in 1851, 1856 and 1857 were canceled completely, and the trains in 1853 and 1855 took place without a common concept. Only a new society, "Train de Plaisir", was able to set up and carry out a large train again from 1858, although with a very moderate presentation of criticism of the state and society.
A turn to the national unification movement under Prussia's leadership against the background of French demands for the sacking of the Rhine Province shaped the masked trains of the late 1860s. Criticism and satire have been replaced by patriotic symbolism. For example, the train of 1867 showed a triumphal car based on the quadriga of the Brandenburg Gate . The train in 1868 was canceled due to a storm. There was another failure in 1871 on the occasion of the Franco-German War .
Beginning of the 20th century
In the following years, Cologne's urban area was expanded several times by overcoming the limits of the medieval city wall and incorporating numerous suburbs. As the number of inhabitants increased, the number of citizens interested in the carnival and the masked procession rose dramatically. As a result, from the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century, several new carnival societies were founded that were included in the procession:
- The "Kölner Funken Artillery", split off from the "Rote Funken" in 1869, wore blue and white uniforms based on the model of a Prussian dragoon regiment , which earned them the name " Blue Sparks ". They still open the Rose Monday procession to this day.
- The honor guard of the city of Cologne , founded in 1902, also accompanies Bauer and Jungfrau in the Rose Monday procession on the current trains.
- With the establishment of the Prinzen-Garde Cologne in 1906 as an accompanying corps for the prince in 1906, the position of the prince carnival was established at the end of the procession.
- Carnival societies also established themselves in the new industrial suburbs, such as the civil guard "blau-gold" from 1904 in Ehrenfeld or the Cologne carnival society Nippeser Bürgerwehr from 1903 , which also take part in the procession to this day.
Correspondingly, the Rose Monday procession increased in number and length. The train of 1901 already had 60 departments, and the trains kept that order of magnitude until the beginning of the First World War .
First World War and post-war period
The train from 1914 initially set a new record: 74 departments marched through the city center under the motto “World Exhibition in Cologne”. The initial enthusiasm at the beginning of the war was followed by disillusionment and suffering from a deteriorating economic situation, lack of food and the horror of the war that killed 15,000 Cologne soldiers. The Carnival Monday procession was banned from 1915 to 1918, but could not take place until 1926 due to the poor economic situation and the prevailing occupation.
In 1927, a general police ban on street carnivals continued to apply. However, an exception should be made possible in Cologne for a cap trip on Rose Monday. Under the motto “The old and the new times”, in keeping with the epochal turning point in the post-war years, a modest move took place at first. In the years that followed, the train had to struggle with material problems, for example after the Prussian support had ceased, the horse-drawn carts for the floats had to be pulled together from all over the surrounding area. Despite the trains that were initially not very splendid, the Carnival Monday celebrations developed into attractions for tourists from all over Germany. During these years, Cologne architects and the Cologne School of Applied Arts participated in the construction of the wagons as part of design competitions. The architect, painter and sculptor Franz Brantzky was one of the most influential wagon builders of the 1920s and 1930s, who at times also acted as construction manager for the trains.
Weimar Republic
The negative attitudes of many people towards the multi-party system of the Weimar Republic , the Versailles peace treaty or the skepticism towards the peace intentions of the League of Nations were satirized in car motifs in the Rose Monday procession. It was the same with progressive socio-political developments such as the emancipation of women. Slim, self-confident women were caricatured as " bob heads ". The perceived decline in morality, values and families through liberal politics was also taken up and presented on floats. In contrast to this, the international press exhibition taking place in Cologne , which gave the people of Cologne a “metropolis feeling” through the millions of international visitors alone, was positively received and even selected as the train's motto in 1928.
From 1929 the carriages of the Rose Monday procession, which had previously been built locally by various companies, were built centrally in the Cologne exhibition halls and driven to the Neumarkt. While the wagons previously reached heights of up to 13 meters, their height was limited to 4.80 meters with the introduction of the electric tram to prevent accidents with the contact wire .
The trains of 1931 and 1932 finally fell victim to the Great Depression, after which the funds of the Festival Committee had been completely exhausted in the previous years and had not been replenished. Content not from the takeover of the Nazis affected, came in 1933, again a small train into existence after Citizenship and Civic financial and personnel support had organized.
National Socialism
Even before National Socialist organizations had direct influence on the design and choice of topics for the Rose Monday procession, Cologne carnivalists took up Nazi topics. The train from 1934, which had the motto “Cologne Pictures”, alluded to the expulsion and emigration of the Jewish population, led a wagon with the inscription “The last are leaving” and “Let's just make a little excursion to Liechtenstein and Jaffa " With. Carnivalists disguised as Orthodox Jews came along. Even afterwards there was no noticeable ideological resistance of the Cologne Carnival to the growing appropriation by the Nazis, who in the person of Gauleiter Josef Grohé and Cologne city councilor Wilhelm Ebel had a massive influence on the organization and content of the festival. However, in 1935 the large carnival associations successfully protested against Ebels' attempt to withdraw the formal organization of the carnival from them - the so-called fool's revolt initially caused the total conformity of the carnival festival in Cologne to fail. In small steps that were accepted by many carnivalists, Nazi organizations were nevertheless given a significant influence on almost the entire carnival event, while those responsible for the “festival committee” showed themselves to be cooperative by participating in carnival events organized by “ Kraft durch Freude ” (KdF).
The design of the Rose Monday procession was also controlled and determined by Nazi agencies. The highlight of the “national community” designed trains was that of 1939. With state and municipal subsidies, the train path, train and even undisguised visitors were decorated and furnished with uniform symbols like never before. The organization “Kraft durch Freude” was responsible for the arrival of tourists in special trains from all over the German Reich and neighboring countries and for accommodating them in a number of grandstands that had tripled compared to 1936. In cooperation with the tourist office, KdF carried out an unprecedented nationwide advertising campaign for the train, according to which visitor numbers of over a million people were reached, which is roughly the size of the train today.
Riding horses and music corps were made available to the Wehrmacht by the Cologne garrison on the trains . Surpluses from the train's income were made available to the NS- Winterhilfswerk .
In many car designs, there was a continuity to the trains of the 1920s, as most of the car builders had also worked on the train from that time. Many topics also remained true to the focus on local, social and foreign policy issues, with those in power increasingly able to work out unpopular content and to weave in propaganda for their own goals.
Anti-Semitic wagons and foot groups continued to be shown. In 1936 a car mocked the Jewish citizens affected by the Nuremberg Laws : Under the motto “Dam han se op dr 'Schlipsertrodde”, a paragraph sign was shown that stepped on the tie of a grotesquely depicted hook-nosed Jew with his booted legs. The motif car can be seen in an emerged silent film. The Cologne association found the material in film , and it was restored in cooperation with the Cologne Festival Committee and the North Rhine-Westphalian Ministry of Culture. The film was then shown publicly in the city's NS Documentation Center. The carnival float was apparently not particularly noticeable to the audience in 1936 and such motifs were not unusual for Rose Monday parades during the Nazi era . The English subtitles of the 13 minute strip were added for tourism reasons. When it got to Bremen - via the son of an employee of the advertising department of the shipping company Norddeutscher Lloyd - the recording was shown on the latter's passenger steamers , which were then operating between Europe and the USA. During the Nazi era, the city evidently hoped to attract foreign guests with the documentary. In 1938 there were one million visitors to the Carnival in Cologne and one and a half in 1939, which was also an advertising success.
There are few records of carnivalists or clubs that refused to take over an anti-Semitic or Nazi propaganda car. A proven form of resistance on the edge of the Rose Monday procession is the alternative Rose Monday newspaper, a subversively published illegal satire on the official Cologne Rose Monday newspaper. In 1938 it sharply criticized the Nazi system, also featured Joseph Goebbels on the title page as “His Tollität Jüppche I” ( Immer löje wie jedrukk - “Always lies like printed!”) And contained eight alternative car designs by the Düsseldorf artist who fled to Belgium Karl Schleswig .
The motto of the last Rose Monday procession under the National Socialists in 1939 was “Singing, sounding, laughing Cologne”. All other trains were canceled until the end of the war.
post war period
In Cologne, which was largely destroyed in the immediate post-war period, a Rose Monday procession was initially out of the question. In addition, the British occupation forces had issued a ban on carnival parades and imposed on the associations to dismiss all former NSDAP members from their boards - two thirds of the board members were affected. Only in 1949, after a ten-year break, did a small Rose Monday procession through Cologne, organized by the Cologne Carnival Festival Committee, which was re-established in 1947.
The following years
In the following years the Cologne Carnival Festival Committee organized the Rose Monday procession in Cologne. But it also happened several times that there was no official Rose Monday procession, either because there were disagreements in the festival committee or because the political environment did not allow it. The last Rose Monday procession was canceled in 1991 because of the Second Gulf War .
In the history of the Cologne Rose Monday procession, the route has also changed several times. The last change to the train route was in 2013, when the train route was extended to the Hohenzollernring.
In 2002, the death of a chariot angel overshadowed the Rose Monday procession . The helpers who walk next to the floats and make sure that no spectators or children get under the floats are called chariot angels. The young woman had been run over by a heavy float when she tried to secure the gap in front of the first axle in a curve. A plaque on the building of the Artothek Cologne reminds of this accident. As a consequence, the festival committee issued the instruction to use only men as chariot angels. Since this accident, the festival committee has officially referred to these helpers only as "train attendants". Since 2007 women have again been allowed to perform this task. In addition, the constructions of the floats on the floats were modified to further minimize the risk.
In 2008, before the move, there was criticism of cars that discussed the construction of the mosque in Ehrenfeld. The wagons in question were asked to change their structure.
In 2010 the Carnival Monday procession was unable to walk the usual route via Waidmarkt due to the collapse of the Historical Archive and was therefore diverted via Löwengasse, Follerstraße, Mathiasstraße and Mühlenbach before returning to the traditional route. In 2010, a new prince's float in red and gold was used, which replaced the old float after more than 40 years.
On the occasion of the terrorist attack on the French magazine Charlie Hebdo on January 7, 2015, the Kölnische KG planned a motto car on this subject under the heading "Freedom of Expression". However, the festival committee withdrew this car two weeks before the carnival because, according to train manager Christoph Kuckelkorn , “many citizens had expressed their concerns”. They want to "primarily celebrate Fastelovend". This decision met with critical reactions nationwide, but also with understanding. Surprisingly, a car on this subject finally drove unannounced on the Rose Monday procession.
At the end of the great days, the festival committee traditionally announces the motto for the next year.
Relocation dates
The Cologne Carnival Monday procession is approx. 8 km long, the route is approx. 7.5 km and, according to official reports, an average of more than 1 million spectators on the route. In the past few years, the move was longer than the journey, so that the last group has not started when the first group has already reached the destination. In 2017 the train reached around 1.2 million viewers. Critics, however, doubt the numbers.
Contributors
Around 10,000 people take part in a Rose Monday procession. In 2017, there were a total of 152 festive, ceremonial, persiflage wagons and carriages, 92 tractors and 64 baggage wagons and 1 punishment donkey. In 2017, 1,241 people drove on wagons, 3,332 people walked, and 1,453 people participated in dance groups. 1,084 riders, horse attendants and coachmen ran along with 1,432 people as members of music groups. In 2017, 475 horses and 2,076 helpers such as carriage attendants, 44 large figure carriers and 75 sign carriers also ran.
Chapels
In 2020, 76 bands played on the train, two of which were on horseback. Chapels from the Netherlands , Switzerland , Belgium , England and Scotland are used regularly .
security and order
On the occasion of the Rose Monday procession, but not exclusively on the Zugweg, the police deployed around 2,500 officers. In 2017, 548 helpers were deployed in 64 medical teams to deal with medical emergencies. 25 accident relief centers were set up on the Zugweg .
In 2017, the Cologne waste management company with 200 employees and 95 vehicles collected 420 cubic meters of garbage and scattered 36 tons of sand for the safety of the horses at certain points along the route.
procedure
Until a few years ago, the Rose Monday procession started on Rose Monday at 11:11 a.m. Until the last train participant has reached the destination, it can easily be evening, and when the direction of the train was reversed for organizational reasons, the start time changed to 10:49, i.e. to eleven to eleven, so that the WDR- Cameras in Severinstrasse can still film the prince in daylight. In 2010 the start was brought forward to 10:30 am due to the length of the train. In 2015, the Rose Monday procession started at 10:11 a.m. so that the last groups could arrive at the end of the train path in some daylight. In 2016 the train started at 10 a.m., this was also due to the use of daylight.
The blue sparks traditionally form the beginning of the Rose Monday procession . The end of the event is marked by the honor guard accompanying the Cologne Jungfrau and the Cologne farmers and, as the grand finale, the Prinzen-Garde Cologne 1906 with the Cologne prince. Traditionally, the center of the Rose Monday procession is the car of the President of the Cologne Carnival Festival Committee.
Participation in the Cologne Rose Monday Parade
Permission to participate in the Carnival Monday procession is given by the Cologne Carnival Festival Committee. In general, only the regular member clubs of the festival committee are admitted as well as associations that are invited by the festival committee to participate.
There is, however, a third possibility of participation, namely obtaining the first prize at the Schull- un Veedelszöch on Sunday. The Cologne Carnival Festival Committee annually awards a prize for the best group of feet, the best group of wagons and a prize for originality. The winners of these prizes are entitled to take part in the Rose Monday procession. For smaller carnival clubs this is the easiest way to go on the Rose Monday procession. The competition between the smaller carnival clubs in Schull- and Veedelszöch is correspondingly tough .
Mottos of the Cologne Rose Monday Parades since 1823
| year | Carnival motto |
|---|---|
| 1823 | Accession of the hero Carneval to the throne |
| 1824 | Visit of the Princess Venetia at the Heroes Carneval |
| 1825 | The victory of joy |
| 1826 | Drive to the moon |
| 1827 | The exam |
| 1828 | Old and new times |
| 1829 | The great day of fools |
| 1830 | (no train: government ban) |
| 1831 | Hanswurst's rebirth |
| 1832 | The Cologne fair of 1832 |
| 1833 | no train |
| 1834 | The oracle |
| 1835 | The Cologne Carnival Hot Spring |
| 1836 | The Philosopher's Stone |
| 1837 | Carneval of the years conqueror |
| 1838 | Hanswurst lets himself build a monument |
| 1839 | All-World Stock Exchange |
| 1840 | The tournament |
| 1841 | The Gordian knot and its solution |
| 1842 | The real Cologne Olympic Games |
| 1843 | The Köllsche Huhschull (The Cologne University) |
| 1844 | 2 moves: The age of the Hanswurst as a representative of the hero Carneval (Large KG) (Monday) Hanswurst as an emancipated (General KG) (Tuesday) |
| 1845 | 2 moves: The bankruptcy congress of all clubs (large KG) Hanswurstliche Kirmes (Allgemeine KG) |
| 1846 | The hanswurst colony on the wine coast |
| 1847 | Celebration of the 25-year accession to the throne of the hero Carneval |
| 1848 | The day and night, that is, scolded or leap year 1848 |
| 1849 | The trip to California |
| 1850 | Fools Reichstag |
| 1851 | no move: Prussian censorship |
| 1852 | I dared (cap ride) |
| 1853 | Train without a motto |
| 1854 | Hanswurstliche Industrie exhibition |
| 1855 | Train without a motto ("a witty all sorts taken from everyday life") |
| 1856 | no train |
| 1857 | no train |
| 1858 | Train de Plaisier |
| 1859 | Napoleon and his French |
| 1860 | Carnevals Congress of 1860 |
| 1861 | no move: national mourning for King Friedrich Wilhelm IV. |
| 1862 | Fools Landtag I |
| 1863 | Fools Landtag II |
| 1864 | Mask train, but without a topic |
| 1865 | A bouquet of colorful ideas |
| 1866 | Hanswurstliche industrial exhibition |
| 1867 | Princess Venetia at the Heroes Carnival (due to rain, the train moved to Carnival Tuesday) |
| 1868 | no train due to bad weather |
| 1869 | Glorification of the wine year 1868 |
| 1870 | The opening of the Suez Canal |
| 1871 | no train because of the Franco-German war |
| 1872 | no motto |
| 1873 | The Reform Jubilee of 1823 (snow obstructs the train) |
| 1874 | Foolish University |
| 1875 | Foolish life insurance company |
| 1876 | Without a motto (International Horticultural Exhibition 1875) |
| 1877 | Festival of the Nibelungs |
| 1878 | King wine |
| 1879 | Entry of Princess Isabella 1235 |
| 1880 | Colorful bouquet |
| 1881 | Music from all countries (no train: heavy snowfall) |
| 1882 | Jan and Griet |
| 1883 | Subject unknown 2 trains: Große KG; Great Cologne on Carnival Tuesday |
| 1884 | The wine year 1883 (brought forward to Carnival Sunday) |
| 1885 | Hero Carneval as a colonizer |
| 1886 | The four Seasons |
| 1887 | The largest folk festivals of the most important cultural peoples (train already on Sunday due to the Reichstag election) |
| 1888 | Cologne in old and new times |
| 1889 | The arts pay homage to the Prince Carnival |
| 1890 | Italy, land of the sun, pays homage to the prince's carnival procession without music because of the death of the imperial widow Augusta |
| 1891 | Foolish exhibition |
| 1892 | Cologne as a seaport |
| 1893 | Return of the Carnival Prince from the realm of legends and fairy tales |
| 1894 | Competition of all festivals in the world with the Cologne Carneval |
| 1895 | Outstanding achievements by great men, poets and composers |
| 1896 | Newspaper - Latest news |
| 1897 | The curmudgeon fight |
| 1898 | Colorful series of Cologne themes |
| 1899 | Rivers and streams as a guest at Father Rhine |
| 1900 | Two millennia of Rhenish life |
| 1901 | What the new century will bring us |
| 1902 | Schiller and Goethe at the Carneval in Cologne |
| 1903 | Living songs |
| 1904 | The prince's Rhine journey on his return from the south |
| 1905 | A harvest of flowers from the Cologne address book |
| 1906 | The State Meal of the Prince Carnival |
| 1907 | Pictures from Cologne life |
| 1908 | Pictures from Cologne life |
| 1909 | The wrong world |
| 1910 | From around the world |
| 1911 | Embodied quotes |
| 1912 | German cities pay homage to the Colonia and the Prince Carnival |
| 1913 | Sang and sound in the carnival |
| 1914 | World exhibition in Cologne |
| 1915 | no train: First World War |
| 1916 | no train |
| 1917 | no train |
| 1918 | no train |
| 1919 | no train: British occupation prohibited carnival parades (until 1926) |
| 1920 | no train |
| 1921 | no train |
| 1922 | no train |
| 1923 | no train |
| 1924 | no train |
| 1925 | no train |
| 1926 | no train |
| 1927 | From the New Era (Colorful Cap Ride) |
| 1928 | The Pressa in the mirror of the Cologne Carnival |
| 1929 | Dismantling and reassembly in the mirror of the Cologne Carnival |
| 1930 | The world in 2000 |
| 1931 | no train because of the global economic crisis |
| 1932 | no train wg. Great Depression |
| 1933 | Carnival like before |
| 1934 | Cologne Pictures |
| 1935 | Prince filming carnival |
| 1936 | Alt Kölle läv en Spröch un quotes |
| 1937 | Fairy tales and legends from all over the world |
| 1938 | The world in a fool's mirror |
| 1939 | Singing, ringing, laughing Cologne |
| 1940 | no train wg. of the Second World War |
| 1941 | no train |
| 1942 | no train |
| 1943 | no train |
| 1944 | no train |
| 1945 | no train |
| 1946 | no train |
| 1947 | no train |
| 1948 | no train |
| 1949 | "Mer sin aries do and thin wat mer künne!" |
| 1950 | "Kölle, wie et es un wor, zick 1900 Johr" |
| 1951 | "Kölle en major and minor" |
| 1952 | "Kölsche Krätzger" |
| 1953 | "Kölsch Thiater" |
| 1954 | "Dat solves Patentamp Kölle" |
| 1955 | "Smiling stars over Cologne" |
| 1956 | "Enjoy Freud" |
| 1957 | "Let flowers speak" |
| 1958 | "Mer jöcken öm de world" |
| 1959 | "Schlager Parody 1959" |
| 1960 | "Pläsierche everyone!" |
| 1961 | "Meer Weetschaffswunderkinder" |
| 1962 | "Wat et nit all gitt" |
| 1963 | "Cologne sends its greetings motley press, television and radio" |
| 1964 | "Kölsch Panoptikum" |
| 1965 | "Olympics of Joy" |
| 1966 | "Hard to believe" |
| 1967 | "Dat Klockespill vum Rothuusturm" |
| 1968 | "Fairy tales and wonders of our time" |
| 1969 | "Cologne serves international dishes a la carte" |
| 1970 | "Roses, tulips and daffodils, life could be so beautiful" |
| 1971 | "Witches kitchen of advertising slogans" |
| 1972 | "We are all little sinners" |
| 1973 | "Fastelovend how dare it wor, zick 150 yo" |
| 1974 | "Conditions like in ancient Rome" |
| 1975 | "Be embraced, millions" |
| 1976 | "Sang and sound with Willi Ostermann" |
| 1977 | "Mer losse de Pöppcher danze" |
| 1978 | "Colonia Flea Market" |
| 1979 | "Kölsche around the world" |
| 1980 | "Mer losse d'r Dom decays" |
| 1981 | "Circus Colonia" |
| 1982 | "Carnival of the Headlines - Foolish News" |
| 1983 | "Once upon a time ... Cologne Carnival like a fairy tale" |
| 1984 | "Hits us Cologne un us all over the world" |
| 1985 | "A visit to the zoo - big and small diere" |
| 1986 | "Fastelovend of Records" |
| 1987 | "Janz Kölle dräump - and every Jeck dräump different" |
| 1988 | "Kölle Alaaf - COLONIA CELEBRATES PARTIES" |
| 1989 | "We make music - Met vill harmony" |
| 1990 | "Walk in, walk in - To the largest show in the world" |
| 1991 | "Kinema Colonia" (no official Rose Monday procession this year because of the Gulf War) |
| 1992 | "Et kütt like et kütt" |
| 1993 | "Symphony in Doll" |
| 1994 | "Hocus pocus - Cologne magic" |
| 1995 | "Colonia calls the fools of all countries" |
| 1996 | "Typically Kölsch" |
| 1997 | "Nothing stays like it - but we'll rock the child" |
| 1998 | "Fastelovend and Cathedral in jubilee fever" |
| 1999 | "999 years - those were the times" |
| 2000 | "Kölle loß jon, into the new millennium" |
| 2001 | "Cologne can compete with all trade fairs" |
| 2002 | "Janz Kölle es e Poppespill" |
| 2003 | "Klaaf and gossip - the Cologne way" |
| 2004 | "Laach ens, et weed aries!" |
| 2005 | "Kölle un die Pänz us all over the world" |
| 2006 | "E Fastelovends football pill" |
| 2007 | "Me all sin Cologne!" |
| 2008 | "Jeschenke for Kölle - us culture chamber" |
| 2009 | "Our Fastelovend - heavenly jeck" |
| 2010 | "Jebetzt in Cologne" |
| 2011 | "Cologne has something to beaten" |
| 2012 | "Every Jeck sing Pappnas" |
| 2013 | "Fastelovend em Bloot, he un am Zuckerhot" |
| 2014 | "Zokunf - mer spingkse wat kütt" |
| 2015 | "Social jeck - motley networked" |
| 2016 | "Mer stelle everything op der Kopp" |
| 2017 | "If we make sense, sin mer vun de Söck" |
| 2018 | "Mer Kölsche danze us der Reih!" |
| 2019 | "Us Sproch es Heimat" |
| 2020 | "Et Hätz shines em Veedel" |
| 2021 | "Only together sinks Fastelovend" |
literature
- Michael Euler-Schmidt: Cologne mask trains: 1823–1914 . Ed .: Werner Schäfke . Greven-Verlag, Cologne 1991, ISBN 3-7743-0260-X .
- Michael Euler-Schmidt, Marcus Leifeld : The Cologne Rose Monday procession 1823-1948 . Ed .: Festival Committee of the Cologne Carnival of 1823 e. V. 1st edition. Bachem Verlag, Cologne 2007, ISBN 978-3-7616-2062-5 .
Web links
- Festival Committee Cologne Carnival 1823 e. V.
- Picture gallery of the Cologne Rose Monday Parade 2005
- Detailed chronicle of the Cologne Carnival from 1823 to the present day
- Tickling between rubble and ashes mirror online one day
Remarks
- ↑ In fact, the actor who played the hero Carneval, Zanoli, fell ill for a short time: Footnote in Frohn: Carnival in Cologne, Düsseldorf and Aachen, p. 360.
- ↑ Standard German: They stepped on him.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Zug in numbers , on koelnerkarneval.de
- ↑ a b The train 2010 in figures ( Memento from February 27, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), on koelnerkarneval1.de
- ^ Adam Wrede: New Cologne vocabulary, second volume; Greven-Verlag, Cologne 1956–1958.
- ↑ Assenmacher, Euler-Schmidt, Schäffke: 175 years… and again and again carnival. Published by the festival committee of the Cologne Carnival of 1823 e. V., Cologne: Bouvier 1997, ISBN 3-416-02735-3 , p. 56.
- ↑ Euler-Schmidt: Kölner Maskenzzüge, p. 22.
- ↑ Euler-Schmidt: Kölner Maskenzzüge, pp. 8–12.
- ↑ Quoted in Euler-Schmidt: Kölner Maskenzzüge, pp. 14–15.
- ↑ Euler-Schmidt: Kölner Maskenzzüge, p. 15.
- ↑ Euler-Schmidt: Kölner Maskenzzüge, p. 20.
- ↑ Christina Frohn: Carnival in Cologne, Düsseldorf and Aachen - 1823 to 1914. Inaugural dissertation, Philosophical Faculty of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Bonn 1999, as of March 11, 2008, p. 50.
- ↑ Euler-Schmidt: Kölner Maskenzzüge, p. 26.
- ↑ Edmund Stoll: Cologne's Carnival as it was, is and will be. Cologne 1840, p. 20.
- ↑ a b Hildegard Brog: Whatever happens: D'r Zoch kütt! The history of the Rhenish carnival . campus, Frankfurt / New York 2000, p. 64-65 .
- ^ A b Adam Wrede: New Cologne vocabulary, first volume; Greven-Verlag, Cologne 1956–1958.
- ↑ Traditional dance group Hellige Knäächte un Mägde e. V. (Ed.): History of the Hellige Knäächte un Mägde . ( online [accessed March 9, 2008]). History of the Hellige Knäächte un Mägde ( Memento from February 8, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Illustrirte Zeitung , No. 979, April 5, 1862, pp. 223 and 226; “11,000 virgins” refers to the legend of Ursula von Cologne , according to which these 11,000 virgins are said to have led to martyrdom as pilgrims.
- ^ Chronicle of the Lyskircher Young Society ; As of May 24, 2009 ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 785 kB).
- ↑ Helmut Signon, Stefan Volberg: The red sparks of Cologne. Cologne, 1989, p. 13.
- ↑ Euler-Schmidt, Leifeld: Kölner Rosenmontagszug, p. 68.
- ↑ a b The Cologne triumvirate . In: www.karneval.de . ( karneval.de [accessed on March 6, 2008]).
- ^ Frohn: Carnival in Cologne, Düsseldorf and Aachen, p. 50.
- ^ Euler-Schmidt / Leifeld: Cologne Rose Monday Parade. Pp. 58-59.
- ↑ Awakening on koelsche-fastelovend-archiv.de
- ↑ Euler-Schmidt: Kölner Maskenzzüge, p. 48.
- ^ Euler-Schmidt / Leifeld: Cologne Rose Monday Parade. P. 62.
- ↑ Ilse Prass, Klaus Zöller: From the heroes Carneval to the Cologne triumvirate 1823-1992. Greven, Cologne, 1993, ISBN 3-7743-0269-3 , p. 150.
- ^ Leifeld, Euler-Schmidt: Cologne Rose Monday procession. Pp. 87-89.
- ^ Leifeld, Euler-Schmidt: Cologne Rose Monday procession. Pp. 96-101.
- ^ Leifeld, Euler-Schmidt: Cologne Rose Monday procession. Pp. 108-109.
- ^ Leifeld, Euler-Schmidt: Cologne Rose Monday procession. Pp. 122-124.
- ↑ Leifeld, Euler-Schmidt: Kölner Rosenmontagszug, pp. 174–178.
- ↑ Werner Jung: The modern Cologne . Bachem, Cologne; 6th edition 2005, ISBN 3-7616-1861-1 , p. XXX.
- ↑ Cologne's carnival was really that anti-Semitic , on welt.de.
- ^ Leifeld, Euler-Schmidt: Kölner Rosenmontagszug, pp. 191–224.
- ↑ Cologne Carnival leaves the mosque in the village ( Memento from January 22, 2008 in the Internet Archive ), on koeln.de
- ^ "Cologne solution" in the mosque dispute January 18, 2008
- ↑ Dom tower as a minaret ( Memento from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), domradio.de from January 18, 2008
- ↑ Kölnische Rundschau , January 30, 2015.
- ^ Zeit online, dpa, AFP, sdo: Rosenmontag: Cologne Festival Committee slides “Charlie Hebdo” cars into the parade. In: zeit.de . February 16, 2015, accessed February 16, 2015 .
- ↑ Cologne: 1.5 million revelers celebrate on the Rose Monday procession . February 16, 2015. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
- ↑ And suddenly there are millions . In: ksta.de . September 28, 2010. Archived from the original on November 26, 2010. Retrieved on August 24, 2015.
- ↑ New carnival motto : "Fastelovend em Bloot, he un am Zuckerhot" , on koelnerkarneval.de, accessed on May 1, 2020
- ↑ The motto of the Cologne Carnival Session 2014 , on koelnerkarneval.de, accessed on May 1, 2020
- ↑ The motto of the 2015 session: "social jeck - motley networked". Retrieved May 1, 2020 . , on koelnerkarneval.de
- ↑ Secret revealed That is the motto for the upcoming carnival session in Cologne , on ksta.de
